Journal of environmental radioactivity最新文献_第7页

Environmental and biological drivers of 137Cs accumulation in freshwater fish across forested and downstream sites in Fukushima 福岛森林和下游地区淡水鱼体内137Cs积累的环境和生物驱动因素

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107810

Minato Kakuma , Toshihiro Wada , Masashi Murakami , Takahiro Tatsuno , Nobuyoshi Ishii , Natsuko I. Kobayashi , Takumi Kurosawa , Yo Sayama , Naoto Nihei , Nobuhito Ohte

To elucidate ecological factors governing ¹³⁷Cs accumulation in freshwater fish, we examined 10 species collected from forested headwater streams and downstream reaches of rivers flowing through the Fukushima evacuation zone between 2020 and 2022. By integrating land cover data with isotopic and body size metrics, our study clarifies mechanisms shaping radiocesium distribution across fish communities in post-accident environments. Individuals exceeding the Japanese regulatory limit of 100 Bq/kg-wet were found at all sites, and fish/water concentration ratios of ¹³⁷Cs varied widely, from 9.7

\times

10 L/kg-wet in a sea-run masu salmon to 1.2

\times

10⁶ L/kg-wet in a Japanese dace. White-spotted charr and masu salmon, both typical stream-dwelling salmonids, exhibited significantly higher concentration ratios than the other species. Fish from areas with greater forest cover exhibited consistently elevated ¹³⁷Cs concentrations, indicating that forests serve as persistent sources of radiocesium to aquatic food webs more than a decade after the accident. Stable isotope analysis showed a significant positive association between terrestrial carbon contribution and ¹³⁷Cs concentration, demonstrating that individuals assimilating more terrestrial-derived resources tended to accumulate higher contamination. A positive relationship was also observed between relative body size and ¹³⁷Cs concentration, suggesting that growth-related traits influence accumulation. These results suggest that forest connectivity, dietary reliance on allochthonous resources, and individual growth characteristics collectively influence the accumulation of ¹³⁷Cs in freshwater fish. The approach and findings provide quantitative evidence for species- and site-specific processes underlying long-term radiocesium dynamics in forested river networks, informing risk assessment and fisheries management in radiologically impacted landscapes.

为了阐明控制淡水鱼体内137Cs积累的生态因素，我们研究了在2020年至2022年期间从福岛疏散区的森林源溪流和河流下游采集的10种鱼类。通过将土地覆盖数据与同位素和体型指标相结合，我们的研究阐明了事故后环境中鱼类群落中放射性元素分布的形成机制。在所有地点均发现个体超过日本规定的100 Bq/kg-wet，并且137Cs的鱼/水浓度比差异很大，从海马苏鲑鱼的9.7 × 10 L/kg-wet到日本鲮鱼的1.2 × 106 L/kg-wet。白斑鲑和马苏鲑都是典型的溪栖鲑科，其浓度比显著高于其他种类。来自森林覆盖面积较大地区的鱼类显示出持续升高的137Cs浓度，这表明在事故发生十多年后，森林是水生食物网中放射性铯的持续来源。稳定同位素分析表明，陆源碳贡献与137Cs浓度之间存在显著的正相关关系，表明吸收陆源资源越多的个体积累的污染物越多。相对体型与137Cs浓度之间也存在正相关关系，表明生长相关性状影响其积累。这些结果表明，森林连通性、对外来资源的饮食依赖以及个体生长特征共同影响了淡水鱼体内137Cs的积累。该方法和研究结果为森林河网中放射性元素长期动态的物种和地点特定过程提供了定量证据，为辐射影响景观的风险评估和渔业管理提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0

Phosphorus-functionalized Porphyra toward uranium removal from water 磷功能化卟啉对水中铀的去除作用

