Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000386
Kassahun Dires, B. Mengiste, E. Lulekal
Background: The extensive uses of plants as medicines have been reported. However, the use of herbal products should be based on scientific origin; otherwise they would be useless and unsafe. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity profile of oil of Thymus schimperi. Methods: For acute and sub-acute toxicity study, albino mice of both sexes were used. Skin irritation test was conducted on wistar rats. For the acute toxicity study, the essential oil was tested at three dose levels (1500, 1750 and 2000 mg/kg). A total of 10 mice were used for each dose level. Sub-acute toxicity study was done at a dose of 1000 mg/kg with 5 mice. For the skin irritation test, the essential oil was tested at two concentrations of 1% and 5% with 10 rats for both concentrations. Results: The results indicated that T. schimperi oil did not cause any mortality up to the limit doses of 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil did not cause significant weight change (p>0.05). The plant also did not cause significant increase in serum enzyme level of the study mice (p>0.05). The histopathological examination on liver and kidney showed that plant did not cause major organ damage. Ointment prepared from T. schimperi oil did not cause any abnormal skin reaction up on follow up for 14 days post treatment. Conclusion: It is concluded that the tested medicinal plant is safe as per animal study.
{"title":"Evaluation of Acute, Sub-acute and Skin Irritation Toxicity on Essential Oil of Thymus schimperi in Ankober, North Shewa, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia","authors":"Kassahun Dires, B. Mengiste, E. Lulekal","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000386","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The extensive uses of plants as medicines have been reported. However, the use of herbal products should be based on scientific origin; otherwise they would be useless and unsafe. The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity profile of oil of Thymus schimperi. Methods: For acute and sub-acute toxicity study, albino mice of both sexes were used. Skin irritation test was conducted on wistar rats. For the acute toxicity study, the essential oil was tested at three dose levels (1500, 1750 and 2000 mg/kg). A total of 10 mice were used for each dose level. Sub-acute toxicity study was done at a dose of 1000 mg/kg with 5 mice. For the skin irritation test, the essential oil was tested at two concentrations of 1% and 5% with 10 rats for both concentrations. Results: The results indicated that T. schimperi oil did not cause any mortality up to the limit doses of 2000 mg/kg. The essential oil did not cause significant weight change (p>0.05). The plant also did not cause significant increase in serum enzyme level of the study mice (p>0.05). The histopathological examination on liver and kidney showed that plant did not cause major organ damage. Ointment prepared from T. schimperi oil did not cause any abnormal skin reaction up on follow up for 14 days post treatment. Conclusion: It is concluded that the tested medicinal plant is safe as per animal study.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"1989 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90363156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000401
Jingchun Lu, Aziguli Yimaer, E. Duysen, Wenjun Sun, Wei Jiang
Background: Cocaine is a commonly used illegal recreational drug and its consumption can produce various adverse health effects in animal and clinical studies. To date no information is available on whether exposed to cocaine will result in abnormally high plasma AChE activity in animals and whether it is characteristic of apoptosis. Our goals were to examine the relationship between enhanced AChE activity and cocaine-induced apoptosis and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: For this purpose, carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase deficient ES1-/-BChE-/mice in strain C57BL/6 were treated intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg cocaine daily for 8 days and sacrificed on day 9. Plasma AChE activity and body temperature were measured before and after treatment. Tissue sections from brain, heart, kidney, and liver were stained for AChE activity and apoptosis. Results: Mice had a 1°C decrease in surface body temperature at 10 min after cocaine treatment and the temperature returned to base line by 30 min. Plasma AChE activity in mice increased about 1.5-fold on days 7-8 and 1.75-fold on days 9 after cocaine treatment. More apoptotic cells were observed in liver sections of treated mice compared to controls. TUNEL-positive cells in the liver also stained heavily for AChE activity. Conclusions: AChE activity and apoptosis were both induced in carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase knockout mice treated with cocaine. Their relationship might provide some novel information of cocaineassociated toxicity. Abnormally high plasma AChE activity may be an effect biomarker of cocaine exposure.
