M. Walvekar, Namrata Jadhav, J. A. Daunde, N. D. Potphode, S. S. Desai
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is recognized as a critical priority because of its epidemic nature. Successful diabetes treatment is not yet established and nowadays, diabetes is considered a global problem. Recent medications have not proved to be complete treating agents because, until now no one had completely cured diabetes. Current antidiabetic drugs have many undesirable side effects. So, an alternative therapy is required. Nowadays, various plant species are used worldwide as hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic agents. A number of plants contain active metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc., which are extensively used in antidiabetic drugs. About 400 plant species have been reported as having hypoglycemic activity. From these medicinal plants and their active components, various herbal drugs are being formed. This review aims to understand different plant species used to date for treating diabetes, the therapeutic potential of fenugreek, the active compounds isolated from fenugreek, the chemical structure of trigonelline, therapeutic uses of trigonelline as an antidiabetic agent. Research papers, manuscripts and review papers were searched and relevant contents were studied. One hundred sixty-three papers were included in this review. The review resulted in a better understanding of the use of trigonelline in diabetes treatment.
{"title":"Trigonelline: An Emerging Paradigm for Effective Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"M. Walvekar, Namrata Jadhav, J. A. Daunde, N. D. Potphode, S. S. Desai","doi":"10.18311/jer/2023/29609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jer/2023/29609","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is recognized as a critical priority because of its epidemic nature. Successful diabetes treatment is not yet established and nowadays, diabetes is considered a global problem. Recent medications have not proved to be complete treating agents because, until now no one had completely cured diabetes. Current antidiabetic drugs have many undesirable side effects. So, an alternative therapy is required. Nowadays, various plant species are used worldwide as hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic agents. A number of plants contain active metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc., which are extensively used in antidiabetic drugs. About 400 plant species have been reported as having hypoglycemic activity. From these medicinal plants and their active components, various herbal drugs are being formed. This review aims to understand different plant species used to date for treating diabetes, the therapeutic potential of fenugreek, the active compounds isolated from fenugreek, the chemical structure of trigonelline, therapeutic uses of trigonelline as an antidiabetic agent. Research papers, manuscripts and review papers were searched and relevant contents were studied. One hundred sixty-three papers were included in this review. The review resulted in a better understanding of the use of trigonelline in diabetes treatment.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84229992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological problem that leads to infertility in reproductive age. It is strongly associated with oxidative stress, which increases the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (Met-S) in women. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress markers and metabolic syndrome parameters in PCOS women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included age-matched 100 control and 150 PCOS (according to Rotterdam criteria). Anthropometric measurements were obtained from each subject. Lipid profile, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), and insulin were determined. Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels are pro-oxidant indicators, while for antioxidant activities, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin-C (Vit C), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) activity were measured by spectrophotometry. Results: In the PCOS group the SOD, CAT, GSH, Vit C, and TAC activity were significantly low, whereas NO, ROS, and MDA were significantly high (p < 0.05). In the PCOS group, the pro-oxidant MDA showed a negative correlation with HDL and a positive correlation with DBP. The antioxidants SOD and CAT showed a negative correlation with fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome components of PCOS can induce oxidative stress, which is evidenced by a decrease in antioxidant defence mechanisms. It is probably because oxidative stress itself is the consequence of PCOS, more so with Met-S which increases the pro-oxidant state and decreases the anti-oxidant capacity in women.
