Pub Date : 2016-06-03DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000187
Sylvia Jagerroos, P. Krause
Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas platforms raises many complex issues to consider before accomplishing a successful strategy to undertake these activities in an environmentally effective, efficient and equitably safe manner not only for the operators and the regulatory authorities but for the physical and biological surroundings. There are many factors to evaluate and issues like liability, reputational risk, cost, cumulative impact, technical development, regulatory framework, and climate change would all have to be considered on a case-to-case scenario as opposed to adopting a regular strategy for all facilities. The debate is focused about whether the structure or facilities left in place or like an artifical reef habitat constitute valuable habitat and deliver ecosystem services, or in contrast impact the biological environment and should be removed. Some offshore facilities, although deployed as artifical reefs for a very long time, have not developed the diversity of benthic or fish assemblages comparable to that found on natural reefs. South East Asia hosts many aging offshore facilities and the shortage of decomissioning yards and a lack of policy framework and financial support play a big role in order to conduct these activities in a way that safeguard the environment and the biodiversity of the marine environment.
{"title":"Rigs-To-Reef; Impact or Enhancement on Marine Biodiversity","authors":"Sylvia Jagerroos, P. Krause","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000187","url":null,"abstract":"Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas platforms raises many complex issues to consider before accomplishing a successful strategy to undertake these activities in an environmentally effective, efficient and equitably safe manner not only for the operators and the regulatory authorities but for the physical and biological surroundings. There are many factors to evaluate and issues like liability, reputational risk, cost, cumulative impact, technical development, regulatory framework, and climate change would all have to be considered on a case-to-case scenario as opposed to adopting a regular strategy for all facilities. The debate is focused about whether the structure or facilities left in place or like an artifical reef habitat constitute valuable habitat and deliver ecosystem services, or in contrast impact the biological environment and should be removed. Some offshore facilities, although deployed as artifical reefs for a very long time, have not developed the diversity of benthic or fish assemblages comparable to that found on natural reefs. South East Asia hosts many aging offshore facilities and the shortage of decomissioning yards and a lack of policy framework and financial support play a big role in order to conduct these activities in a way that safeguard the environment and the biodiversity of the marine environment.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"387 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76530685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-31DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000186
Manhal A Jibrael, F. Peter
This paper presents a method of strengthen concrete by the addition of percentages recycled waste plastic (polyethylene). Almost 126 samples of concrete are prepared, the concrete Strength (compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength) are investigated along a time interval of 7 to 28 days using 1%, 3% and 5% from fine aggregate recycled waste plastic (polyethylene). It is found that when waste plastic bottles increased from zero to 5% of the sand in the mix, the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete decreased by the ratios of 12.81, 10.71, and increase by 4.1% respectively at 7 days age and also these concrete strength decrease by the ratios 7.93, 28.6, and 23.6% at 28 days age.