{"title":"Induction of Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Apoptosis in Carboxylesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Knockout Mice Treated with Cocaine","authors":"Jingchun Lu, Aziguli Yimaer, E. Duysen, Wenjun Sun, Wei Jiang","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000401","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cocaine is a commonly used illegal recreational drug and its consumption can produce various adverse health effects in animal and clinical studies. To date no information is available on whether exposed to cocaine will result in abnormally high plasma AChE activity in animals and whether it is characteristic of apoptosis. Our goals were to examine the relationship between enhanced AChE activity and cocaine-induced apoptosis and the possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: For this purpose, carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase deficient ES1-/-BChE-/mice in strain C57BL/6 were treated intraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg cocaine daily for 8 days and sacrificed on day 9. Plasma AChE activity and body temperature were measured before and after treatment. Tissue sections from brain, heart, kidney, and liver were stained for AChE activity and apoptosis. Results: Mice had a 1°C decrease in surface body temperature at 10 min after cocaine treatment and the temperature returned to base line by 30 min. Plasma AChE activity in mice increased about 1.5-fold on days 7-8 and 1.75-fold on days 9 after cocaine treatment. More apoptotic cells were observed in liver sections of treated mice compared to controls. TUNEL-positive cells in the liver also stained heavily for AChE activity. Conclusions: AChE activity and apoptosis were both induced in carboxylesterase and butyrylcholinesterase knockout mice treated with cocaine. Their relationship might provide some novel information of cocaineassociated toxicity. Abnormally high plasma AChE activity may be an effect biomarker of cocaine exposure.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76328564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000391
Fawaz A Al Mousa, Raed A Al khayyal, Ali M. Gado, H. G. Tammam, A. Ragab
One of the most important medical emergency that results in sever morbidity and mortality is acute poisoning especially in developing countries. Young children contribute the majority of accidental poisoning cases all over the world. A retrospective analysis of poisoning calls received by the ministry of health Saudi Poisons Control Centers (Phone “937”) from the public as well as, from hospitals who registered poisoned patients during the one-year period (1st January to 31st December 2017) showed a total of 12566 calls. Children below 6 years of age constituted the vast majority of cases (84.2%).The majority of calls received were from public callers (87.3%). Males represented 57.9% of cases and Riyadh was the city with the largest number of calls received representing 37.5% of all calls. Furthermore, 98.5% of poisoning occurred at home, while 97.2% of exposures were accidental. We also found that 64.7% of public callers were advised to observe the patient at home and would not need to go to a hospital. Oral route of exposure constituted 95% of all routes of exposure. Drugs were the most common cause for poisoning consultations (59%) followed by household chemicals (25%). Non-toxic ingestions constituted 16% of all calls received. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of raising public awareness of the risk factors and hazards present for household chemicals that children below 6 years of age are at higher risk of exposure to poisoning. In addition, Saudi Poisons Control Centers play a vital role in providing timely management guidelines for the management of poisoning cases thereby helping to save precious lives.
{"title":"2017 Annual Report of Medical Toxicology Consultations/General Directorate of Poison Control Centres-Ministry of Health-Saudi Arabia","authors":"Fawaz A Al Mousa, Raed A Al khayyal, Ali M. Gado, H. G. Tammam, A. Ragab","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000391","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important medical emergency that results in sever morbidity and mortality is acute poisoning especially in developing countries. Young children contribute the majority of accidental poisoning cases all over the world. A retrospective analysis of poisoning calls received by the ministry of health Saudi Poisons Control Centers (Phone “937”) from the public as well as, from hospitals who registered poisoned patients during the one-year period (1st January to 31st December 2017) showed a total of 12566 calls. Children below 6 years of age constituted the vast majority of cases (84.2%).The majority of calls received were from public callers (87.3%). Males represented 57.9% of cases and Riyadh was the city with the largest number of calls received representing 37.5% of all calls. Furthermore, 98.5% of poisoning occurred at home, while 97.2% of exposures were accidental. We also found that 64.7% of public callers were advised to observe the patient at home and would not need to go to a hospital. Oral route of exposure constituted 95% of all routes of exposure. Drugs were the most common cause for poisoning consultations (59%) followed by household chemicals (25%). Non-toxic ingestions constituted 16% of all calls received. In conclusion, this study highlights the significance of raising public awareness of the risk factors and hazards present for household chemicals that children below 6 years of age are at higher risk of exposure to poisoning. In addition, Saudi Poisons Control Centers play a vital role in providing timely management guidelines for the management of poisoning cases thereby helping to save precious lives.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86027632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000395
O. Karcioglu, Banu Arslan
Mercury is a metal whose toxicity triggers neurological impairments at all ages, although the feti carry special risks. Mercury poisoning mostly occurs as a result of occupational accidents or attempted suicide. The bulk of evidence that addresses the health effects associated with long term postnatal mercury exposure is limited for all age groups. Public education on poisoning and the potential threats arising from mercury are of utmost importance for general well-being.