{"title":"Relationship between Serum Levels of Oxidative Stress Markers and Metabolic Syndrome Components in PCOS Women","authors":"K. Lakshmi, S. S. Malini","doi":"10.18311/jer/2023/33508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/jer/2023/33508","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological problem that leads to infertility in reproductive age. It is strongly associated with oxidative stress, which increases the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (Met-S) in women. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress markers and metabolic syndrome parameters in PCOS women. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included age-matched 100 control and 150 PCOS (according to Rotterdam criteria). Anthropometric measurements were obtained from each subject. Lipid profile, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), and insulin were determined. Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels are pro-oxidant indicators, while for antioxidant activities, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), Vitamin-C (Vit C), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) activity were measured by spectrophotometry. Results: In the PCOS group the SOD, CAT, GSH, Vit C, and TAC activity were significantly low, whereas NO, ROS, and MDA were significantly high (p < 0.05). In the PCOS group, the pro-oxidant MDA showed a negative correlation with HDL and a positive correlation with DBP. The antioxidants SOD and CAT showed a negative correlation with fasting blood glucose and triglycerides. Conclusion: The metabolic syndrome components of PCOS can induce oxidative stress, which is evidenced by a decrease in antioxidant defence mechanisms. It is probably because oxidative stress itself is the consequence of PCOS, more so with Met-S which increases the pro-oxidant state and decreases the anti-oxidant capacity in women.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76882108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Santosh, Christy Lite, Glancis Luzeena Raja, K. D. Subhashree, Kamalini Esther Kantayya, S. Barathi
Widespread persistence of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in the environment has mandated the need to study their potential long-term effects on human health, after acute as well aschronic exposures. The particular focus is on in utero exposure to EDCs in rodent models to look at altered epigenetic programming to result in transgenerational effects in later life of the offspring. This potentially contributes to reproductive and immune dysfunctions, obesity, cancer, and altered brain development and neurobehavioral outcomes. The literature to date establishes the transgenerational effects associated with in utero exposure to EDCs in rodent models. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of epigenetic programming and its regulation in mammals, specially focussing on epigenetic plasticity and susceptibility to exogenous endocrine-active chemicals, EDCs, during the early developmental period, and carried forward to later life using rodent models. The available reports suggest that the key mechanism behind the long-term impact of EDCs is caused by alterations in the epigenetic programming machinery, leading to dysregulated gene expression during adult life. Studies have reported the effect of prenatal exposure to EDCs in the ovarian microRNA expression and function, highlighting ovary as an organ undergoing in utero programming. It ascertains the heightened sensitivity of the organ to exogenous hormone-active compounds, particularly during early development. In addition to this, another key aspect in this review is increased susceptibility of the brain when exposed to even minute quantities of EDCs during embryonic development, resulting in profound alterations in the structural organization of the brain and neurobehavior. Detailed analyses of variables such as folic acid and phytoestrogen content in maternal diet need to be considered as crucial factors while designing experiments and therapeutic interventions. Apart from this, appropriate animal handling during the experimental procedures to eliminate stress in animal models to ensure unbiased results is recommended.
{"title":"Alterations in the Epigenetic Landscape Underlying Later-Life Health Effects Due to In-utero Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: A Review of Outcomes from Mice to Men","authors":"S. Santosh, Christy Lite, Glancis Luzeena Raja, K. D. Subhashree, Kamalini Esther Kantayya, S. Barathi","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/28038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/28038","url":null,"abstract":"Widespread persistence of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in the environment has mandated the need to study their potential long-term effects on human health, after acute as well aschronic exposures. The particular focus is on in utero exposure to EDCs in rodent models to look at altered epigenetic programming to result in transgenerational effects in later life of the offspring. This potentially contributes to reproductive and immune dysfunctions, obesity, cancer, and altered brain development and neurobehavioral outcomes. The literature to date establishes the transgenerational effects associated with in utero exposure to EDCs in rodent models. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of epigenetic programming and its regulation in mammals, specially focussing on epigenetic plasticity and susceptibility to exogenous endocrine-active chemicals, EDCs, during the early developmental period, and carried forward to later life using rodent models. The available reports suggest that the key mechanism behind the long-term impact of EDCs is caused by alterations in the epigenetic programming machinery, leading to dysregulated gene expression during adult life. Studies have reported the effect of prenatal exposure to EDCs in the ovarian microRNA expression and function, highlighting ovary as an organ undergoing in utero programming. It ascertains the heightened sensitivity of the organ to exogenous hormone-active compounds, particularly during early development. In addition to this, another key aspect in this review is increased susceptibility of the brain when exposed to even minute quantities of EDCs during embryonic development, resulting in profound alterations in the structural organization of the brain and neurobehavior. Detailed analyses of variables such as folic acid and phytoestrogen content in maternal diet need to be considered as crucial factors while designing experiments and therapeutic interventions. Apart from this, appropriate animal handling during the experimental procedures to eliminate stress in animal models to ensure unbiased results is recommended.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87950179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khushali Upadhyay, F. Patel, A. Ramachandran, E. Robin, D. Baxi
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancers in women around the world. Owing to its biochemical variation and complexity, treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is very complicated and often results in adverse side effects. This article reviews the widely practiced chemotherapeutic drugs, their modes of actions and side effects. The several breast cancer therapeutic approaches based on medicinal plants, hormones, nutritional supplements and/or some advanced drug delivery systems that may lead to faster recovery are also reviewed.
