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Analysis of porous silicon structures using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy 用FTIR和拉曼光谱分析多孔硅结构
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0028
M. Králik, M. Kopani
Abstract This work deals with the production of porous silicon samples by electrochemical etching method and their analysis using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Porous silicon samples were prepared under various conditions, such as etching time and current density. A p-type silicon substrate was used to prepare the porous silicon structures. FTIR spectroscopy was performed to determine the chemical bonds formed during the etching process. The structural properties of the prepared samples were investigated by Raman spectroscopy.
本文研究了电化学蚀刻法制备多孔硅样品,并用FTIR和拉曼光谱对样品进行了分析。在不同的蚀刻时间和电流密度条件下制备多孔硅样品。采用p型硅衬底制备多孔硅结构。用红外光谱法测定了蚀刻过程中形成的化学键。用拉曼光谱分析了制备样品的结构性质。
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引用次数: 0
Study on UV optical field distribution of partial discharge in GIS disconnector based on ray tracing method 基于射线追踪法的GIS隔离器局部放电紫外光场分布研究
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0018
F. Du, Jinpeng Jiang, Shuai Yuan, J. Bi, Yuan Xu
Abstract In order to clarify the distribution law of the radiation optical field of the gas insulated switchgear disconnector defect and determine the detection range of partial discharge optical sensor, the optical model of the gas insulated switchgear disconnector based on the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction theory is established based on ray tracing method, and the distribution of the radiation light field is calculated when partial discharge occurs at the key positions such as the basin insulator, shield, and support insulator barrel. Based on the maximum irradiance, average irradiance and attenuation characteristics on the shell interface, the distribution law is further analysed, and based on this, the optimal location of the ultraviolet detector is proposed.
摘要为了阐明气体绝缘开关柜隔离器缺陷的辐射光场分布规律,确定局部放电光传感器的检测范围,基于射线追迹法建立了基于衍射理论均匀几何理论的气体绝缘开关柜隔离器光学模型。计算了盆形绝缘子、屏蔽体、支撑绝缘子筒等关键部位局部放电时的辐射光场分布。根据壳体界面上的最大辐照度、平均辐照度和衰减特性,进一步分析了其分布规律,并在此基础上提出了紫外探测器的最佳位置。
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引用次数: 0
Allocation of power in NOMA based 6G-enabled internet of things using multi-objective based genetic algorithm 基于多目标遗传算法的基于NOMA的6g物联网中的功率分配
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0012
S. K. Saraswat, V. Deolia, Aasheesh Shukla
Abstract Sixth generation (6G)-enabled internet of things (IoT) requires significant spectrum resources to deliver spectrum availability for massive IoT’s nodes. But the existing orthogonal multiple access limits the full utilization of limited spectrum resources. The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) exploits the potential of power domain to improve the connectivity for 6G-enabled IoT. An efficient quality of service (QoS) aware power allocation approach is required to enhance the spectral efficiency and energy of NOMA based 6G-enabled IoT nodes. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is used to resolve the non-convex problem by considering the successive interference cancellation (SIC), QoS, and transmission power. Extensive experiments are drawn by using the Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the significant improvement of the proposed model. Experimental results indicate that the proposed power allocation model provides good performance of the NOMA based IoT network.
摘要第六代(6G)物联网(IoT)需要大量频谱资源来为大规模物联网节点提供频谱可用性。但是现有的正交多址限制了有限频谱资源的充分利用。非正交多址(NOMA)利用功率域的潜力来改善支持6G的物联网的连接。需要一种高效的服务质量(QoS)感知功率分配方法来提高基于NOMA的6G物联网节点的频谱效率和能量。将多目标遗传算法(MOGA)用于解决非凸问题,该算法考虑了连续干扰消除(SIC)、QoS和传输功率。使用蒙特卡罗模拟进行了大量的实验,以评估所提出的模型的显著改进。实验结果表明,所提出的功率分配模型为基于NOMA的物联网网络提供了良好的性能。
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引用次数: 0
3D surface crack characterization by eddy current array image and a fast algorithm search 涡流阵列图像表征三维表面裂纹及其快速算法搜索
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0017
A. Abdou, T. Bouchala, B. Abdelhadi, A. Guettafi
Abstract Nowadays, 3D eddy current nondestructive characterization of crack and corrosion defects while using ECA remains an industrial challenge because the obtained image permits to determine only the 2D defect shape. Consequently, this article is devoted to determine directly the crack length and width by eddy current images through sensor array. Afterwards, we extract the maximal impedance amplitude to estimate the crack depth while using the deterministic algorithm that we have recently developed. In fact, the obtained results have demonstrated the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed method.