{"title":"Strength and Behavior of Concrete Contains Waste Plastic","authors":"Manhal A Jibrael, F. Peter","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000186","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a method of strengthen concrete by the addition of percentages recycled waste plastic (polyethylene). Almost 126 samples of concrete are prepared, the concrete Strength (compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength) are investigated along a time interval of 7 to 28 days using 1%, 3% and 5% from fine aggregate recycled waste plastic (polyethylene). It is found that when waste plastic bottles increased from zero to 5% of the sand in the mix, the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete decreased by the ratios of 12.81, 10.71, and increase by 4.1% respectively at 7 days age and also these concrete strength decrease by the ratios 7.93, 28.6, and 23.6% at 28 days age.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"50 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78415955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-27DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000185
Farah Bani Affan
At present, the main source of energy generation around the world is fossil fuel combustion (coal, oil and natural gas); it is also predicted to remain the dominant for the next few decades. A major drawback of combusting fossil fuels is the huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere, especially with the evolving of the industrial revolution. Due to the fact that CO2 high levels in the atmosphere is linked to trapping sun light, hence global warming; much interest have been invested in the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) approach. An efficient, valuable and profitable method of storing CO2 is to utilise it as a raw material in industries. This paper is conducted based on experimental work regarding the conversion of CO2 from a challenging waste into a polymer; a high impact and temperature resistance, transparent, easily deformed without breaking, light material. The main features that are investigated in this paper are the synthesis of various types of Zn-based salen complexes (three catalysts, mostly novels), and their utilisation in copolymerisation reactions of CO2 with four different types of epoxides (Styrene oxide, n-hexane oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and propylene oxide. Zn-based salen catalysts have been chosen as no previous work has been carried out in the department regarding such complexes, as well as it is the main outcome from the technical review (preciously submitted as a part of this paper) as that the zinc catalyst can be recommended as the most beneficial among the other metal-centres based salen complexes in terms of CO2/epoxide copolymerisation. More than 30 copolymerisation runs have been accomplished under the effect of different epoxides, catalysts, solvents and different reaction conditions. Overall, the results show that no specific relation can be drawn regarding whether a single catalyst demonstrates the optimum polymer yield through the different epoxide/CO2 copolymerisation; as for a certain epoxide, each catalyst exhibits different solubility drifts under the effect of the same solvent. For instance, complex 3 resulted in the highest yields for both styrene oxide and propylene oxide polymerisation, whereas complex 1 is more favorable for the n-hexane one. A wide range of low and high polymer yields has been observed from 12.2% (utilising styrene epoxide and complex 3) to 96.9% (utilising cyclohexene epoxide and complex 6). No/traceable amounts of cyclic carbonate have been detected in the final product after micro filtration; the case that supports Zn-based catalysts selectivity trend towards the production of polycarbonates over cyclic carbonates.
{"title":"Direct Reaction of Carbon dioxide to Polycarbonate","authors":"Farah Bani Affan","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"At present, the main source of energy generation around the world is fossil fuel combustion (coal, oil and natural gas); it is also predicted to remain the dominant for the next few decades. A major drawback of combusting fossil fuels is the huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere, especially with the evolving of the industrial revolution. Due to the fact that CO2 high levels in the atmosphere is linked to trapping sun light, hence global warming; much interest have been invested in the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) approach. An efficient, valuable and profitable method of storing CO2 is to utilise it as a raw material in industries. \u0000This paper is conducted based on experimental work regarding the conversion of CO2 from a challenging waste into a polymer; a high impact and temperature resistance, transparent, easily deformed without breaking, light material. The main features that are investigated in this paper are the synthesis of various types of Zn-based salen complexes (three catalysts, mostly novels), and their utilisation in copolymerisation reactions of CO2 with four different types of epoxides (Styrene oxide, n-hexane oxide, cyclohexene oxide, and propylene oxide. Zn-based salen catalysts have been chosen as no previous work has been carried out in the department regarding such complexes, as well as it is the main outcome from the technical review (preciously submitted as a part of this paper) as that the zinc catalyst can be recommended as the most beneficial among the other metal-centres based salen complexes in terms of CO2/epoxide copolymerisation. More than 30 copolymerisation runs have been accomplished under the effect of different epoxides, catalysts, solvents and different reaction conditions. \u0000Overall, the results show that no specific relation can be drawn regarding whether a single catalyst demonstrates the optimum polymer yield through the different epoxide/CO2 copolymerisation; as for a certain epoxide, each catalyst exhibits different solubility drifts under the effect of the same solvent. For instance, complex 3 resulted in the highest yields for both styrene oxide and propylene oxide polymerisation, whereas complex 1 is more favorable for the n-hexane one. A wide range of low and high polymer yields has been observed from 12.2% (utilising styrene epoxide and complex 3) to 96.9% (utilising cyclohexene epoxide and complex 6). No/traceable amounts of cyclic carbonate have been detected in the final product after micro filtration; the case that supports Zn-based catalysts selectivity trend towards the production of polycarbonates over cyclic carbonates.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78962669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-25DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.S5-012
Tino Redemann, E. Specht
A mathematical model has been developed to understand the effect of carbon dioxide and water vapor on the mechanism of global warming. First, the increase of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere could be based on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions according to the combustion of fossil fuels. Second, the heat fluxes in the atmosphere were described by known relations in thermal engineering. Here, the heat transfer due to radiation between the gas which contains water vapor and carbon dioxide, and the Earth's surface as well as the clouds is considered. The emissivity of the gases depends on temperature, and the gas concentration and the beam length of the atmospheric layer. The sensitivity of this model was quantified less, when e.g. the cloud height and the relative humidity of the atmosphere were varied. The known average temperature of the Earth was used to validate this model. The temperature of the Earth increases significantly with the CO2 concentration. When the concentration of CO2 is doubled, the temperature of the Earth increases by 0.43 K.
