In the present study 800 well water samples were collected from five Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions situated in Maharagama, Sri Lanka. The area is highly populated and urbanized with a very shallow ground water table. Ground water quality was analyzed and compared with different GN divisions identifying well water contamination pattern using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Eighty wells were sampled monthly using simple random sampling method from January 2012 to October 2012. PCA analysis identified three clusters, Navinna GN division as cluster 1’ with high electrical conductivity values, Jambugasmulla, Wijerama and Gangodawila South B together as ‘cluster 2’ with high organic pollution and Wattegedara being the highest polluted GN division as ‘cluster 3’. Overall results indicated that water quality of the area is deteriorated with risk of potential water borne diseases and all parameters tested were far above the SriLanka Standard Institute standards given for drinking water quality.
在本研究中，从位于斯里兰卡Maharagama的五个Grama Niladhari (GN)部门收集了800个井水样本。该地区人口稠密，城市化程度高，地下水位很浅。采用主成分分析法(PCA)对不同GN分区的地下水水质进行了分析比较。2012年1月至10月，每月对80口井进行简单随机抽样。主成分分析确定了3个集群，其中Navinna GN分区为1类，电导率高;Jambugasmulla、Wijerama和Gangodawila South B共同为2类，有机污染高;Wattegedara是污染最严重的GN分区，为3类。总体结果表明，该地区的水质恶化，有潜在的水传播疾病的危险，所有测试的参数都远远高于斯里兰卡标准协会规定的饮用水质量标准。
{"title":"Evaluation of Well water quality with special emphasis on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) at Maharagama, Sri Lanka","authors":"G.P.S.K. Ganegoda, P. Manage, S. Pathirage","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.47","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study 800 well water samples were collected from five Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions situated in Maharagama, Sri Lanka. The area is highly populated and urbanized with a very shallow ground water table. Ground water quality was analyzed and compared with different GN divisions identifying well water contamination pattern using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Eighty wells were sampled monthly using simple random sampling method from January 2012 to October 2012. PCA analysis identified three clusters, Navinna GN division as cluster 1’ with high electrical conductivity values, Jambugasmulla, Wijerama and Gangodawila South B together as ‘cluster 2’ with high organic pollution and Wattegedara being the highest polluted GN division as ‘cluster 3’. Overall results indicated that water quality of the area is deteriorated with risk of potential water borne diseases and all parameters tested were far above the SriLanka Standard Institute standards given for drinking water quality.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75788879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herath H. M. Ayala Sunali, Kawakami Tomonori, T. Masamoto
{"title":"Regeneration of Exhausted Chicken Bone Char (CBC) to Optimize its Usage in the Defluoridation of Drinking Water","authors":"Herath H. M. Ayala Sunali, Kawakami Tomonori, T. Masamoto","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.39","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86302643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amarasooriya A.A.G.D., S. Weragoda, Weerasooriya Rohan, M. Mowjood, M. Makehelwala
The current chlorine decay models involve complex calculations, and they are impractical for rapid chlorine dose/decay product calculations. This problem limits their applicability to treatment systems. Previously, less attention was paid to developing empirically based bulk chlorine decay models for predicting chlorine decay pathways. In order to bridge this gap, we developed a chlorine decay model based on kinetic data. The model was calibrated using well-characterized humic substances to simulate the natural organic matter content in water. Subsequently, the decay model was utilized to make chlorine decay predictions in the water of the Greater Kandy Water Treatment Facility, Sri Lanka. The chlorine decay predictions are in accordance with model calculations on a short-time scale (less than 5 h). Accordingly, it was noted that the chlorine dose of 1.6 mg/L was found to be inadequate for maintaining the mandatory residual chlorine balance at 0.2 mg/L at distribution. Furthermore, the reported average total of trihalomethanes (TTHMs) below 20 μg/L leaves room to increase the initial chlorine dose.