摘要如今,在使用ECA的情况下,裂纹和腐蚀缺陷的三维涡流无损表征仍然是一个工业挑战,因为所获得的图像只允许确定二维缺陷形状。因此,本文致力于通过传感器阵列的涡流图像直接确定裂纹的长度和宽度。然后,我们提取最大阻抗振幅来估计裂纹深度,同时使用我们最近开发的确定性算法。事实上,所获得的结果已经证明了所提出的方法的有效性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Dual mode bandpass filter with switchable response 具有可切换响应的双模带通滤波器
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0019
Jia‐lin Li, Kexin Song, Li-Fei Jiang, Jin-Pu Yang, Shao-Qian Zhou
Abstract A compact dual-mode bandpass filter with independently tunable second passband is proposed based on modified V shaped resonators. By switching the pin diodes at each end of the studied resonators, the second passband is independently tuned without affecting the first passband. A prototype of the dual-mode bandpass filter with a dual-passband of 2.54 GHz and 3.36 GHz or a single passband of 2.54 GHz is designed and verified experimentally.
摘要基于改进的V型谐振腔,提出了一种第二通带可独立调谐的紧凑型双模带通滤波器。通过切换所研究谐振器两端的引脚二极管,第二通带被独立调谐而不影响第一通带。设计了双通带2.54 GHz和3.36 GHz或单通带2.54 GHz的双模带通滤波器样机,并进行了实验验证。
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引用次数: 1
A novel data-driven technique to produce multi- sensor virtual responses for gas sensor array-based electronic noses 一种新的数据驱动技术产生多传感器虚拟响应的气体传感器阵列电子鼻
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0013
Sumit Srivastava, S. N. Chaudhri, N. S. Rajput, A. Mishra
Abstract Accurate detection of gas/odor requires highly selective gas sensor. However, the high-performance classification of gases/odors can be achieved using partial-selective gas sensors. Since 1980s, an array of broadly tuned (partial-selective) gas sensors have been used in several fields of science and engineering, and the resulting gas sensing systems (GSS) are popularly known as electronic noses (e-Noses). The combination of similar or different sensors in the array indirectly compensates for the requirement of high selectivity in GSS. Further, e-Nose’s performance inevitably depends on the salient features drawn from the initial responses of the gas sensor array (GSA). So obtained features are referred to as the responses of virtual sensors (VS). In this paper, we have proposed the three-input and three-output (TITO) technique to derive efficient virtual sensor responses (VSRs) which outperform its well-published peer technique. A GSA consisting of four elements is used to demonstrate the proposed technique. Our proposed technique augments the VSRs by four times compared to its peer. The efficacy of our proposed technique has been tested using nine fundamental classifiers, viz., linear support vector machine (100%), decision tree (97.5%), multi-layer perceptron neural network (100%), K-nearest neighbor (85%), logistic regression (100%), Gaussian process with radial basis function (95%), linear discriminant analysis (97.5%), random forest (100%), and AdaBoost (95%). Ten-fold cross-validation has been used to minimize the biasing impact of the intra- and inter-class variance. With the result, four classifiers successfully provide an accuracy of 100 percent. Hence, we have proposed and vindicated an efficient technique.