{"title":"Analytical Approach to Calculate the Heat Fluxes in the Atmosphere and to Quantify the Sensitivity of Earth Temperature due to CO2 and H2O","authors":"Tino Redemann, E. Specht","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.S5-012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.S5-012","url":null,"abstract":"A mathematical model has been developed to understand the effect of carbon dioxide and water vapor on the mechanism of global warming. First, the increase of the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere could be based on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions according to the combustion of fossil fuels. Second, the heat fluxes in the atmosphere were described by known relations in thermal engineering. Here, the heat transfer due to radiation between the gas which contains water vapor and carbon dioxide, and the Earth's surface as well as the clouds is considered. The emissivity of the gases depends on temperature, and the gas concentration and the beam length of the atmospheric layer. The sensitivity of this model was quantified less, when e.g. the cloud height and the relative humidity of the atmosphere were varied. The known average temperature of the Earth was used to validate this model. The temperature of the Earth increases significantly with the CO2 concentration. When the concentration of CO2 is doubled, the temperature of the Earth increases by 0.43 K.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90348151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000184
Pratibha Sharma, P. Saikia, K. P. Sarma
Bamboos are the tallest and largest member of the grass family and widely distributed in India and abundantly occur in northeast region. A few species are also found scattered in other parts of the country both in the hills and the plains. Bamboos play an important role in the day to day lives of common people of Assam and become an integral part of the cultural, social and economic traditions of the State. Besides, it is an essential component of forest ecosystem and commonly found in the traditional home gardens of Assam. Study was carried out in 62 randomly selected home gardens of Sonitpur district of Assam. The maintenance of bamboo diversity in home gardens fulfills the household necessity and also contributes to the rural economy. The commonly found bamboos are B. tulda, B. balcooa, B. pallida, B. nutans, B. bambos, Dendrocalamus strictus, D. hamiltonii, Melocanna baccifera etc. Home garden based bamboos have also great demand as a construction materials, fencing, fodder and also as a source of fiber for paper industry. Tissue culture technique is also applied in three selected Bamboos for large scale production of plantation stocks for commercial cultivation. Rural employment can be generated by proper cultivation and management of bamboos in traditional home gardens thereby helps in conservation of bamboo diversity without much care and effort.