{"title":"Acute Mercury Poisoning Revisited: Any Role for the Physician?","authors":"O. Karcioglu, Banu Arslan","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000395","url":null,"abstract":"Mercury is a metal whose toxicity triggers neurological impairments at all ages, although the feti carry special risks. Mercury poisoning mostly occurs as a result of occupational accidents or attempted suicide. The bulk of evidence that addresses the health effects associated with long term postnatal mercury exposure is limited for all age groups. Public education on poisoning and the potential threats arising from mercury are of utmost importance for general well-being.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79955649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000376
O. Karcioglu
Lipid resuscitation therapy is the administration of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions (ILE) with the intent of reducing the clinical manifestations of toxicity from drug overdoses; including local anesthetics, calcium-channel blockers, β- blockers, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAD) and other compounds. Although there are conflicting findings in the literature, ILE may be considered for resuscitation in emergency and intensive care in resuscitation of severe hemodynamic compromise by TCAD. This article reviews recent literature to analyse consequences, and intended effects associated with this treatment modality in poisoning with TCAD.
{"title":"Tricyclic Antidepressant Drug Intoxication: Is there a Role for Lipid Emulsion Therapy?","authors":"O. Karcioglu","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000376","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid resuscitation therapy is the administration of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions (ILE) with the intent of reducing the clinical manifestations of toxicity from drug overdoses; including local anesthetics, calcium-channel blockers, β- blockers, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAD) and other compounds. Although there are conflicting findings in the literature, ILE may be considered for resuscitation in emergency and intensive care in resuscitation of severe hemodynamic compromise by TCAD. This article reviews recent literature to analyse consequences, and intended effects associated with this treatment modality in poisoning with TCAD.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"31 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90793421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000384
H. A. El-Atta, Esam R. Ahmed
Many environmental pollutants are considered to be obsogenes that are encountered to be one of the major nontraditional risk factors for induction of obesity. The aim of the present study is to determine role of malaoxon, malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDCA), cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and bisphenol-A (BPA); as prevalent pollutants in our locality, Egypt. In vitro study was conducted on pre-adipocytes PCS-210-010 cell line, cells were divided into 5 groups: (I) treated with malaoxon, (II) treated with MDCA, (III) treated with CdCl2, (IV) treated with BPA, (V) served as control group. LC50 were determined for treated cells, at different concentrations, using MTT assay, expression of PPARγ, PPIA and aP2 genes were estimated using RT-PCR; and adiponectin (ADP) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Results showed that the studied pollutants significantly upregulated all the studied genes (p<.001) compared to the control group, as well as, ADP levels were significantly increased in treated cells compared to control cells (p<.001). In conclusion, malaoxon, MDCA, CdCl2 and BPA epigenetically increased the expression of studied genes that play a key role in the process of adipogensis. These results warranted more depth mechanistic studies for each toxicant to elucidate the main pathway of action.
{"title":"Study of the In-vitro Epigenetic Toxicity Effects of Malaoxon, Malathion Dicarboxylic Acid, Cadmium Chloride and Bisphenol-A on PPAR γ, PPIA and aP2 gene Expressions","authors":"H. A. El-Atta, Esam R. Ahmed","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000384","url":null,"abstract":"Many environmental pollutants are considered to be obsogenes that are encountered to be one of the major nontraditional risk factors for induction of obesity. The aim of the present study is to determine role of malaoxon, malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDCA), cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and bisphenol-A (BPA); as prevalent pollutants in our locality, Egypt. In vitro study was conducted on pre-adipocytes PCS-210-010 cell line, cells were divided into 5 groups: (I) treated with malaoxon, (II) treated with MDCA, (III) treated with CdCl2, (IV) treated with BPA, (V) served as control group. LC50 were determined for treated cells, at different concentrations, using MTT assay, expression of PPARγ, PPIA and aP2 genes were estimated using RT-PCR; and adiponectin (ADP) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. Results showed that the studied pollutants significantly upregulated all the studied genes (p<.001) compared to the control group, as well as, ADP levels were significantly increased in treated cells compared to control cells (p<.001). In conclusion, malaoxon, MDCA, CdCl2 and BPA epigenetically increased the expression of studied genes that play a key role in the process of adipogensis. These results warranted more depth mechanistic studies for each toxicant to elucidate the main pathway of action.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78308517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000399
Muhammad Salman
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) isolated from scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus) in treatment of liver injuries which induced by injection of CCl4 in male Albino rats. Male Albino rats (250±20 g body weight) were divided into four groups. In the control group; Albino rats were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with 100 L saline solution. The second group (i.p) injected with BPF in 100 L saline solutions (1 gm/g. b. w. per 5 days). Third and fourth groups were i.p. injected with 0.5 ml/kg body weight (b. w.) twice weekly of CCl4 for fifteen days, after that only the fourth group was treated by BPF in 100 μL saline solutions (1 μgm/g. b. w. per 5 days). The results indicated that, CCl4 injection induced a significant decrease in serum catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), total protein and albumin, within thirty days post-injection of CCl4 as compared to the normal control group. In contrast, CCl4 induced a significant increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) compared to normal control animals. The efficiency of BPF treatment is alleviation the effects of CCl4 on these parameters. The improvement of these parameters may be attributed to the release antioxidant and cytokines and/or amelioration of the toxic effects of CCl4 on the liver.
