Pub Date : 2023-05-12DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.2.1
E. Leksono, Auditio Mandhany, Irsyad Nashirul Haq, J. Pradipta, Putu Handre Kertha Utama, Reza Fauzi Iskandar, Rezky Mahesa Nanda
Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a promising approach to provide energy consumption monitoring of electrical appliances and analysis of current and voltage data with less instrumentation. This paper proposes an electrical load classification model using support vector machine (SVM). SVM was chosen to keep the computational cost low and be able to implement an embedded system. The SVM model was utilized to classify the on/off state of air conditioners, light bulbs, other uncategorized electronics, and their combinations. It utilizes low-frequency sampling data captured every minute, or at a 0.0167 Hz rate. Utilization change in active and reactive power was used as a feature in the model training. The optimal kernel for the model was the radial basis function (RBF) kernel with C and gamma values of 88.587 and 2.336 as hyperparameters, producing a highly accurate model. In testing with real-time conditions, the model classified the on/off state of the electrical loads with 0.93 precision, 0.91 recall, and 0.91 f-score. The results of testing proved that the model can be applied in real time with high accuracy and with an acceptable performance in field implementation using an embedded system.
{"title":"Development of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring of Electricity Load Classification with Low-Frequency Sampling Based on Support Vector Machine","authors":"E. Leksono, Auditio Mandhany, Irsyad Nashirul Haq, J. Pradipta, Putu Handre Kertha Utama, Reza Fauzi Iskandar, Rezky Mahesa Nanda","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a promising approach to provide energy consumption monitoring of electrical appliances and analysis of current and voltage data with less instrumentation. This paper proposes an electrical load classification model using support vector machine (SVM). SVM was chosen to keep the computational cost low and be able to implement an embedded system. The SVM model was utilized to classify the on/off state of air conditioners, light bulbs, other uncategorized electronics, and their combinations. It utilizes low-frequency sampling data captured every minute, or at a 0.0167 Hz rate. Utilization change in active and reactive power was used as a feature in the model training. The optimal kernel for the model was the radial basis function (RBF) kernel with C and gamma values of 88.587 and 2.336 as hyperparameters, producing a highly accurate model. In testing with real-time conditions, the model classified the on/off state of the electrical loads with 0.93 precision, 0.91 recall, and 0.91 f-score. The results of testing proved that the model can be applied in real time with high accuracy and with an acceptable performance in field implementation using an embedded system.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44955530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.8
Y. Lisafitri, E. Kardena
Bioleaching is a technique for reducing the heavy metal content of coal ash by using bacteria, fungi, or yeast. Previous studies in heavy metal bioleaching of coal ash discussed the factors affecting the process, but as yet there is little information on the challenges of using microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain comprehensive information regarding the use of microorganisms in heavy metal bioleaching. Heavy metal concentrations in coal ash are low, and the metals are diverse. The components of coal ash are complexes that cannot leach certain heavy metals according to previous studies. These low concentrations and complex components make it difficult to investigate the bioleaching mechanism. The combination of biological and chemical interactions involves various components in this system. The high concentration of iron and heavy metal leached could be toxic for microorganisms. The process is influenced by several factors, such as particle size, pH, and pulp density. Most heavy metal bioleaching studies on coal ash have been conducted on a small scale to control conditions affecting the process. Bioleaching kinetics in coal is a liquid-solid reaction that can be represented by the shrinking core model, which was mainly used in this study.
{"title":"Progress and Challenges of Biological Leaching of Heavy Metal in Coal Ash from a Power Plant","authors":"Y. Lisafitri, E. Kardena","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Bioleaching is a technique for reducing the heavy metal content of coal ash by using bacteria, fungi, or yeast. Previous studies in heavy metal bioleaching of coal ash discussed the factors affecting the process, but as yet there is little information on the challenges of using microorganisms. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain comprehensive information regarding the use of microorganisms in heavy metal bioleaching. Heavy metal concentrations in coal ash are low, and the metals are diverse. The components of coal ash are complexes that cannot leach certain heavy metals according to previous studies. These low concentrations and complex components make it difficult to investigate the bioleaching mechanism. The combination of biological and chemical interactions involves various components in this system. The high concentration of iron and heavy metal leached could be toxic for microorganisms. The process is influenced by several factors, such as particle size, pH, and pulp density. Most heavy metal bioleaching studies on coal ash have been conducted on a small scale to control conditions affecting the process. Bioleaching kinetics in coal is a liquid-solid reaction that can be represented by the shrinking core model, which was mainly used in this study.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47746915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.7
Tibermacine Badreddine, H. Zahra, Guesbaya Tahar
This paper describes design procedure of a high-performance miniaturized antenna with an array configuration, which contributes to enhancing the communication system’s performance. The basic antenna features a compact size (6 x 6) mm2, and its single element is an H-shaped slotted patch printed on the top side of a Rogers RT5880 substrate, with a relative permittivity and thickness of 2.2 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The edge-to-edge distance of the 2 × 1 array antenna is 9 x 14 mm2, and the isolation between its radiation elements is 4.5 mm. To increase the capabilities of the antenna in terms of gain and bandwidth, we proceeded to use the 2 × 1 array configuration and then optimized the model via either the width of the feed line or the elliptical edges of the patch. The miniaturized array antenna achieved a peak gain of 12.56 dB, a directivity of 13.11 dBi, and a return loss of -47.52 dB at a resonance frequency of 91.5 GHz, with a radiation efficiency of more than 91% over an operating bandwidth of 15.83 GHz, ranging from 79.7 GHz to 95.6 GHz. The design and simulation results of the proposed antenna were obtained using the CST Studio software.