{"title":"Diversity, Uses and In vitro Propagation of Different Bamboos of Sonitpur District, Assam","authors":"Pratibha Sharma, P. Saikia, K. P. Sarma","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"Bamboos are the tallest and largest member of the grass family and widely distributed in India and abundantly occur in northeast region. A few species are also found scattered in other parts of the country both in the hills and the plains. Bamboos play an important role in the day to day lives of common people of Assam and become an integral part of the cultural, social and economic traditions of the State. Besides, it is an essential component of forest ecosystem and commonly found in the traditional home gardens of Assam. Study was carried out in 62 randomly selected home gardens of Sonitpur district of Assam. The maintenance of bamboo diversity in home gardens fulfills the household necessity and also contributes to the rural economy. The commonly found bamboos are B. tulda, B. balcooa, B. pallida, B. nutans, B. bambos, Dendrocalamus strictus, D. hamiltonii, Melocanna baccifera etc. Home garden based bamboos have also great demand as a construction materials, fencing, fodder and also as a source of fiber for paper industry. Tissue culture technique is also applied in three selected Bamboos for large scale production of plantation stocks for commercial cultivation. Rural employment can be generated by proper cultivation and management of bamboos in traditional home gardens thereby helps in conservation of bamboo diversity without much care and effort.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91347130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-29DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000183
Lusambo Lp
The overarching objective of this study was to assess poverty situation in Tanzania using a multitude of approach so as to provide empirical evidence of conceptual and methodological challenges encountered in poverty analysis studies. Specifically, the study strove to: (1) analyse the poverty situation in the study sites, (2) assess income inequality in study sites, and (3) determine the method that could be commonly employed to measure poverty , with a view to improve consistency in poverty statistics. A sample of 568 respondent households was involved in the study. Data was collected through household questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion and researcher’s direct observations. Collected data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel computer programmes. Different poverty lines have provided different results regarding the number of households which are poor. Relative poverty line of 40% of the median income gave the lowest value of poverty in the study area, while the ethical poverty line provided the highest rate of poverty. Accordingly, it was found that using selected poverty lines: overall, 29.3% - 98.2% of households are poor. In rural areas, 24.5% - 96.8% of households are poor. In peri-urban areas, it was found that 20% to 100% (depending on the poverty line used) were poor, while in urban areas the poverty rate was found to be between 37.1% to 99%. Using weighted geometric mean of relative and absolute poverty lines (ρ = 0.7) at relative poverty line of 50% of median income and absolute poverty line of US$ 1-a-day (2005PPP): Overall, 53.5% of households are poor, and poverty rates in rural, peri-urban and urban areas are 55%, 53% and 46% respectively. The findings revealed further that the poverty gap ratio and severity ratio are highest in urban areas (0.35 and 0.29 respectively), medium in rural area (0.33 and 0.24 respectively) and minimum in peri-urban area (0.29 and 0.20 respectively). Household income inequality in the study area is high (Gini Coefficient = 0.773), with variations in the strata as follows: rural areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.821); peri-urban areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.574); and urban areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.717). Inter-strata inequality index in the study area (depending on the method used) ranged between 0.158 – 0.172, while inter-regional inequality index ranged between 0.004 and 0.116. Some recommendations have been put forward: Firstly, in the determination of poverty rates (head counts) the appropriate yardstick to be used is weighted geometric mean of relative and absolute poverty lines (ρ = 0.7) at relative poverty line of 50% of median income and absolute poverty line of US$ 1-a-day (2005PPP). Secondly, in the determination of household income inequality, Gini Coefficient should be used. Thirdly, the Hoover coefficient (Robin Hood Index) is a more appropriate metric for regional and inter-strata inequality.