{"title":"Breaching the Barriers of Chemotherapeutics for Breast Cancer with Alternative Medicine","authors":"Khushali Upadhyay, F. Patel, A. Ramachandran, E. Robin, D. Baxi","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/27792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/27792","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancers in women around the world. Owing to its biochemical variation and complexity, treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy is very complicated and often results in adverse side effects. This article reviews the widely practiced chemotherapeutic drugs, their modes of actions and side effects. The several breast cancer therapeutic approaches based on medicinal plants, hormones, nutritional supplements and/or some advanced drug delivery systems that may lead to faster recovery are also reviewed.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"16 1","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78533281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoperiod influences circulatory Melatonin (Mel) and hypothalamic functions via retino-hypothalamic tract. However, interrelation between Mel receptors and Arginine Vasotocin (AVT), a water-electrolyte balancing hormone receptor expression in hypothalamic regions of avian brain has never been explored. We noted the expression pattern of two Mel receptors (Mel1a & Mel1b) along with AVT, in terms of neuronal immuno-positivity, in hypothalamic region of Japanese quail under different photoperiodic conditions with/without melatonin treatment. This is interesting and equally important because both Mel and AVT levels are regulated by light/dark cycle. Confocal imaging revealed specific regional localization of Mel1a/Mel1b in Supra-Chiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), Supra-Optic Nucleus (SON) and Para-Ventricular Nucleus (PVN), the intensity of which was dependent on the photoperiodic condition (long day, LD or short day, SD) and melatonin treatment. Mel1a/Mel1b was mostly co-localized along with AVT. Mel1b was abundant in hypothalamic regions in contrast to the Mel1a as reported in mammals. Mel1a immune-positivity was detected in SCN and SON regions of brain. Compared to control birds, a high intensity of Mel1a immunoreactivity was found in hypothalamic regions of birds under short photoperiod (SD, 8h L: 16h D) after Mel treatment. Further, Mel1b immunopositivity was high only in birds exposed to long days (LD, 16h L: 8h D). In SCN, abundant Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were found in Mel pretreated and SDexposed birds compared to LD-exposed ones. Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were less in PVN of both SD and LD exposed birds. Our data of co-localization of Mel receptor(s) along with AVT in hypothalamic regions (exposed to short or long days with/without melatonin administration) strongly suggest a role for Mel along with AVT in water-electrolyte balance of birds which is important during long duration nuptial migration/flight.