{"title":"An Empirical Model for Bulk Chlorine Decay in Drinking Waters","authors":"Amarasooriya A.A.G.D., S. Weragoda, Weerasooriya Rohan, M. Mowjood, M. Makehelwala","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.31","url":null,"abstract":"The current chlorine decay models involve complex calculations, and they are impractical for rapid chlorine dose/decay product calculations. This problem limits their applicability to treatment systems. Previously, less attention was paid to developing empirically based bulk chlorine decay models for predicting chlorine decay pathways. In order to bridge this gap, we developed a chlorine decay model based on kinetic data. The model was calibrated using well-characterized humic substances to simulate the natural organic matter content in water. Subsequently, the decay model was utilized to make chlorine decay predictions in the water of the Greater Kandy Water Treatment Facility, Sri Lanka. The chlorine decay predictions are in accordance with model calculations on a short-time scale (less than 5 h). Accordingly, it was noted that the chlorine dose of 1.6 mg/L was found to be inadequate for maintaining the mandatory residual chlorine balance at 0.2 mg/L at distribution. Furthermore, the reported average total of trihalomethanes (TTHMs) below 20 μg/L leaves room to increase the initial chlorine dose.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73618326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we hydrated calcines of biomineral calcium carbonate resources such as eggshells and scallop shells and converted them to hydroxyapatite (HAp) under different conditions for use as Ru catalyst supports. The catalytic activity of Ru/HAp in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was investigated by measuring the volume of hydrogen gas generated from the alkaline solution at 298 K. The results clarify that, when different calcium sources are used as starting materials, high Ru content does not always produce high catalytic activity. The hydrogen generation rate is closely correlated with average pore size of the catalyst. High-performance catalysts obtained in the present study have average pore sizes of 20 nm or less and a molar ratio Ca/P of approximately 1.60.
{"title":"Hydroxyapatite prepared from biomineral calcium carbonate resources: a Ru-catalyst support for hydrogen generation","authors":"Nakazato Tsutomu, Murata Yuma, Kai Takami","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we hydrated calcines of biomineral calcium carbonate resources such as eggshells and scallop shells and converted them to hydroxyapatite (HAp) under different conditions for use as Ru catalyst supports. The catalytic activity of Ru/HAp in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was investigated by measuring the volume of hydrogen gas generated from the alkaline solution at 298 K. The results clarify that, when different calcium sources are used as starting materials, high Ru content does not always produce high catalytic activity. The hydrogen generation rate is closely correlated with average pore size of the catalyst. High-performance catalysts obtained in the present study have average pore sizes of 20 nm or less and a molar ratio Ca/P of approximately 1.60.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73362603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work, we prepared calcium phosphate from commercial calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid, and from corbicula shells and orthophosphoric acid, by a hydrothermal process. The chemical composition and powder properties of the products were investigated. Commercial calcium carbonate and corbicula shells reacted with orthophosphoric acid to produce calcium hydrogen phosphate via the hydrothermal process. The reaction between commercial calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid occurred in 1 h at 120 oC, while the reaction between corbicula shells and orthophosphoric acid needed over 3 h at 120 oC.
{"title":"Hydrothermal Synthesis of Calcium Phosphate from Corbicula Shells","authors":"Onoda Hiroaki, Y. Shin","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.7","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we prepared calcium phosphate from commercial calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid, and from corbicula shells and orthophosphoric acid, by a hydrothermal process. The chemical composition and powder properties of the products were investigated. Commercial calcium carbonate and corbicula shells reacted with orthophosphoric acid to produce calcium hydrogen phosphate via the hydrothermal process. The reaction between commercial calcium carbonate and orthophosphoric acid occurred in 1 h at 120 oC, while the reaction between corbicula shells and orthophosphoric acid needed over 3 h at 120 oC.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76882573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kawakami Tomonori, M. Ayuri, S. Yuka, Amarasooriya A.A.G.D., S. Weragoda
{"title":"The Comparison of Two Water Treatment Plants operating with different processes in Kandy City, Sri Lanka","authors":"Kawakami Tomonori, M. Ayuri, S. Yuka, Amarasooriya A.A.G.D., S. Weragoda","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73330197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Liyanage, D. Magana-Arachchi, Charitha Priyadarshika, T. Abeysekara, L. Guneratne
{"title":"CYANOBACTERIA AND CYANOTOXINS IN WELL WATERS OF THE GIRANDURUKOTTE, CKDu ENDEMIC AREA IN SRI LANKA; DO THEY DRINK SAFE WATER?","authors":"M. Liyanage, D. Magana-Arachchi, Charitha Priyadarshika, T. Abeysekara, L. Guneratne","doi":"10.11190/JER.18.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.18.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88623825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commercialized silica is commonly produced from the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane TEES (or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)) via the sol-gel method. This method is a liquid phase process that requires the use of catalyst (usually acid) and solvent (mostly ethanol). Herein gaseous phase hydrolysis of TEES should be a promising process to produce silica without catalyst use. Therefore, we focus on the gaseous phase hydrolysis of TEES to produce amorphous silica. In general, the particle size of produced silica is one of the most important factors for its application. In the gaseous phase hydrolysis, the size and size distribution of silica particles might depend on the experimental conditions (geometry of the experiment device, temperature and flow rates of reactants). In the present study, we used two shapes of the reaction tube (reactor), reactor type 3 and reactor type 4. We also increased the temperature and the water steam flow rate. The results showed that with similar conditions of temperature and water steam flow rate, the particles synthesized inside the reactor type 4 (absence of back-flow) were smaller than those obtained inside the reactor type 3 (presence of back-flow). The increase of temperature and/or water steam flow rate accelerated the nuclei formation and inhibited their cohesion. In summary, the silica particle size tended to be smaller with temperature and water steam flow rate increase.