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107816

Wenxuan Sui , Yanan Chen , Jiayu Zhao , Kairuo Zhu

The high-value utilization of marine biomass has garnered significant attention in recent years, particularly the application of biomass-based adsorbents in water environment remediation. In this study, we innovatively combined ball-milling treatment with phosphorylation modification to construct a phosphorus-functionalized Porphyra (P-Porphyra) adsorbent, which can be applied for uranium adsorption from water. Systematic characterization and batch adsorption experiments revealed that P-Porphyra exhibited optimal uranium adsorption at pH 4.0, with the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm well. Under optimal conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity reached 262.76 mg·g⁻¹, almost unaffected by common ions in natural waterbody. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses demonstrated that the adsorption mechanism primarily relied on the complexation between phosphate groups and uranium ions, enabling efficient uranium enrichment. P-Prophyra exhibited the fast uranium adsorption in the real seawater, and the adsorption capacity reached to be 0.90 mg·g⁻¹. This work proposes a green, low-cost, and scalable strategy for converting Porphyra into phosphorylated biomass materials towards uranium enrichment from water, also offering significant potential for sustainable marine resource utilization.

近年来，海洋生物质的高价值利用备受关注，特别是生物质吸附剂在水环境修复中的应用。在本研究中，我们创新地将球磨处理与磷酸化修饰相结合，构建了磷功能化卟啉（P-Porphyra）吸附剂，该吸附剂可用于从水中吸附铀。系统表征和批量吸附实验表明，p -卟啉在pH 4.0条件下对铀的吸附效果最佳，吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温线。在最佳条件下，最大吸附量达到262.76 mg·g−1，几乎不受天然水体中常见离子的影响。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和x射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析表明，吸附机制主要依赖于磷酸基团与铀离子之间的络合作用，从而实现了铀的高效富集。P-Prophyra在真实海水中对铀的吸附速度较快，吸附量可达0.90 mg·g−1。这项工作提出了一种绿色、低成本和可扩展的策略，将卟啉转化为磷酸化生物质材料，用于从水中富集铀，也为可持续利用海洋资源提供了巨大的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

RPAS plume measurements for reconstructing radionuclide source terms 重建放射性核素源项的RPAS羽流测量。

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107811

James P. Carr , Luke Lebel , Marta Kocemba , Guy Leblond , Johan Camps , Johan Paridaens , Geert Olyslaegers

In radiological accident scenarios, one of the most important early concerns is identifying the quantity of radiological material that has been released to the environment. This work presents a rapid method of characterizing a radioactive plume through the use of a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) with onboard radiation detection and geolocation sensor packages. The RPAS was flown through a research reactor Ar-41 plume, and a gamma spectrometer on board the RPAS collected radiation counts and energies in various locations within the plume, while a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) module and altimeter allowed radiation data to be linked to specific positions within the plume. By combining analytical Gaussian plume dispersion models with data collected from the plume, the initial release rate was quantified. In total, thirty passes through the plume were performed, and the resulting Ar-41 release rates were found to be in good agreement with previously calculated estimates. This work demonstrates that RPAS-mounted radiation and geolocation sensor packages combined with mathematical plume reconstruction techniques are capable of providing real-time estimates of radioactive plume release rates.

在放射性事故情况下，最重要的早期关注之一是确定已释放到环境中的放射性物质的数量。这项工作提出了一种通过使用带有机载辐射探测和地理定位传感器包的遥控飞机系统（RPAS）来表征放射性羽流的快速方法。RPAS通过一个研究反应堆Ar-41羽流飞行，RPAS上的伽马光谱仪收集羽流内不同位置的辐射计数和能量，而全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）模块和高度计允许将辐射数据与羽流内的特定位置联系起来。通过将分析高斯羽散模型与羽流数据相结合，对初始释放速率进行了量化。总共进行了30次穿越羽流的实验，结果发现Ar-41释放率与先前计算的估计结果非常吻合。这项工作表明，安装在rpas上的辐射和地理定位传感器包与数学羽流重建技术相结合，能够提供放射性羽流释放率的实时估计。

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引用次数: 0

The appropriate environmental sample to educate novice students in environmental radioactivity measurements using gamma ray spectroscopy 适当的环境样本，以教育初学者在环境放射性测量使用伽马射线能谱。