{"title":"Comparative Immune-reactivity Patterns of Arginine Vasotocin (AVT) and Melatonin Receptors (Mel1a & Mel1b) in Hypothalamic Regions of Male Japanese Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica : Possible Role in Water-Electrolyte Balance","authors":"C. Haldar, S. Yadav, S. Arora","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/28023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/28023","url":null,"abstract":"Photoperiod influences circulatory Melatonin (Mel) and hypothalamic functions via retino-hypothalamic tract. However, interrelation between Mel receptors and Arginine Vasotocin (AVT), a water-electrolyte balancing hormone receptor expression in hypothalamic regions of avian brain has never been explored. We noted the expression pattern of two Mel receptors (Mel1a & Mel1b) along with AVT, in terms of neuronal immuno-positivity, in hypothalamic region of Japanese quail under different photoperiodic conditions with/without melatonin treatment. This is interesting and equally important because both Mel and AVT levels are regulated by light/dark cycle. Confocal imaging revealed specific regional localization of Mel1a/Mel1b in Supra-Chiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), Supra-Optic Nucleus (SON) and Para-Ventricular Nucleus (PVN), the intensity of which was dependent on the photoperiodic condition (long day, LD or short day, SD) and melatonin treatment. Mel1a/Mel1b was mostly co-localized along with AVT. Mel1b was abundant in hypothalamic regions in contrast to the Mel1a as reported in mammals. Mel1a immune-positivity was detected in SCN and SON regions of brain. Compared to control birds, a high intensity of Mel1a immunoreactivity was found in hypothalamic regions of birds under short photoperiod (SD, 8h L: 16h D) after Mel treatment. Further, Mel1b immunopositivity was high only in birds exposed to long days (LD, 16h L: 8h D). In SCN, abundant Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were found in Mel pretreated and SDexposed birds compared to LD-exposed ones. Mel1a and AVT immunoreative cells were less in PVN of both SD and LD exposed birds. Our data of co-localization of Mel receptor(s) along with AVT in hypothalamic regions (exposed to short or long days with/without melatonin administration) strongly suggest a role for Mel along with AVT in water-electrolyte balance of birds which is important during long duration nuptial migration/flight.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"45 1","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79411845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Chakravarty, R. Chattopadhyay, Kuladip Jana, P. Chakraborty
Objective: To investigate if attempting In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in women over 40 is of worth. Materials & Methods: Two hundred and thirty nine women over 40 years of age undergoing IVF were enrolled. Long protocol was used for downregulation followed by stimulation and IVF-ET. The primary outcome measure was live-birth rate. Secondary outcomes included rates of miscarriage, cycle cancellation, obstetrical complications, and maternal and fetal adverse events. Results: Clinical pregnancy rates per cycle were 42.85 %, 39.34 %, 34.09 %, 27.27 % and 16.66 % for 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44 years old, respectively. Absolute difference in live birth rate in age 40 - 44 vs control, -15 percentage points; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) -45 to 15.1, -18.77 percentage points; 95 % CI,(-56.31 to 18.79), -23.77 percentage points; 95 % CI,(-71.31 to 23.81), -25.82 percentage points; 95 % CI, (-77.48 to 25.84) and, - 27.72 percentage points; 95 % CI, (-83.16 to 27.76), respectively. Intra-uterine growth restriction and preterm delivery occurred significantly more frequently in the age group of 42 and above. Only one IVF cycle in patients aged 44 resulted in delivery. Conclusion: It appears that IVF treatment should be limited to patients not older than 43 years, with adequate ovarian response.