{"title":"Gaseous Phase Silica Generation","authors":"Daboussi Olfa, Kojima Toshinori","doi":"10.11190/JER.17.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.17.99","url":null,"abstract":"Commercialized silica is commonly produced from the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane TEES (or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)) via the sol-gel method. This method is a liquid phase process that requires the use of catalyst (usually acid) and solvent (mostly ethanol). Herein gaseous phase hydrolysis of TEES should be a promising process to produce silica without catalyst use. Therefore, we focus on the gaseous phase hydrolysis of TEES to produce amorphous silica. In general, the particle size of produced silica is one of the most important factors for its application. In the gaseous phase hydrolysis, the size and size distribution of silica particles might depend on the experimental conditions (geometry of the experiment device, temperature and flow rates of reactants). In the present study, we used two shapes of the reaction tube (reactor), reactor type 3 and reactor type 4. We also increased the temperature and the water steam flow rate. The results showed that with similar conditions of temperature and water steam flow rate, the particles synthesized inside the reactor type 4 (absence of back-flow) were smaller than those obtained inside the reactor type 3 (presence of back-flow). The increase of temperature and/or water steam flow rate accelerated the nuclei formation and inhibited their cohesion. In summary, the silica particle size tended to be smaller with temperature and water steam flow rate increase.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81842980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability (REIS) and the University of Hawai‘i Smart Sustainable Microgrid Project","authors":"K. Anthony","doi":"10.11190/JER.17.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.17.71","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80200965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ito Hajime, Hashimoto Toru, Takabatake Eri, Mizukami Takashi
Across the nation, the amount of coal ash as an industrial by-product of the operation of coalfired power generation plants is increasing. Therefore, it is important to find applications for the effective use of this mountain of coal ash. We carried out this study for the purpose of creating granulated material with low abrasion loss required in road construction. While attempting in this study to develop a new type of granulated material from coal ash, various types of granular material were created from coal ash. These substances were subjected to a crush strength test and an abrasion test. In addition, as a measure of the quality of the granular materials, the correlation was examined between each granular material's crush strength (an easily measured parameter) and its abrasion loss. It was found that some of our granular materials satisfied the abrasion loss requirement for crushed stone used in road construction (35% or less) when used in the following conditions: the diameter of the granulator machine was 3.5m, 220kg of cement was used, and the cumulative temperature was more than 400°C-day. It was thus confirmed that a granular material made from coal ash as an industrial by-product can have the necessary mechanical characteristics for use as a roadbed material.
{"title":"The mechanical performance and quality control of granular roadbed materials made from coal ash as an industrial by-product","authors":"Ito Hajime, Hashimoto Toru, Takabatake Eri, Mizukami Takashi","doi":"10.11190/JER.17.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11190/JER.17.115","url":null,"abstract":"Across the nation, the amount of coal ash as an industrial by-product of the operation of coalfired power generation plants is increasing. Therefore, it is important to find applications for the effective use of this mountain of coal ash. We carried out this study for the purpose of creating granulated material with low abrasion loss required in road construction. While attempting in this study to develop a new type of granulated material from coal ash, various types of granular material were created from coal ash. These substances were subjected to a crush strength test and an abrasion test. In addition, as a measure of the quality of the granular materials, the correlation was examined between each granular material's crush strength (an easily measured parameter) and its abrasion loss. It was found that some of our granular materials satisfied the abrasion loss requirement for crushed stone used in road construction (35% or less) when used in the following conditions: the diameter of the granulator machine was 3.5m, 220kg of cement was used, and the cumulative temperature was more than 400°C-day. It was thus confirmed that a granular material made from coal ash as an industrial by-product can have the necessary mechanical characteristics for use as a roadbed material.","PeriodicalId":15612,"journal":{"name":"Journal of ecotechnology research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86473199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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