{"title":"Households Income Poverty and Inequalities in Tanzania: Analysis of Empirical Evidence of Methodological Challenges","authors":"Lusambo Lp","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000183","url":null,"abstract":"The overarching objective of this study was to assess poverty situation in Tanzania using a multitude of approach so as to provide empirical evidence of conceptual and methodological challenges encountered in poverty analysis studies. Specifically, the study strove to: (1) analyse the poverty situation in the study sites, (2) assess income inequality in study sites, and (3) determine the method that could be commonly employed to measure poverty , with a view to improve consistency in poverty statistics. A sample of 568 respondent households was involved in the study. Data was collected through household questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion and researcher’s direct observations. Collected data was analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft excel computer programmes. Different poverty lines have provided different results regarding the number of households which are poor. Relative poverty line of 40% of the median income gave the lowest value of poverty in the study area, while the ethical poverty line provided the highest rate of poverty. Accordingly, it was found that using selected poverty lines: overall, 29.3% - 98.2% of households are poor. In rural areas, 24.5% - 96.8% of households are poor. In peri-urban areas, it was found that 20% to 100% (depending on the poverty line used) were poor, while in urban areas the poverty rate was found to be between 37.1% to 99%. Using weighted geometric mean of relative and absolute poverty lines (ρ = 0.7) at relative poverty line of 50% of median income and absolute poverty line of US$ 1-a-day (2005PPP): Overall, 53.5% of households are poor, and poverty rates in rural, peri-urban and urban areas are 55%, 53% and 46% respectively. The findings revealed further that the poverty gap ratio and severity ratio are highest in urban areas (0.35 and 0.29 respectively), medium in rural area (0.33 and 0.24 respectively) and minimum in peri-urban area (0.29 and 0.20 respectively). Household income inequality in the study area is high (Gini Coefficient = 0.773), with variations in the strata as follows: rural areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.821); peri-urban areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.574); and urban areas (Gini Coefficient = 0.717). Inter-strata inequality index in the study area (depending on the method used) ranged between 0.158 – 0.172, while inter-regional inequality index ranged between 0.004 and 0.116. Some recommendations have been put forward: Firstly, in the determination of poverty rates (head counts) the appropriate yardstick to be used is weighted geometric mean of relative and absolute poverty lines (ρ = 0.7) at relative poverty line of 50% of median income and absolute poverty line of US$ 1-a-day (2005PPP). Secondly, in the determination of household income inequality, Gini Coefficient should be used. Thirdly, the Hoover coefficient (Robin Hood Index) is a more appropriate metric for regional and inter-strata inequality.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"444 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75107755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000182
L. Lusambo, Z. Lupala, F. Midtgaard, Y. Ngaga, Kessy Jf, Abdallah Jm, Kingazi Sp, F. Mombo, Nyamoga Gz
Miombo (Zambezian savanna) woodlands are important forest vegetation in Tanzania. The forests contain biomass which is vital for climate change mitigation strategy. However the extent of increasing biomass under participatory forest management for carbon sequestration and storage is not clear. Understanding of this biomass will aid development of effective climate change mitigation strategies and promote sustainable forest management. This study involved 276 systematically determined concentric sample plots laid out in eight miombo woodland forests (four in Mbeya region and four in Iringa region). Of these plots, 145 were laid in participatory managed forests and 131 in reference scenario, called business as usual (BAU) or open access forest selected in proximity. The main finding was that most of PFM forests had significant increase in biomass (P < 0.05) as compared to the reference scenario. Mean biomass increased from 48.05 t/ha ± 0.03 to 37.91 t/ha ± 0.19 in PFM forests. Likewise mean biomass was 37.91 t/ha ± 0.11 to15.79 t/ha ± 0.13 for reference scenario BAU forests. This implied higher average carbon stock in participatory managed forests (21.37 t/ha) against the reference scenario (11.28 t/ha). The results provide evidence that participatory forest management approach in miombo woodlands of Tanzania have potential for climate change mitigation strategies. Despite the challenge in determining reference scenario, these findings present useful benchmark against which further study can be performed.