{"title":"Female Fertility Clock Closes to Tick around the Age of 43","authors":"B. Chakravarty, R. Chattopadhyay, Kuladip Jana, P. Chakraborty","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/27816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/27816","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate if attempting In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in women over 40 is of worth. Materials & Methods: Two hundred and thirty nine women over 40 years of age undergoing IVF were enrolled. Long protocol was used for downregulation followed by stimulation and IVF-ET. The primary outcome measure was live-birth rate. Secondary outcomes included rates of miscarriage, cycle cancellation, obstetrical complications, and maternal and fetal adverse events. Results: Clinical pregnancy rates per cycle were 42.85 %, 39.34 %, 34.09 %, 27.27 % and 16.66 % for 40, 41, 42, 43 and 44 years old, respectively. Absolute difference in live birth rate in age 40 - 44 vs control, -15 percentage points; 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) -45 to 15.1, -18.77 percentage points; 95 % CI,(-56.31 to 18.79), -23.77 percentage points; 95 % CI,(-71.31 to 23.81), -25.82 percentage points; 95 % CI, (-77.48 to 25.84) and, - 27.72 percentage points; 95 % CI, (-83.16 to 27.76), respectively. Intra-uterine growth restriction and preterm delivery occurred significantly more frequently in the age group of 42 and above. Only one IVF cycle in patients aged 44 resulted in delivery. Conclusion: It appears that IVF treatment should be limited to patients not older than 43 years, with adequate ovarian response.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"1 1","pages":"79-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75163223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jyothi Chaitanya Pagadala, S. Yenugu, Padmaja Gudipalli
The ever-increasing use of plant-based pharmaceuticals as alternatives to conventional drugs for disease management demands identification, isolation, and characterization of novel compounds. Despite the potential of plant extracts to mitigate the morbidity of diseases, several active principles are preferred to avoid the interference of other compounds. The promising health benefits of the extracts and isolated compounds of Pterocarpus santalinus in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infections have been described. However, such studies on the active principle, namely, santalins, are not reported. In this study, we standardized the isolation of a mixture of santalins A and B from the heartwood of P. santalinus by column chromatography followed by preparative TLC and HPLC. The partially purified santalins were characterized by LC-MS, HR-MS, and 1 H NMR analyses. The isolated combination of santalins displayed higher total antioxidant and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vitro than the crude heartwood extracts. Administration of the mixture of santalins A and B did not exhibit any antihyperglycemic activity in the liver, kidney, and pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. However, pretreatment of rats with a mixture of santalins at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight prevented alloxan-induced diabetes as indicated by the normal blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia-associated lipid peroxidation was abrogated in santalin-pretreated rats that did not develop alloxan-induced diabetes. Furthermore, the alterations in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities in the pancreas of santalinpretreated rats could be responsible for preventing damage to the pancreas and thus non-induction of diabetes following alloxan treatment. Therefore, for the first time, we report the simplified procedure for isolating a mixture of santalins, including their ability to prevent the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats. The outcome of our study has significant clinical importance to the fact that supplementation of santalins may potentially avoid or delay the onset of diabetes in high-risk individuals.
{"title":"Anti-diabetic Activity of Partially Purified Santalin A from the Heartwood of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Wistar Rat","authors":"Jyothi Chaitanya Pagadala, S. Yenugu, Padmaja Gudipalli","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/28024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/28024","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-increasing use of plant-based pharmaceuticals as alternatives to conventional drugs for disease management demands identification, isolation, and characterization of novel compounds. Despite the potential of plant extracts to mitigate the morbidity of diseases, several active principles are preferred to avoid the interference of other compounds. The promising health benefits of the extracts and isolated compounds of Pterocarpus santalinus in the treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infections have been described. However, such studies on the active principle, namely, santalins, are not reported. In this study, we standardized the isolation of a mixture of santalins A and B from the heartwood of P. santalinus by column chromatography followed by preparative TLC and HPLC. The partially purified santalins were characterized by LC-MS, HR-MS, and 1 H NMR analyses. The isolated combination of santalins displayed higher total antioxidant and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in vitro than the crude heartwood extracts. Administration of the mixture of santalins A and B did not exhibit any antihyperglycemic activity in the liver, kidney, and pancreas of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. However, pretreatment of rats with a mixture of santalins at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight prevented alloxan-induced diabetes as indicated by the normal blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia-associated lipid peroxidation was abrogated in santalin-pretreated rats that did not develop alloxan-induced diabetes. Furthermore, the alterations in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities in the pancreas of santalinpretreated rats could be responsible for preventing damage to the pancreas and thus non-induction of diabetes following alloxan treatment. Therefore, for the first time, we report the simplified procedure for isolating a mixture of santalins, including their ability to prevent the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats. The outcome of our study has significant clinical importance to the fact that supplementation of santalins may potentially avoid or delay the onset of diabetes in high-risk individuals.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"56 1","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87331149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2) is a widely expressed Ca 2+ ion-dependent enzyme in rodents and humans belonging to Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PAD) family. It regulates various cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chromatin organization. Altered expression of PADI2 was associated with various autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders and different types of cancers. Based on our previously published miRNA-mRNA network during the first wave of spermatogenesis in the mouse, Padi2 appeared to be a common potential target of miR-34c and miR-449a in the mouse testes. In the present study, the expression of Padi2 in the mouse testes during the first wave of spermatogenesis was evaluated using real-time PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Transcript levels of Padi2 showed progressive down-regulation during the first wave of spermatogenesis. However, we detected a progressive increase in the levels of PADI2 as the first wave of spermatogenesis progressed, with heavy expression of this protein in post-meiotic germ cells. Additionally, a prominent localization of PADI2 in the acrosomal region of late spermatids and spermatozoa was identified through immunohistochemical analysis. Padi2 expression was identified in germ cell-derived cell lines, C18-4 and GC-1 spg as well. Thus, the present study illustrates for the first time the expression of PADI2 in germ cells in the testis and its predominant localization on the acrosome region of spermatozoa, suggesting its potential role in fertilization.