准确的气体/气味检测需要高选择性的气体传感器。然而,使用部分选择性气体传感器可以实现气体/气味的高性能分类。自20世纪80年代以来,一系列宽调谐(部分选择性)气体传感器已被用于科学和工程的几个领域,由此产生的气体传感系统(GSS)被普遍称为电子鼻(e- nose)。阵列中相似或不同传感器的组合间接补偿了GSS对高选择性的要求。此外,e-Nose的性能不可避免地取决于从气体传感器阵列(GSA)的初始响应中得出的显著特征。因此得到的特征被称为虚拟传感器的响应。在本文中,我们提出了三输入三输出(TITO)技术,以获得有效的虚拟传感器响应(VSRs),优于其已发表的同行技术。由四个要素组成的GSA被用来演示所提出的技术。与同类技术相比,我们提出的技术将VSRs提高了四倍。我们提出的技术的有效性已经使用9个基本分类器进行了测试,即线性支持向量机(100%)、决策树(97.5%)、多层感知器神经网络(100%)、k近邻(85%)、逻辑回归(100%)、径向基函数高斯过程(95%)、线性判别分析(97.5%)、随机森林(100%)和AdaBoost(95%)。十倍交叉验证已被用于最小化类内和类间方差的偏倚影响。结果,四个分类器成功地提供了100%的准确率。因此,我们提出并证明了一种有效的技术。
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引用次数: 1
High voltage low quiescent current LDO with self-regulation impedance buffer 具有自调节阻抗缓冲器的高压低静态电流LDO
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0014
L. Tian, Zhong Chen, Qinqin Li, Weiheng Wang
Abstract To improve the whole characteristic of the LDO, a low quiescent current structure of high voltage LDO with self-regulation impedance buffer and bandgap amplifier is presented in this paper. With the bandgap amplifier proposed, the function of voltage reference and error amplifier can be achieved simultaneously, which can efficiently reduce the consumption. The load capacitor can be as small as 0.47µF by using the self-regulation impedance buffer and current buffer compensation scheme. The LDO has been implemented in a 0.18 µm process with die size 0.03 mm2 . Without the load, the consumption quiescent current of the LDO is 1 µA. Experimental result shows that the overshoot and undershoot of line transient response are less than 30 mV/V. The load regulation is about 0.1A, and line regulation is about 0.07 mV/V at no load condition.
摘要为了提高LDO的整体性能,本文提出了一种带有自调节阻抗缓冲器和带隙放大器的高压LDO低静态电流结构。该带隙放大器可以同时实现基准电压和误差放大器的功能,有效地降低了功耗。采用自调节阻抗缓冲器和电流缓冲器补偿方案,负载电容可小至0.47µF。LDO的工艺为0.18µm,芯片尺寸为0.03 mm2。无负载时,LDO的静态电流消耗为1µA。实验结果表明,线路瞬态响应的超调和欠调均小于30 mV/V。负载稳压约为0.1A,空载时线路稳压约为0.07 mV/V。
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引用次数: 0
Accuracy of scanning interrogation of FBG sensors 光纤光栅传感器扫描问询的精度
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0010
F. Urban, R. Helan, F. Urban
Abstract Progress in the fibre optic technology spurred the development of optical fibre-based sensors. A successful fibre optics-based element for sensorial systems is fibre Bragg grating. It allows to read the measured value by the spectral shift of light, which is the variable with a good potential for accurate measurement. Various types of the interrogation of the light spectrum reflected from the measuring grating are discussed in this article and the work concentrates on the spectrum scanning that gives the good chances to diminish measuring errors by a proper choice of parameters. The focal point is the accuracy of establishing the correct value of the maximum reflectance wavelength. The significance of the noise in the photoelectric scanning signal for the measuring accuracy is analysed and the crucial factor is found in the minimizing the reflectance spectral width of the measuring grating and using the spectrum of the scanning light with the same or smaller spectral width. An important aspect is the relation of the maximal reflectance and the wavelength width of the measuring grating reflectance spectrum. The article also shows the potentiality of the apodized gratings for improving the scanning interrogation. A specific index apodization profile was analysed and its advantages are discussed.