{"title":"Increased Biomass for Carbon Stock in Participatory Forest Managed Miombo Woodlands of Tanzania","authors":"L. Lusambo, Z. Lupala, F. Midtgaard, Y. Ngaga, Kessy Jf, Abdallah Jm, Kingazi Sp, F. Mombo, Nyamoga Gz","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000182","url":null,"abstract":"Miombo (Zambezian savanna) woodlands are important forest vegetation in Tanzania. The forests contain biomass which is vital for climate change mitigation strategy. However the extent of increasing biomass under participatory forest management for carbon sequestration and storage is not clear. Understanding of this biomass will aid development of effective climate change mitigation strategies and promote sustainable forest management. This study involved 276 systematically determined concentric sample plots laid out in eight miombo woodland forests (four in Mbeya region and four in Iringa region). Of these plots, 145 were laid in participatory managed forests and 131 in reference scenario, called business as usual (BAU) or open access forest selected in proximity. The main finding was that most of PFM forests had significant increase in biomass (P < 0.05) as compared to the reference scenario. Mean biomass increased from 48.05 t/ha ± 0.03 to 37.91 t/ha ± 0.19 in PFM forests. Likewise mean biomass was 37.91 t/ha ± 0.11 to15.79 t/ha ± 0.13 for reference scenario BAU forests. This implied higher average carbon stock in participatory managed forests (21.37 t/ha) against the reference scenario (11.28 t/ha). The results provide evidence that participatory forest management approach in miombo woodlands of Tanzania have potential for climate change mitigation strategies. Despite the challenge in determining reference scenario, these findings present useful benchmark against which further study can be performed.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85277285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.S5-011
T. Kotasthane, S. Pote
Global warming is caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that acts as blanket to contain radiated heat and raises overall global temperatures to dangerous levels leading to melting glaciers rising sea levels. Most OECD countries and countries with economies in transition, agreed to control their national anthropogenic emissions and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCS, PFCS and SF6). Environment is complex of so many things (light, temperature, soil, water. Any outer substance or condition which affects living being in any form is factor of its environment. Climate of any region determined by meteorological influences, temperature, wind pressure, etc.
{"title":"Impact of Pollutions on Environment and Its Hazards","authors":"T. Kotasthane, S. Pote","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.S5-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.S5-011","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming is caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that acts as blanket to contain radiated heat and raises overall global temperatures to dangerous levels leading to melting glaciers rising sea levels. Most OECD countries and countries with economies in transition, agreed to control their national anthropogenic emissions and greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCS, PFCS and SF6). Environment is complex of so many things (light, temperature, soil, water. Any outer substance or condition which affects living being in any form is factor of its environment. Climate of any region determined by meteorological influences, temperature, wind pressure, etc.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77066828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-22DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000181
J. MelakuGetahun
This study deals with the Oromo indigenous knowledge and its implication in the practices of natural resources management, with the focus on the natural resources that have been thought as fundamental and integrals of their entire lives: land, forest, and water resources. The study was conducted among Nole, Maccaa Oromo of West Wallagga. The study of the predominant human-environment relationship, and the indigenous ecological knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples in natural resources and biodiversity conservation have enormous role in understanding the ever-growing environmental problems, and consequent social problems. Hence, in an effort to understand the cause and magnitude of environmental problems, and to establish prospective measures that would help in solving these social and environmental acute, understanding the community’s worldview and integrated indigenous knowledge that they have been maintained in esteeming and managing the natural resources for healthy coexistence is important. This study employed qualitative research methods. Data used for the study gathered through data collection instruments such as interviews, focus group discussions, non-participant observation, case study, and secondary data analysis. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to compile the data for the study. The study reveals that the Oromo have indigenous ecological knowledge embedded in their worldview, and they have been maintained in wise management of natural resources. Thus, the Oromo worldview considers the organizations of the physical, the human, and the spiritual worlds, as organized and unified systems. The role of human, in this case is protecting and sustaining the equilibrium of the systems; and abiding the established distant and respect for every relations. The Oromo have the knowledge of laws of, and customary laws, norms, values, and the concept of Safuu and Ayyaana in their worldview, which guides their entire actions and relations in the universe. In general, these concepts are important component of the Oromo worldview. The knowledge of these concepts has been used to maintain relations between the physical, the human, and the spiritual worlds among the Oromo. They are believed to strengthen and maintained internal moral quality and unity of the Oromo.