{"title":"Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2) is Expressed in Post-Meiotic Germ Cells in the Mouse Testis and is Localized Heavily on the Acrosomal Region of Spermatozoa","authors":"M. Sahadevan, Pradeep G. Kumar","doi":"10.18311/JER/2021/27986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2021/27986","url":null,"abstract":"Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2) is a widely expressed Ca 2+ ion-dependent enzyme in rodents and humans belonging to Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PAD) family. It regulates various cellular processes like proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chromatin organization. Altered expression of PADI2 was associated with various autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders and different types of cancers. Based on our previously published miRNA-mRNA network during the first wave of spermatogenesis in the mouse, Padi2 appeared to be a common potential target of miR-34c and miR-449a in the mouse testes. In the present study, the expression of Padi2 in the mouse testes during the first wave of spermatogenesis was evaluated using real-time PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Transcript levels of Padi2 showed progressive down-regulation during the first wave of spermatogenesis. However, we detected a progressive increase in the levels of PADI2 as the first wave of spermatogenesis progressed, with heavy expression of this protein in post-meiotic germ cells. Additionally, a prominent localization of PADI2 in the acrosomal region of late spermatids and spermatozoa was identified through immunohistochemical analysis. Padi2 expression was identified in germ cell-derived cell lines, C18-4 and GC-1 spg as well. Thus, the present study illustrates for the first time the expression of PADI2 in germ cells in the testis and its predominant localization on the acrosome region of spermatozoa, suggesting its potential role in fertilization.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"29 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83089343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Aisha, A. R. Ravula, M. Mounika, Patra Priyadarshini Priyanka, K. Sangeeta, Munipalli Suresh Babu, S. Yenugu
Emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage and rattles the entire world causing multifaceted hardships. Though initially thought to be a disease that primarily affects the lungs, latest evidence suggests its possible Long-term effects on multiple organ systems. SARS-Cov-2, the virus responsible for this disease infects the cells through ACE2 receptor and the serine protease TMPRSS2. In light of the fact that ACE2 expression is very high in the testis and the expression of TMPRSS2 in other reproductive organs, there has been growing interest to determine the effect of SARS-Cov-2 infection on the male reproductive system, especially on fertility. Through bioinformatics analyses, in vitro and cohort studies, the effects on SARS-Cov-2 infection at the molecular to physiological levels are proposed. Perturbations in hormonal levels, damage to the anatomical structure and inflammation in reproductive organs, decline in sperm count and sperm function have been reported. Thus, the significance of COVID-19 on global reproductive health has gained importance. In this article, we summarize the reported facts related to SARS-Cov-2 infectivity on male reproductive system. Such a comprehensive summation herein will help the researchers to have an up to date knowledge in this area of research and to coronavirus newer studies to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on male reproduction, especially fertility.