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107815

Christopher Martin , Kayla Cockerline , Sheldon Landsberger

Proper implementation of gamma ray spectroscopy for environmental radioactivity measurements can often be challenging when trying to achieve high accuracy and high precision results. Phenomena such as gamma-ray self-attenuation can potentially add to the overall uncertainty in measurements, especially for samples that are large (100–500 g) and contain high-Z materials in significant quantities. As well, most environmental measurements need extended periods of time for measurements typically between 12 and 36 h per sample, depending on sample size and radioactivity concentration levels. For more than one decade we have been involved in radioactivity measurements in the oil and gas exploration sector, primarily in analyzing scale, soil and sludges. Our experience has revealed that scale is an environmental sample that can easily be analyzed for ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra and ²¹⁰Pb in a relatively short period of time for only 20 g of material due to the unusually high concentrations of these radionuclides. All the daughter products that decay with gamma rays can also be readily measured. Because of the higher Z elements such as iron, barium and strontium in elevated concentrations, gamma ray self-attenuation is of paramount importance to elucidate, particularly for the 46.4 keV gamma ray belonging to ²¹⁰Pb. And finally, there is a clear major disequilibrium in the ²³⁸U and ²³²Th chains. All these radiological and chemical characteristics for oil scale make this an ideal candidate to quickly teach novice researchers about the challenges in natural occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in gamma ray spectroscopy measurements. In addition, the number of researchers involved in environmental radioactivity measurements is decreasing and the need for an education template such as the one presented in this work is a very good tool for novice researchers in NORM.

当试图获得高精度和高精度的结果时，正确实施伽马射线能谱法进行环境放射性测量通常具有挑战性。伽马射线自衰减等现象可能会潜在地增加测量的总体不确定性，特别是对于大（100-500 g）且含有大量高z材料的样品。此外，大多数环境测量需要延长测量时间，根据样品大小和放射性浓度水平，每个样品通常在12至36小时之间。十多年来，我们一直从事石油和天然气勘探领域的放射性测量，主要是分析水垢、土壤和污泥。我们的经验表明，水垢是一种环境样品，由于这些放射性核素的浓度异常高，因此可以在相对较短的时间内轻松分析226Ra， 228Ra和210Pb，只有20g的材料。所有随伽马射线衰变的子产物也可以很容易地测量出来。由于高Z元素如铁、钡和锶的浓度升高，伽马射线的自衰减是至关重要的，特别是对属于210Pb的46.4 keV伽马射线。最后，在238U和232Th链上存在明显的主要不平衡。油垢的所有这些放射学和化学特性使其成为快速教授新手研究人员在伽马射线能谱测量中自然发生的放射性物质（NORM）挑战的理想候选者。此外，参与环境放射性测量的研究人员数量正在减少，需要一个教育模板，如本工作中提出的模板，是NORM新手研究人员的一个很好的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Assessment of radioactivity levels and health hazards in welding electrodes using spectrometric and statistical methods 用光谱和统计方法评估焊接电极的放射性水平和健康危害。

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107809

Emmanuel G. Ndoma , Nyakno J. George , Aniekan M. Ekanem , Muyiwa M. Orosun , Taufiq Ahamad , Kolawole E. Adesina , Sarabjot Kaur , Suleiman Bello , Anjolaoluwa Akinyemi , Emmanuel Agbo , Aniesua Essiett

Welding is a fundamental aspect of industrial development, yet it involves notable radiological hazards due to the presence of primordial radionuclides in electrodes. This study measured the radioactivity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²³⁸U, and ²³²Th in six types of commercially available electrodes using gamma-ray spectrometry with a NaI(Tl) detector. The analysis was complemented with a suite of statistical methods, including the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to interpret patterns in radionuclide distribution, inter-variable relationships, and the multivariate structure of the dataset. The results confirmed the presence of radioactive isotopes in all electrode types, indicating potential health risks to welders, metalworkers, and the public through inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Activity concentrations ranged from 192.48 to 731.81 Bq kg⁻¹ for ⁴⁰K, 9.17–45.76 Bq kg⁻¹for ²³⁸U, and 17.81–34.37 Bq kg⁻¹ for ²³²Th. While electrodes coated with rutile and titanium (stainless and cast-gauge 12 types) showed levels below international averages in terms of absorbed dose, effective dose, and annual gonadal dose, thoriated electrodes exceeded these global standards. Notably, all electrode types surpassed the global threshold for excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). PCA revealed that over 98 % of the data variability was captured by the first component, confirming strong co-variation among radioactivity levels and associated risk indices. To reduce health risks, it is recommended that electrode packaging include radiological warnings and that welding be performed in well-ventilated or open-air environments. Optimising radionuclide levels across electrode types and implementing protective measures are essential for occupational safety.