{"title":"Design of a Novel Efficient High-Gain Ultra-Wide-Band Slotted H-Shaped Printed 2×1 Array Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications with Improvement of Bandwidth and Gain via the Feed Line and Elliptical Edges","authors":"Tibermacine Badreddine, H. Zahra, Guesbaya Tahar","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes design procedure of a high-performance miniaturized antenna with an array configuration, which contributes to enhancing the communication system’s performance. The basic antenna features a compact size (6 x 6) mm2, and its single element is an H-shaped slotted patch printed on the top side of a Rogers RT5880 substrate, with a relative permittivity and thickness of 2.2 and 0.3 mm, respectively. The edge-to-edge distance of the 2 × 1 array antenna is 9 x 14 mm2, and the isolation between its radiation elements is 4.5 mm. To increase the capabilities of the antenna in terms of gain and bandwidth, we proceeded to use the 2 × 1 array configuration and then optimized the model via either the width of the feed line or the elliptical edges of the patch. The miniaturized array antenna achieved a peak gain of 12.56 dB, a directivity of 13.11 dBi, and a return loss of -47.52 dB at a resonance frequency of 91.5 GHz, with a radiation efficiency of more than 91% over an operating bandwidth of 15.83 GHz, ranging from 79.7 GHz to 95.6 GHz. The design and simulation results of the proposed antenna were obtained using the CST Studio software.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46846985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.6
M. Yunus, M. Isa, M. Shukran, Norshahriah Wahab, Syarifah Bahiyah Rahayu, A. F. A. Fadzlah
Passpix is a key element in pixel value access control, containing a pixel value extracted from a digital image that users input to authenticate their username. However, it is unclear whether cloud storage settings apply compression to prevent deficiencies that would alter the file's 8-bit attribution and pixel value, causing user authentication failure. This study aims to determine the fastest clustering algorithm for faulty Passpix similarity classification, using a dataset of 1,000 objects. The source code for the K-Means, ISODATA, and K-Harmonic Mean scripts was loaded into a clustering experiment prototype compiled as Clustering.exe. The results demonstrate that the number of clusters affects the time taken to complete the clustering process, with the 20-cluster setting taking longer than the 10-cluster setting. The K-Harmonic Mean algorithm was the fastest, while K-Means performed moderately and ISODATA was the slowest of the three clustering algorithms. The results also indicate that the number of iterations did not affect the time taken to complete the clustering process. These findings provide a basis for future studies to increase the number of clusters for better accuracy.