{"title":"Expression of SARS-CoV2 Infectivity Machinery in the Male Reproductive Tract: Possible Outcomes on Fertility","authors":"J. Aisha, A. R. Ravula, M. Mounika, Patra Priyadarshini Priyanka, K. Sangeeta, Munipalli Suresh Babu, S. Yenugu","doi":"10.18311/JER/2020/27709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2020/27709","url":null,"abstract":"Emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage and rattles the entire world causing multifaceted hardships. Though initially thought to be a disease that primarily affects the lungs, latest evidence suggests its possible Long-term effects on multiple organ systems. SARS-Cov-2, the virus responsible for this disease infects the cells through ACE2 receptor and the serine protease TMPRSS2. In light of the fact that ACE2 expression is very high in the testis and the expression of TMPRSS2 in other reproductive organs, there has been growing interest to determine the effect of SARS-Cov-2 infection on the male reproductive system, especially on fertility. Through bioinformatics analyses, in vitro and cohort studies, the effects on SARS-Cov-2 infection at the molecular to physiological levels are proposed. Perturbations in hormonal levels, damage to the anatomical structure and inflammation in reproductive organs, decline in sperm count and sperm function have been reported. Thus, the significance of COVID-19 on global reproductive health has gained importance. In this article, we summarize the reported facts related to SARS-Cov-2 infectivity on male reproductive system. Such a comprehensive summation herein will help the researchers to have an up to date knowledge in this area of research and to coronavirus newer studies to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on male reproduction, especially fertility.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"52 1","pages":"67-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89742289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last decade, the rapid advancement of analytical technologies has made it feasible for researchers to target a wider area of any given biological sample. Metabolomics, an emerging field of scientific research, involves studying the endogenously synthesized small molecules within the biological system. This recently developed ‘omics’ platform has been used for the discovery of disease-specific biomarkers; and for providing deep insights into the etiology and progression of a variety of endocrine disorders, including type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Addison’s disease, etc. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are the two most powerful and information-rich analytical platforms that have currently been employed in metabolomics studies worldwide. The unique properties of NMR, including a high degree of reproducibility, relative ease of sample preparation, highly quantitative nature, and inherently non-destructive nature, have made it an eminent technique useful in several disciplines of metabolomics. However, a major drawback of this approach is its low sensitivity (≥ 1 μM) when compared with MS. Conversely, MS has the potential to detect the metabolites in the femtomolar to the attomolar range and has a higher resolution (∼10 3 -10 4 ) relative to NMR, but quantification and sample preparation are a little cumbersome. This mini-review discusses the assets and limitations of NMR and MS approaches for metabolomic studies and the latest emerging technological developments that are being used to cope with these limitations in metabolic applications.
{"title":"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: Complementary Approaches to Analyze the Metabolome","authors":"Saleem Yousf, Jeetender Chugh","doi":"10.18311/JER/2020/27221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18311/JER/2020/27221","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last decade, the rapid advancement of analytical technologies has made it feasible for researchers to target a wider area of any given biological sample. Metabolomics, an emerging field of scientific research, involves studying the endogenously synthesized small molecules within the biological system. This recently developed ‘omics’ platform has been used for the discovery of disease-specific biomarkers; and for providing deep insights into the etiology and progression of a variety of endocrine disorders, including type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome, Addison’s disease, etc. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are the two most powerful and information-rich analytical platforms that have currently been employed in metabolomics studies worldwide. The unique properties of NMR, including a high degree of reproducibility, relative ease of sample preparation, highly quantitative nature, and inherently non-destructive nature, have made it an eminent technique useful in several disciplines of metabolomics. However, a major drawback of this approach is its low sensitivity (≥ 1 μM) when compared with MS. Conversely, MS has the potential to detect the metabolites in the femtomolar to the attomolar range and has a higher resolution (∼10 3 -10 4 ) relative to NMR, but quantification and sample preparation are a little cumbersome. This mini-review discusses the assets and limitations of NMR and MS approaches for metabolomic studies and the latest emerging technological developments that are being used to cope with these limitations in metabolic applications.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"73 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89814339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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