{"title":"Oromo Indigenous Knowledge and Practices in Natural Resources Management: Land, Forest, and Water in Focus","authors":"J. MelakuGetahun","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000181","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the Oromo indigenous knowledge and its implication in the practices of natural resources management, with the focus on the natural resources that have been thought as fundamental and integrals of their entire lives: land, forest, and water resources. The study was conducted among Nole, Maccaa Oromo of West Wallagga. The study of the predominant human-environment relationship, and the indigenous ecological knowledge and practices of indigenous peoples in natural resources and biodiversity conservation have enormous role in understanding the ever-growing environmental problems, and consequent social problems. Hence, in an effort to understand the cause and magnitude of environmental problems, and to establish prospective measures that would help in solving these social and environmental acute, understanding the community’s worldview and integrated indigenous knowledge that they have been maintained in esteeming and managing the natural resources for healthy coexistence is important. This study employed qualitative research methods. Data used for the study gathered through data collection instruments such as interviews, focus group discussions, non-participant observation, case study, and secondary data analysis. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to compile the data for the study. The study reveals that the Oromo have indigenous ecological knowledge embedded in their worldview, and they have been maintained in wise management of natural resources. Thus, the Oromo worldview considers the organizations of the physical, the human, and the spiritual worlds, as organized and unified systems. The role of human, in this case is protecting and sustaining the equilibrium of the systems; and abiding the established distant and respect for every relations. The Oromo have the knowledge of laws of, and customary laws, norms, values, and the concept of Safuu and Ayyaana in their worldview, which guides their entire actions and relations in the universe. In general, these concepts are important component of the Oromo worldview. The knowledge of these concepts has been used to maintain relations between the physical, the human, and the spiritual worlds among the Oromo. They are believed to strengthen and maintained internal moral quality and unity of the Oromo.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76351024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.S5-007
Lusambo Lp
Tanzanian households depend primarily on wood fuel as a source of energy. However, the consumption patterns and intensities remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was therefore to provide a better understanding of households’ fuel consumption. Stratified random sampling design was used in order to capture fuel consumption patterns between rural, peri-urban and urban populations and across household wealth categories. Households in each randomly selected site were stratified into low, medium and high wealth categories. Data was collected using pre-tested and pilot-tested questionnaires, direct measurements, direct observations, interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 568 households were sampled: rural (258); peri-urban (177) and urban (133). This sample was drawn from across all wealth categories: low-198 households (34.9%); medium-255 households (44.9%) and high-115 households (20.2%). Several hypotheses were found to be true: (1) Socio-economic and demographic factors have effects on household fuel choice; (2) There is significant household preference to miombo woodlands as source of wood fuel. Factors which were found to be important in influencing choice of fuel are: location of household, residence ownership, dwelling category, household income, and education level of household head; (3) Household survey revealed a sizeable preference towards miombo woodlands as a source of wood fuel. Household dependency on wood fuel is overwhelming and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Promotion of improved wood fuel stoves and improved charcoal making kilns, electrification, and promotion of alternative sources of fuel are shown to alleviate the problem.
{"title":"Household Energy Consumption Patterns in Tanzania","authors":"Lusambo Lp","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.S5-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.S5-007","url":null,"abstract":"Tanzanian households depend primarily on wood fuel as a source of energy. However, the consumption patterns and intensities remain poorly understood. The aim of the present study was therefore to provide a better understanding of households’ fuel consumption. Stratified random sampling design was used in order to capture fuel consumption patterns between rural, peri-urban and urban populations and across household wealth categories. Households in each randomly selected site were stratified into low, medium and high wealth categories. Data was collected using pre-tested and pilot-tested questionnaires, direct measurements, direct observations, interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 568 households were sampled: rural (258); peri-urban (177) and urban (133). This sample was drawn from across all wealth categories: low-198 households (34.9%); medium-255 households (44.9%) and high-115 households (20.2%). Several hypotheses were found to be true: (1) Socio-economic and demographic factors have effects on household fuel choice; (2) There is significant household preference to miombo woodlands as source of wood fuel. Factors which were found to be important in influencing choice of fuel are: location of household, residence ownership, dwelling category, household income, and education level of household head; (3) Household survey revealed a sizeable preference towards miombo woodlands as a source of wood fuel. Household dependency on wood fuel is overwhelming and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. Promotion of improved wood fuel stoves and improved charcoal making kilns, electrification, and promotion of alternative sources of fuel are shown to alleviate the problem.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79984818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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