摘要光纤技术的进步推动了基于光纤的传感器的发展。用于传感系统的一种成功的基于光纤的元件是光纤布拉格光栅。它允许通过光的光谱偏移来读取测量值,这是具有良好精确测量潜力的变量。本文讨论了对测量光栅反射光谱的各种类型的询问,工作集中在光谱扫描上,通过适当选择参数,可以很好地减少测量误差。焦点是建立最大反射波长的正确值的准确性。分析了光电扫描信号中的噪声对测量精度的影响,找到了使测量光栅的反射光谱宽度最小和使用相同或更小光谱宽度的扫描光的光谱的关键因素。一个重要方面是测量光栅反射光谱的最大反射率与波长宽度的关系。文章还展示了变迹光栅在改进扫描询问方面的潜力。分析了一种特殊的指数变迹轮廓,并讨论了其优点。
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引用次数: 0
Performance analysis of various rotor topologies of surface PM synchronous motor 表面永磁同步电动机各种转子拓扑结构的性能分析
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0011
V. Šarac
Abstract Surface mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors can be found in several designs regarding configuration of magnets on the rotor. Finding the most optimal design in terms of the high efficiency and power factor, small cogging torque and material consumption along with good overloading capability could be a challenging task. This paper analyzes three different rotor designs of surface permanent magnet motors regarding their magnet shapes. All three motors have the same outer dimensions, output power, torque and the material properties. The comparison of all three models is performed and advantages and drawbacks of each model are pointed out. Four design variables are selected to be varied within prescribed limits for each motor model in order the best combination of number of conductors per slot, magnet thickness, the magnet length and shape to be fond, which result with the highest efficiency, small cogging torque and good overloading capability of the motor. The impact of each varied parameter on motor efficiency and cogging torque is presented. All three optimized model are compared and the most optimal model in terms of the above-mentioned characteristics is analyzed by finite element method (FEM) and with the Simulink. The model in Simulink allows motor transient characteristics to be obtained. The performed analysis is useful for determining the most optimal and cost-effective solution among presented three types of surface mounted permanent magnet motors in terms of the high efficiency and power factor, small cogging torque and material consumption.
表面安装式永磁同步电动机在转子上的磁体结构有多种设计。在高效率和功率因数、小齿槽扭矩和材料消耗以及良好的过载能力方面找到最优设计可能是一项具有挑战性的任务。分析了三种表面永磁电机转子的磁体形状。所有三种电机具有相同的外部尺寸,输出功率,扭矩和材料性能。对三种模型进行了比较,并指出了各自的优缺点。为使每一型号电机的槽数、磁体厚度、磁体长度和形状达到最佳组合,选择了四个设计变量,在规定的范围内进行变化,使电机的效率最高,齿槽转矩小,过载能力好。分析了各参数对电机效率和齿槽转矩的影响。对三种优化模型进行了比较,并采用有限元法(FEM)和Simulink对具有上述特性的最优模型进行了分析。利用Simulink中的模型可以得到电机的瞬态特性。所进行的分析有助于确定三种表面安装永磁电机在高效率和功率因数、小齿槽转矩和材料消耗方面的最优和最经济的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of SMT component land pad discontinuity effect on the overall transmission line impedance in high-speed applications 高速应用中SMT元件地垫不连续对整体传输线阻抗的影响分析
IF 0.8 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2023-04-01 DOI: 10.2478/jee-2023-0016
V. Barzdenas, A. Vasjanov
Abstract High-speed and high-frequency PCB interconnect solutions with the slightest discontinuities in the physical geometry along the microstrip transmission line can significantly degrade the integrity of the signal being transferred. This paper presents an analysis of SMT component pads and their impact on the successive transmission line impedance. During 0805, 1206 and 2512 package size SMT component pad discontinuity evaluations it was spotted, that the increasing deviation from target impedance affects the microstrip impedance segment following the discontinuity. A 25 Ω impedance offset at the SMT pad reduces the line impedance afterwards by up to 7 Ω. A 37 Ω impedance offset results in a microstrip impedance reduction by up to 15 Ω, whereas a 45 Ω impedance change leads to a reduction of successive segment impedance by up to 30 Ω. This effect is also present in multiple evenly-spaced discontinuities. But a single reference plane cut-out, which is twice as wide as the SMT component discontinuity, substantially improves the overall impedance of the transmission line, including the successive line segment impedance drop.
摘要高速和高频PCB互连解决方案在微带传输线的物理几何结构中具有最细微的不连续性,会显著降低传输信号的完整性。本文分析了SMT元件焊盘及其对连续传输线阻抗的影响。在0805、1206和2512封装尺寸SMT元件焊盘不连续性评估过程中,发现与目标阻抗的偏差增加会影响不连续性之后的微带阻抗段。SMT焊盘处的25Ω阻抗偏移之后可将线路阻抗降低高达7Ω。37Ω的阻抗偏移导致微带阻抗降低高达15Ω,而45Ω的阻抗变化导致连续段阻抗降低高至30Ω。这种效应也存在于多个均匀间隔的不连续处。但是,单个参考平面切口的宽度是SMT元件不连续性的两倍,它大大提高了传输线的整体阻抗,包括连续的线段阻抗下降。
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引用次数: 0
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