{"title":"Antioxidant Effects of Bradykinin Potentiating Factor (BPF) Isolated from Scorpion Venom in Liver Injury Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) in Male Albino Rats","authors":"Muhammad Salman","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000399","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the ability of bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) isolated from scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus) in treatment of liver injuries which induced by injection of CCl4 in male Albino rats. Male Albino rats (250±20 g body weight) were divided into four groups. In the control group; Albino rats were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with 100 L saline solution. The second group (i.p) injected with BPF in 100 L saline solutions (1 gm/g. b. w. per 5 days). Third and fourth groups were i.p. injected with 0.5 ml/kg body weight (b. w.) twice weekly of CCl4 for fifteen days, after that only the fourth group was treated by BPF in 100 μL saline solutions (1 μgm/g. b. w. per 5 days). The results indicated that, CCl4 injection induced a significant decrease in serum catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), total protein and albumin, within thirty days post-injection of CCl4 as compared to the normal control group. In contrast, CCl4 induced a significant increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) compared to normal control animals. The efficiency of BPF treatment is alleviation the effects of CCl4 on these parameters. The improvement of these parameters may be attributed to the release antioxidant and cytokines and/or amelioration of the toxic effects of CCl4 on the liver.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73089462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000371
Akintunde Jk, J. Yo, Boligon Aa
Haloperidol is basically employed in combating mental disorder but its usage is controlled because of its adverse effects in other tissues. This study investigates the differential effects of phenolic compounds from black seed oil on key markers linked to testicular dysfunctions induced by Haloperidol in rat model. The animals were divided into six groups (n=10). Group I was given distilled water while Group II received 15 mg/kg body weight of haloperidol via oral route. Group III, IV and V were pre, co and post-treated with the oil, respectively at therapeutic dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. Lastly, Group VI was treated with black seed oil at dose of 150 mg/kg body weight; for 14 days. The results revealed an increase in 5I-nucleotidase and PACP activities with concomitant decrease of Δ5-3β-HSD, Δ5-17β-HSD and LDH activities in rats induced with haloperidol, followed by systemic oxidative damage and adverse histopathological changes in germinal epithelial cells. Co-treatment is most efficacious in preventing haloperidolinduced testicular damage in rat; followed by post and pre-treatment, respectively.
{"title":"Essential Oil from Nigella Sativa Seed Differentially Ameliorates Steroid Genesis, Cellular ATP and Prostate Functions in Anti-Psychotic Drug- Induced Testicular Damage of Rats","authors":"Akintunde Jk, J. Yo, Boligon Aa","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000371","url":null,"abstract":"Haloperidol is basically employed in combating mental disorder but its usage is controlled because of its adverse effects in other tissues. This study investigates the differential effects of phenolic compounds from black seed oil on key markers linked to testicular dysfunctions induced by Haloperidol in rat model. The animals were divided into six groups (n=10). Group I was given distilled water while Group II received 15 mg/kg body weight of haloperidol via oral route. Group III, IV and V were pre, co and post-treated with the oil, respectively at therapeutic dose of 150 mg/kg body weight. Lastly, Group VI was treated with black seed oil at dose of 150 mg/kg body weight; for 14 days. The results revealed an increase in 5I-nucleotidase and PACP activities with concomitant decrease of Δ5-3β-HSD, Δ5-17β-HSD and LDH activities in rats induced with haloperidol, followed by systemic oxidative damage and adverse histopathological changes in germinal epithelial cells. Co-treatment is most efficacious in preventing haloperidolinduced testicular damage in rat; followed by post and pre-treatment, respectively.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76260852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000380
B. Mathew
Objectives: Lead is recognized as a serious pollutant on the basis of its persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation and extensive use in industry. Exposure to lead results in a number of cytogenetical effects on freshwater biota which adversely affects the population, including reducing the rate of cell division and inducing mutations. In order to assess the toxicity of lead, a reliable model of Drosophila melanogaster was taken and experiments were carried out by maintaining a control set and experimental sets with varied concentrations of lead.Methods: The toxicity of lead was studied by varying the lead concentrations from 20-60 ppm in the food media that was given to the fruit flies. Studies on the larval, pupal and adult stages of the flies were done, including the reproductive and locomotion efficiency of the flies.Results: The results of our study shows that as the concentration of lead in the media increased from 20 to 60 ppm, there was a visible change in the number of offsprings and the locomotive behavior of flies. Significantly there was a stretch in the time duration in the conversion of larva to pupa and then pupa to adult. The length and width of the pupa was also found to be affected.Conclusion: Long term exposure to lead can have significant effect on the survival of population even if its concentration is low and it may also reflect population adaptive capacity.