{"title":"Pixel Value Graphical Password Scheme: Analysis on Time Complexity performance of Clustering Algorithm for Passpix Segmentation","authors":"M. Yunus, M. Isa, M. Shukran, Norshahriah Wahab, Syarifah Bahiyah Rahayu, A. F. A. Fadzlah","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Passpix is a key element in pixel value access control, containing a pixel value extracted from a digital image that users input to authenticate their username. However, it is unclear whether cloud storage settings apply compression to prevent deficiencies that would alter the file's 8-bit attribution and pixel value, causing user authentication failure. This study aims to determine the fastest clustering algorithm for faulty Passpix similarity classification, using a dataset of 1,000 objects. The source code for the K-Means, ISODATA, and K-Harmonic Mean scripts was loaded into a clustering experiment prototype compiled as Clustering.exe. The results demonstrate that the number of clusters affects the time taken to complete the clustering process, with the 20-cluster setting taking longer than the 10-cluster setting. The K-Harmonic Mean algorithm was the fastest, while K-Means performed moderately and ISODATA was the slowest of the three clustering algorithms. The results also indicate that the number of iterations did not affect the time taken to complete the clustering process. These findings provide a basis for future studies to increase the number of clusters for better accuracy.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48030308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.5
Nurzati Iwani Othman, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, K. Badron, W. Hashim, M. Hasan, Sofia Pinardi
Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by more than 500 exabytes by 2025 and beyond. 5G networks are predicted to meet these demands, provided that the spectrum resources are well managed. In this paper, an enhanced dynamic spectrum allocation (E-DSA) method is proposed, which incorporates a cooperative type of game theory called the Nash bargaining solution (NBS). It was assumed that there is one primary user (PU) and two secondary users (SU) in the network and their spectrum allocation was analyzed by testing the validity of the algorithm itself by using price weight factors to control the costs of the spectrum sharing. The solution was established by combining a proposed multiplexing method called the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) for 5G configuration, with the E-DSA algorithm to maximize the throughput of a heterogeneous 5G network. It was shown that the throughputs for 5G with E-DSA implementation were always higher than those of the ones without E-DSA. The simulation was done using the LabVIEW communication software and was analyzed based on a 5G urban macro and micro network configuration to validate the heterogeneity of the network.
{"title":"An Enhanced Dynamic Spectrum Allocation Method on Throughput Maximization in Urban 5G FBMC Heterogeneous Network","authors":"Nurzati Iwani Othman, Ahmad Fadzil Ismail, K. Badron, W. Hashim, M. Hasan, Sofia Pinardi","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Reports have shown that the demand for data managed by wireless systems is expected to grow by more than 500 exabytes by 2025 and beyond. 5G networks are predicted to meet these demands, provided that the spectrum resources are well managed. In this paper, an enhanced dynamic spectrum allocation (E-DSA) method is proposed, which incorporates a cooperative type of game theory called the Nash bargaining solution (NBS). It was assumed that there is one primary user (PU) and two secondary users (SU) in the network and their spectrum allocation was analyzed by testing the validity of the algorithm itself by using price weight factors to control the costs of the spectrum sharing. The solution was established by combining a proposed multiplexing method called the Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) for 5G configuration, with the E-DSA algorithm to maximize the throughput of a heterogeneous 5G network. It was shown that the throughputs for 5G with E-DSA implementation were always higher than those of the ones without E-DSA. The simulation was done using the LabVIEW communication software and was analyzed based on a 5G urban macro and micro network configuration to validate the heterogeneity of the network.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41793498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.9
Y. M. Yustiani, F. L. Nugroho, Fauzi Murtadho, Achmad Teguh Djayadisastra
Eco enzyme is claimed to improve the quality of polluted water. However, the low pH of eco enzyme solutions can acidify water. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of eco enzyme in reducing the COD of river water and its effect on the pH of sterilized synthetic river water. The effect of 0.01%, 0.5%, and 1% enzyme concentrations on the COD and pH of synthetic river water with an initial COD of 240 mg/l was investigated. The results showed that eco enzyme itself has high concentration of COD and low pH. The undiluted eco enzyme increased the COD and decreased the pH of both neutralized and non-neutralized synthetic river water. At a 1% eco enzyme concentration and neutral pH, the COD increased in the beginning of experiment and had decreased only by 31.7% after 6-8 days. The COD concentration in this steady state condition had a higher value than that of the initial COD concentration in the river water. This study showed that adding only eco enzyme to synthetic river water is not effective in reducing its COD content.