焊接是工业发展的一个基本方面，但由于电极中存在原始放射性核素，它涉及明显的辐射危害。本研究使用带有NaI（Tl）探测器的伽马射线能谱法测量了6种市售电极中40K、238U和232Th的放射性浓度。该分析还辅以一套统计方法，包括夏皮罗-威尔克检验、方差分析、Pearson相关分析和主成分分析（PCA），以解释放射性核素分布模式、变量间关系和数据集的多元结构。结果证实，在所有类型的电极中都存在放射性同位素，表明通过吸入、皮肤接触和摄入对焊工、金属工人和公众存在潜在的健康风险。40K、238U和232Th的活性浓度分别为192.48 ~ 731.81 Bq kg-1、9.17 ~ 45.76 Bq kg-1和17.81 ~ 34.37 Bq kg-1。虽然涂有金红石和钛（不锈钢和铸表12型）的电极在吸收剂量、有效剂量和年性腺剂量方面的水平低于国际平均水平，但钍电极超过了这些全球标准。值得注意的是，所有电极类型都超过了过量终身癌症风险（ELCR）的全球阈值。主成分分析显示，超过98%的数据变异性被第一个分量捕获，证实放射性水平和相关风险指数之间存在很强的共变。为了减少健康风险，建议电极包装上包括放射性警告，并建议在通风良好或露天的环境中进行焊接。优化不同电极类型的放射性核素水平和实施防护措施对职业安全至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid high precision analysis of uranium content in Texas ores using gamma-ray spectrometry 使用伽马射线能谱法对德克萨斯州矿石中的铀含量进行快速高精度分析

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107812

C. Martin , E. Almaz , M. Sabry , S. Landsberger

The nuclear fuel cycle relies on the accurate and reliable quantification of uranium content in ores. Here, we offer a gamma-ray spectrometry method employing high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors to determine the total uranium content of a small ore sample from south Texas after accounting for gamma-ray self-attenuation. We show the quantification of uranium content using the 1001.0 keV gamma-ray produced by the daughter product ^234mPa from the ²³⁸U series. We utilized a¹⁵²Eu point-source to determine an attenuation correction factor for the ore sample at varying gamma-ray energies to significantly improve the accuracy of the method. Through the comparator method, we show a quick non-destructive method for quantifying the total uranium content in a Texas ore of 6.17 ± 0.09 wt% with a 1.52 % relative uncertainty within a 2 h count time utilizing 26.5 g of material.

核燃料循环依赖于矿石中铀含量的准确和可靠的量化。在这里，我们提供了一种伽马射线能谱法，采用高纯度锗（HPGe）探测器，在考虑伽马射线自衰减后，确定了德克萨斯州南部一个小矿石样品的总铀含量。我们展示了用238U系列的子产物234mPa产生的1001.0 keV伽马射线对铀含量的定量。利用152eu点源确定了不同伽马射线能量下矿样的衰减校正系数，显著提高了方法的精度。通过比较方法，我们展示了一种快速无损的方法，用于定量德克萨斯州矿石中的总铀含量为6.17±0.09 wt%，在26.5 g材料的2小时计数时间内相对不确定度为1.52%。

引用次数: 0

Radio-sulphur (35S) detection by LSC – How to deal with interfering natural radionuclides LSC法检测放射性硫(35S) -如何处理干扰性天然放射性核素