{"title":"Assessment of Lead Toxicity Using Drosophila melanogaster as a Model","authors":"B. Mathew","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000380","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Lead is recognized as a serious pollutant on the basis of its persistence, toxicity, bioaccumulation and extensive use in industry. Exposure to lead results in a number of cytogenetical effects on freshwater biota which adversely affects the population, including reducing the rate of cell division and inducing mutations. In order to assess the toxicity of lead, a reliable model of Drosophila melanogaster was taken and experiments were carried out by maintaining a control set and experimental sets with varied concentrations of lead.Methods: The toxicity of lead was studied by varying the lead concentrations from 20-60 ppm in the food media that was given to the fruit flies. Studies on the larval, pupal and adult stages of the flies were done, including the reproductive and locomotion efficiency of the flies.Results: The results of our study shows that as the concentration of lead in the media increased from 20 to 60 ppm, there was a visible change in the number of offsprings and the locomotive behavior of flies. Significantly there was a stretch in the time duration in the conversion of larva to pupa and then pupa to adult. The length and width of the pupa was also found to be affected.Conclusion: Long term exposure to lead can have significant effect on the survival of population even if its concentration is low and it may also reflect population adaptive capacity.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72694101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0495.1000379
Ohad Gabay, A. Talmon, E. Tsumi, C. Bartal
We report a case series of recovery from severe visual impairment due to methanol intoxication following treatment with fomepizol and prompt hemodialysis. Three adult males presented to our hospital few hours after unintended methanol intoxication. All patients reported weakness and dizziness, two of them suffered visual impairment with visual acuity loss and one of them presented complete blindness and unresponsive dilated pupils. Fundoscopy examination revealed edema of the disk margin. Their laboratory findings included severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis with elevated osmolar gap and methanol levels. All three patients were treated with fomepizole, folic acid IV, and 2-3 sessions of hemodialysis four hours each. The first session of dialysis was performed about 16 h after the methanol ingestion. They all exhibited a full recovery including the patient with the blindness who reported normal vision 20/20 with normal fundoscopic examination on discharge at the fifth day of hospitalization. This case report confirms the effectiveness of the combined treatment based on early dialysis with fomepizol in reversing the retinal impairment in methanol intoxication. The reversibility of retinal end organ damage demonstrated here raises doubts about the common thought regarding the poor outcome of methanol induced retinal end organ damage.
{"title":"Reversal of Severe Methanol Induced Visual Impairment Due to Prompt Hemodialysis","authors":"Ohad Gabay, A. Talmon, E. Tsumi, C. Bartal","doi":"10.4172/2161-0495.1000379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000379","url":null,"abstract":"We report a case series of recovery from severe visual impairment due to methanol intoxication following treatment with fomepizol and prompt hemodialysis. Three adult males presented to our hospital few hours after unintended methanol intoxication. All patients reported weakness and dizziness, two of them suffered visual impairment with visual acuity loss and one of them presented complete blindness and unresponsive dilated pupils. Fundoscopy examination revealed edema of the disk margin. Their laboratory findings included severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis with elevated osmolar gap and methanol levels. All three patients were treated with fomepizole, folic acid IV, and 2-3 sessions of hemodialysis four hours each. The first session of dialysis was performed about 16 h after the methanol ingestion. They all exhibited a full recovery including the patient with the blindness who reported normal vision 20/20 with normal fundoscopic examination on discharge at the fifth day of hospitalization. This case report confirms the effectiveness of the combined treatment based on early dialysis with fomepizol in reversing the retinal impairment in methanol intoxication. The reversibility of retinal end organ damage demonstrated here raises doubts about the common thought regarding the poor outcome of methanol induced retinal end organ damage.","PeriodicalId":15433,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical Toxicology","volume":"81 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76011736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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