{"title":"Applying Eco Enzyme to Reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Content of Artificial River Water","authors":"Y. M. Yustiani, F. L. Nugroho, Fauzi Murtadho, Achmad Teguh Djayadisastra","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Eco enzyme is claimed to improve the quality of polluted water. However, the low pH of eco enzyme solutions can acidify water. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of eco enzyme in reducing the COD of river water and its effect on the pH of sterilized synthetic river water. The effect of 0.01%, 0.5%, and 1% enzyme concentrations on the COD and pH of synthetic river water with an initial COD of 240 mg/l was investigated. The results showed that eco enzyme itself has high concentration of COD and low pH. The undiluted eco enzyme increased the COD and decreased the pH of both neutralized and non-neutralized synthetic river water. At a 1% eco enzyme concentration and neutral pH, the COD increased in the beginning of experiment and had decreased only by 31.7% after 6-8 days. The COD concentration in this steady state condition had a higher value than that of the initial COD concentration in the river water. This study showed that adding only eco enzyme to synthetic river water is not effective in reducing its COD content.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45286069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-31DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.10
M. Priyatna, M. Khomarudin, S. Wijaya, F. Yulianto, Gatot Nugroho, P. M. Afgatiani, Anisa Rarasati, Muhammad Arfin Hussein
Flood disasters occur frequently in Indonesia and can cause property damage and even death. This research aimed to provide rapid flood mapping based on remote sensing data by using a cloud platform. In this study, the Google Earth Engine cloud platform was used to quickly detect major floods in the Barito watershed in South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. The data used in this study were Sentinel-1 images before and after the flood event, and surface reflectance of Sentinel-2 images available on the Google Earth Engine platform. Flooding is detected using the threshold method. In this study, we determined the threshold using the Otsu method and statistical sampling thresholds (SST). Four SST scenarios were used in this study, combining the mean and standard deviation of the difference backscatter of Sentinel-1 images. The results of this study showed that the second SST scenario could classify floods with the highest accuracy of 73.2%. The inundation area determined by this method was 4,504.33 km2. The first, third and fourth SST scenarios and the Otsu method could reduce the flood load with an overall accuracy of 48.37%, 43.79%, 55.5% and 68.63%, respectively. The SST scenario is considered to be a reasonably good method for rapid flood detection using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. This rapid detection method can be applied to other areas to detect flooding. This information can be quickly produced to help stakeholders determine appropriate flood management strategies.
{"title":"Rapid Flood Mapping Using Statistical Sampling Threshold Based on Sentinel-1 Imagery in the Barito Watershed, South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia","authors":"M. Priyatna, M. Khomarudin, S. Wijaya, F. Yulianto, Gatot Nugroho, P. M. Afgatiani, Anisa Rarasati, Muhammad Arfin Hussein","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Flood disasters occur frequently in Indonesia and can cause property damage and even death. This research aimed to provide rapid flood mapping based on remote sensing data by using a cloud platform. In this study, the Google Earth Engine cloud platform was used to quickly detect major floods in the Barito watershed in South Kalimantan province, Indonesia. The data used in this study were Sentinel-1 images before and after the flood event, and surface reflectance of Sentinel-2 images available on the Google Earth Engine platform. Flooding is detected using the threshold method. In this study, we determined the threshold using the Otsu method and statistical sampling thresholds (SST). Four SST scenarios were used in this study, combining the mean and standard deviation of the difference backscatter of Sentinel-1 images. The results of this study showed that the second SST scenario could classify floods with the highest accuracy of 73.2%. The inundation area determined by this method was 4,504.33 km2. The first, third and fourth SST scenarios and the Otsu method could reduce the flood load with an overall accuracy of 48.37%, 43.79%, 55.5% and 68.63%, respectively. The SST scenario is considered to be a reasonably good method for rapid flood detection using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. This rapid detection method can be applied to other areas to detect flooding. This information can be quickly produced to help stakeholders determine appropriate flood management strategies.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45486214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-17DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.4
F. H. Khairuddin, Siti Zubaidah Mohd Asri, N. Misnon, N. Yusoff, Auni Diyana Fadzil, K. Z. Ku Ahmad
The effects of modifying a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen with 3 wt% polyurethane (PU) and a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) additive, namely Rediset, were explored in this research. Penetration, softening point, viscosity, and ductility tests were employed for consistency testing, while the differential scanning calorimetry was used for thermal characterization. The topography and surface roughness of the modified bitumen were evaluated using atomic force microscopy. Adding PU and Rediset to the base bitumen (BB) stiffens the BB slightly, giving it a lower penetration and higher viscosity values, which improves the rutting resistance. The thermal transition of the glass temperature and melting temperature are similar to the BB. Furthermore, the addition of PU and Rediset to BB shows a clear bee structure topography in dry condition, indicating better dispersion, while in wet condition, the bee structure is mostly affected in the catana and para phase that reveals a reduced in the the wax content of the BB. The bitumen modified with PU and Rediset has a lower surface roughness than BB, making it less susceptible to moisture damage.