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107813

Michael Schubert , Juergen Kopitz

Naturally occurring radio-sulphur (³⁵S) is suitable as an aqueous environmental tracer for the dating of groundwater and surface waters with residence times of less than one year. As a β-decaying radionuclide, ³⁵S is detected using liquid scintillation counting (LSC). When extracting ³⁵S as sulphate from large-volume water samples, there is the possibility of unintentional co-extraction of other naturally occurring radionuclides, which interfere with the measurement of ³⁵S by LSC. The most important of these radionuclides are (i) ²²⁶Ra, (ii) the short-lived progeny of ²²²Rn, (iii) ²¹⁰Pb and its progeny and (iv) ³H. In addition, ¹⁴C, which might be present in scintillation cocktails or LSC plastic vials, and ⁴⁰K, which is likely to be present in LSC glass vials, can have a significant impact on the LSC detection result. There are a few publications that address sample preparation for ³⁵S detection with LSC. However, the published datasets do not contain sufficiently detailed information to pursue the issue of potential interferences of the said naturally occurring radionuclides with the ³⁵S signal. In our study, we measured standardized samples containing the said radionuclides by LSC, evaluated location, shape and overlap of the associated energy peaks, and assessed the possible influences of the individual nuclides on the ³⁵S detection results. The findings of our study show that when measuring ³⁵S obtained from a natural water sample, counts detected in the ³⁵S energy window cannot be unconditionally interpreted as actual ³⁵S counts. Interfering nuclides (especially ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁴⁰K, and ²¹⁰Pb) can lead to counts in the ³⁵S energy window and thus to an overestimation of the ³⁵S activity concentration of the water sample (and consequently to an underestimation of the water age). We therefore recommend generally a complete evaluation of the LSC spectrum in order (i) to be able to infer the potential presence of other radionuclides in the measured sample, and (ii) to evaluate the DPM counted in the ³⁵S energy window accordingly, as these may contain counts of the aforementioned interfering radionuclides.

天然存在的放射性硫（35S）适合作为水环境示踪剂，用于地下水和地表水的测年，停留时间少于一年。作为一种β衰变放射性核素，35S是用液体闪烁计数（LSC）检测的。当从大体积水样中以硫酸盐形式提取35S时，可能会无意中同时提取其他天然存在的放射性核素，从而干扰LSC对35S的测量。这些放射性核素中最重要的是(i) 226Ra, (ii) 222Rn的短寿命子代，（iii） 210Pb及其子代和（iv） 3H。此外，闪烁鸡尾酒或LSC塑料瓶中可能存在的14C和LSC玻璃瓶中可能存在的40K对LSC检测结果会产生重大影响。有一些出版物讨论了用LSC进行35S检测的样品制备。然而，公布的数据集没有包含足够详细的信息，以探讨上述自然产生的放射性核素对35S信号的潜在干扰问题。在我们的研究中，我们用LSC测量了含有上述放射性核素的标准化样品，评估了相关能量峰的位置、形状和重叠，并评估了单个核素对35S检测结果的可能影响。我们的研究结果表明，当测量从天然水样中获得的35S时，在35S能量窗口中检测到的计数不能无条件地解释为实际的35S计数。干扰核素（尤其是3H、14C、40K和210Pb）会导致35S能量窗口的计数，从而高估水样的35S活度浓度（从而低估水的年龄）。因此，我们一般建议对LSC光谱进行全面评估，以便(i)能够推断被测样品中其他放射性核素的潜在存在，以及（ii）评估35S能量窗中计算的DPM，因为这些DPM可能包含上述干扰放射性核素的计数。

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引用次数: 0

Speciation and leachability of radiocesium in the soil, sediment, and aquatic organisms surrounding Lake Onuma at Mt. Akagi 赤城山大沼湖周围土壤、沉积物和水生生物中放射性元素的形态和淋滤性

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107808

Masanobu Mori , Ai Tokue , Tomoyo Hatano , Kin-ichi Tsunoda , Kyuma Suzuki , Shoichi Aizawa , Shun Watanabe , Toshihiro Kuge , Hajime Arai , Seiichi Nohara , Yoshitaka Minai , Takafumi Uchiyama , Yukiko Okada , Seiya Nagao

The 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant resulted in the widespread release of radioactive cesium (radiocesium, including ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) across Fukushima Prefecture and its neighboring regions. This study investigates temporal changes in radiocesium, focusing mainly on ¹³⁷Cs, concentrations and their speciation using a sequential extraction procedure in Lake Onuma, an isolated mountain lake, from 2011 to 2019. The ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in various environmental samples decreased markedly until 2014 and then reduced gradually after 2015. This trend may be attributable to the relatively long water residence time (∼2 years) in the lake, with limited upstream inflow and downstream discharge. The sequential extraction procedure revealed that insoluble forms of ¹³⁷Cs in lake sediment and the surrounding soils decreased more slowly than soluble forms, which predominated in phytoplankton (PP), zooplankton (ZP), and wakasagi smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis). Throughout the nine-year study period, ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in plankton exhibited the following order: PP (1850–390 Bq kg⁻¹) > ZP (395–69 Bq kg⁻¹), contrasting expectations regarding bioaccumulation patterns within the food chain, suggesting that the insoluble ¹³⁷Cs species in PP may originate from mineral-rich suspended solids near the lake sediment surface. These findings highlight the importance of continued monitoring and contribute to a deeper understanding of the long-term ecological impacts associated with the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.

2011年福岛第一核电站事故导致放射性铯（放射性铯，包括134Cs和137Cs）在福岛县及其周边地区广泛释放。本研究对2011年至2019年孤立的高山湖泊大沼湖放射性铯的时间变化进行了研究，主要关注137Cs的浓度及其形态。各环境样品中137Cs浓度在2014年前呈明显下降趋势，2015年后逐渐下降。这一趋势可能是由于湖水停留时间较长（~ 2年），上游流入和下游流量有限。结果表明，137Cs在湖泊沉积物及其周围土壤中的不溶性形态比可溶性形态减少得更慢，主要分布在浮游植物（PP）、浮游动物（ZP）和若asaki熔体（Hypomesus nipponensis）中。在9年的研究期间，浮游生物中137Cs的浓度表现出以下顺序：PP (1850-390 Bq kg - 1) > ZP (395-69 Bq kg - 1)，这与人们对食物链中生物积累模式的预期形成了对比，表明PP中不溶性137Cs可能来自湖泊沉积物表面附近富含矿物质的悬浮固体。这些发现强调了持续监测的重要性，并有助于更深入地了解与福岛第一核电站事故相关的长期生态影响。

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引用次数: 0

Fukushima's tritiated water discharge: Health and environmental implications derived from historical nuclear incidents 福岛氚化水排放：历史核事故对健康和环境的影响

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107814

Yesbol Sartayev , Naomi Hayashida

The Fukushima disaster is the first major nuclear accident to occur along a coastline. It sparked concern about the global dispersion of radionuclides via oceanic currents. The decision to discharge Fukushima tritiated water into the Pacific Ocean further intensified concern and criticism, despite endorsement by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The discharged water contains tritium concentrations well below international drinking water standards. The IAEA has verified the safety of the water and continues to oversee the discharge process to minimize potential harm to human health and marine ecosystems. Tritium, by contrast, is a naturally occurring radionuclide, and its controlled release from nuclear facilities is a globally accepted and long-standing practice. Alongside natural and controlled emissions, a massive amount of tritium was released into the environment during nuclear weapons testing in the 20th century—hundreds of times greater than the current global residual inventory. As a result, both human populations and ecosystems have historically been exposed to substantial levels of tritium without definitive evidence of adverse effects. This study reviews the risks of tritiated water in the context of major nuclear events and emphasizes its significantly lower internal dose contribution than naturally occurring radionuclides such as carbon-14 and potassium-40. It compares tritium's physical characteristics, biological behavior, and effects on human health with those of key radionuclides. Drawing on scientific evidence and empirical data from widespread nuclear testings, the Chernobyl and Fukushima disasters, and regions with naturally high background radiation, this study finds no discernible risk at the current FDNPP discharge rate and argues that the controlled release of tritiated water poses negligible—possibly non-existent—risk to human health and the environment.