{"title":"Physicothermal and Topography Analysis of Polyurethane Modified Bitumen with Rediset for WMA Application","authors":"F. H. Khairuddin, Siti Zubaidah Mohd Asri, N. Misnon, N. Yusoff, Auni Diyana Fadzil, K. Z. Ku Ahmad","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of modifying a 60/70 penetration grade bitumen with 3 wt% polyurethane (PU) and a Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) additive, namely Rediset, were explored in this research. Penetration, softening point, viscosity, and ductility tests were employed for consistency testing, while the differential scanning calorimetry was used for thermal characterization. The topography and surface roughness of the modified bitumen were evaluated using atomic force microscopy. Adding PU and Rediset to the base bitumen (BB) stiffens the BB slightly, giving it a lower penetration and higher viscosity values, which improves the rutting resistance. The thermal transition of the glass temperature and melting temperature are similar to the BB. Furthermore, the addition of PU and Rediset to BB shows a clear bee structure topography in dry condition, indicating better dispersion, while in wet condition, the bee structure is mostly affected in the catana and para phase that reveals a reduced in the the wax content of the BB. The bitumen modified with PU and Rediset has a lower surface roughness than BB, making it less susceptible to moisture damage.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45246954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.2
B. Iskandriawan
Portable commuter bikes (PCBs) are needed by commuters, people who live in the suburbs of a city and whose activities are in the middle of the city or vice versa, even for longer distances. For user safety, it is mandatory to check the strength aspect of the bicycle frame structure. PCBs are not only ridden by the commuter but can also be folded to bring them along on public transportation. The PCB design also included a stool to be used by the commuter while waiting for the bus or train. The strength of the PCB structure was investigated using numerical simulations based on static load. The displacements and stresses were controlled using a variety of PCB frame designs and materials. The results of this bicycle structural inspection can guide the improvement of PCB designs in the future.
{"title":"Structure Simulation on Portable Commuter Bike Considering Frame Design and Materials Alternatives","authors":"B. Iskandriawan","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Portable commuter bikes (PCBs) are needed by commuters, people who live in the suburbs of a city and whose activities are in the middle of the city or vice versa, even for longer distances. For user safety, it is mandatory to check the strength aspect of the bicycle frame structure. PCBs are not only ridden by the commuter but can also be folded to bring them along on public transportation. The PCB design also included a stool to be used by the commuter while waiting for the bus or train. The strength of the PCB structure was investigated using numerical simulations based on static load. The displacements and stresses were controlled using a variety of PCB frame designs and materials. The results of this bicycle structural inspection can guide the improvement of PCB designs in the future.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42327248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-06DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.1
E. Yusibani, P. Woodfield, A. Rahwanto, M. S. Surbakti, Rajibussalim Rajibussalim, R. Rahmi
The purpose of this study was to identify the physical and chemical properties of Indonesian coffee beans for different postharvesting methods after being roasted. Several types of Indonesian export coffee, i.e., Gayo Luwak coffee, Wamena coffee, Toraja coffee, Gayo coffee, Flores coffee and Kintamani coffee, were used in the present study. Each coffee has its own aroma and taste according to the location, soil type, and land elevation. The roasting process started with preheating the roasting machine, after which the samples were roasted for about 15 minutes at 215℃ to obtain the medium-to-dark (MTD) roasting level. The physical properties measured included density, mass loss, porosity, water content, and morphology using a scanning electron microscope. The transmittance spectrum was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical properties of the coffee were successfully measured. The bulk density varied from 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm3, and particle density was about 0.9 g/cm3 for green beans. The roasting process reduced the bulk and particle density to 0.3 g/cm3 on average and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The fully-washed condition gave an overlapping spectrum for green and roasted beans, which shows that the roasting process did not affect the spectrum. The results can be used to study the coffee quality resulting from different postharvest processing methods.
{"title":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Indonesian Coffee Beans for Different Postharvest Processing Methods","authors":"E. Yusibani, P. Woodfield, A. Rahwanto, M. S. Surbakti, Rajibussalim Rajibussalim, R. Rahmi","doi":"10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to identify the physical and chemical properties of Indonesian coffee beans for different postharvesting methods after being roasted. Several types of Indonesian export coffee, i.e., Gayo Luwak coffee, Wamena coffee, Toraja coffee, Gayo coffee, Flores coffee and Kintamani coffee, were used in the present study. Each coffee has its own aroma and taste according to the location, soil type, and land elevation. The roasting process started with preheating the roasting machine, after which the samples were roasted for about 15 minutes at 215℃ to obtain the medium-to-dark (MTD) roasting level. The physical properties measured included density, mass loss, porosity, water content, and morphology using a scanning electron microscope. The transmittance spectrum was observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The physical properties of the coffee were successfully measured. The bulk density varied from 0.6 to 0.7 g/cm3, and particle density was about 0.9 g/cm3 for green beans. The roasting process reduced the bulk and particle density to 0.3 g/cm3 on average and 0.8 g/cm3, respectively. The fully-washed condition gave an overlapping spectrum for green and roasted beans, which shows that the roasting process did not affect the spectrum. The results can be used to study the coffee quality resulting from different postharvest processing methods.","PeriodicalId":15689,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44072787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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