福岛核灾难是第一起发生在沿海地区的重大核事故。它引发了人们对放射性核素通过洋流在全球扩散的担忧。将福岛氚化水排放到太平洋的决定进一步加剧了关注和批评，尽管得到了国际原子能机构（IAEA）的认可。排放的水中氚的浓度远远低于国际饮用水标准。原子能机构已经核实了水的安全性，并继续监督排放过程，以尽量减少对人类健康和海洋生态系统的潜在危害。相比之下，氚是一种天然存在的放射性核素，其从核设施中有控制地释放是全球公认的长期做法。在20世纪的核武器试验期间，除了自然和受控的排放外，大量的氚被释放到环境中，是目前全球剩余库存的数百倍。因此，人类种群和生态系统在历史上一直暴露于大量的氚，而没有明确的不利影响证据。本研究回顾了在重大核事件背景下氚化水的风险，并强调其内剂量贡献明显低于天然存在的放射性核素，如碳-14和钾-40。它比较了氚的物理特性、生物行为和对人体健康的影响与那些关键的放射性核素。根据广泛的核试验、切尔诺贝利和福岛灾难以及天然高本底辐射地区的科学证据和经验数据，本研究发现，以目前的FDNPP排放速度，没有明显的风险，并认为，控制氚化水的排放对人类健康和环境构成的风险可以忽略不计，甚至可能根本不存在。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of background sources and topographic resolution in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model on xenon plume characteristics at monitoring stations 气象研究预报模式中背景源和地形分辨率对监测站氙羽特征的影响

IF 2.1 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Journal of environmental radioactivity

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2025.107765

Alex Jonko , Keeley R. Costigan , Sara Brambilla , Michael J. Brown , Chibuike Onwukwe , Paul W. Eslinger

For many atmospheric monitoring applications, networks of measurement sites—such as the radionuclide stations of the International Monitoring System—can be sparse. With measurement locations potentially hundreds to thousands of kilometers from a release it is important to quantify the effects of physical processes on transport and dispersion of plumes between source and measurement locations. This study addresses the effects of background sources and topography resolution near the release location of radionuclides. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with inline chemistry to investigate (1) how an additional, time-varying source of ¹³³Xe, such as an operational medical isotope production facility, contributes to activity concentration measurements at monitoring sites, and (2) how complex topography influences on atmospheric conditions near emission sources impact plume concentrations at varying distances from the source. Two ¹³³Xe emission sources, including (1) a high flux rate of short duration representing an explosive event, and (2) a variable and continuous background source, are simulated. The continuous background source contributes significantly to total ¹³³Xe concentrations at several monitoring stations. Further, a WRF simulation at 9 km horizontal resolution is compared with a nested grid simulation, where the innermost domain has a resolution of 1 km. Increased topographic resolution leads to an improved representation of plume responses to local winds, with topographic influences greatest at locations closest to the sources. Differences between the two domain resolutions decrease at greater distances from the sources, as plumes have time to spread and mix and are influenced by synoptic scale circulation patterns that are represented similarly in both simulations.

对于许多大气监测应用，测量站网络——例如国际监测系统的放射性核素站——可能是稀疏的。由于测量地点可能距离释放点数百至数千公里，因此量化物理过程对源和测量地点之间羽流传输和扩散的影响非常重要。本研究讨论了背景源和地形分辨率对放射性核素释放位置附近的影响。我们使用天气研究与预报（WRF）模型和内联化学来研究(1)额外的、时变的133Xe源，如运行的医疗同位素生产设施，如何有助于监测站点的活动浓度测量，以及(2)复杂地形对排放源附近大气条件的影响如何影响距离源不同距离的羽流浓度。模拟了两个133Xe发射源，包括(1)代表爆炸事件的短持续时间的高通量源和(2)可变和连续的背景源。连续本底源对几个监测站的总133Xe浓度有显著贡献。此外，将水平分辨率为9 km的WRF模拟与嵌套网格模拟进行了比较，其中最内层域的分辨率为1 km。地形分辨率的提高改善了羽流对当地风的响应，离源最近的地方地形影响最大。距离源越远，两种域分辨率之间的差异就越小，因为羽流有时间扩散和混合，并受到天气尺度环流模式的影响，这在两个模拟中表现得相似。

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引用次数: 0