Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation最新文献

Adolescence is a critical period during which physical activity (PA) may influence cognitive processes and academic performance (AP). Although PA has been linked to favorable academic outcomes, evidence remains mixed with respect to activity intensity, frequency, and developmental stage. This systematic review narratively synthesized recent empirical studies (2024-2025) examining the relationship between PA and AP in healthy adolescents, with attention to activity characteristics, developmental moderators, and cognitive and psychosocial mediators. Searches in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar identified 9 original research from 825 articles. Overall, moderate-to-vigorous PA and vigorous PA were generally associated with better AP, however, effect sizes were modest and associations were not uniform. Several studies indicated curvilinear relationships, whereby moderate PA was associated with optimal AP, while higher frequency or intensity was linked to weaker outcomes or inconsistent associations. Positive relationships were more consistently observed in middle school than high school students. Evidence from selected studies suggested that PA may influence AP indirectly through attention, inhibitory control, self-concept, and physical and mental health. These findings support promoting regular, moderate-intensity PA within adolescents' daily routines, particularly in school-based programs, while emphasizing balanced approaches that account for developmental stage and mediating mechanisms.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exposes the developing fetal brain to hyperglycemia and has been linked to adverse neurocognitive outcomes in offspring; however, effective postnatal strategies and underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we tested whether early-life aerobic exercise rescues hippocampus-dependent memory impairment and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling deficits in offspring born to dams with streptozotocin-induced GDM. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice received streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, gestational day 7) or saline. Male offspring were weaned and assigned to sedentary control or treadmill exercise (15 m/min, 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, 2 weeks), generating four groups: saline control (Sal-CON, n=12), saline exercise (Sal-Ex, n=12), GDM control (GDM-CON, n=12), and GDM exercise (GDM-Ex, n=12). Spatial learning and reference memory were assessed using the Morris water maze, and spatial working memory was evaluated with a T-maze task. Hippocampal expression of Wnt3, β-catenin, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) was quantified by Western blotting. GDM offspring exhibited impaired hippocampal memory performance, evidenced by a reduced hidden-to-visible platform latency ratio in the Morris water maze and loss of novelty preference in the T-maze. These behavioral deficits were accompanied by suppression of canonical Wnt signaling, with decreased hippocampal Wnt3 and β-catenin and increased GSK-3β in GDM-CON compared with controls. Notably, postnatal treadmill exercise significantly improved both reference and working memory and normalized Wnt/β-catenin pathway components in GDM offspring. Collectively, these findings indicate that early-life aerobic exercise mitigates GDM-associated cognitive vulnerability, at least in part, by reactivating hippocampal Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL (IADL), main indicators of functional independence in older adults, are closely associated with depression and social networks and represent a critical determinant of well-being. Despite the growing body of research, both original and review articles to date have been limited in their ability to provide a comprehensive and coherent explanation of the interrelationships among these three domains, largely due to methodological constraints. Accordingly, this study systematically reviewed a wide range of publications addressing functional ability, depression, and social networks in older adults, with the aim of providing evidence-based insights to inform strategies for maintaining well-being and preparing for functional decline in aging populations. The synthesized findings indicate that declines in functional ability, as reflected by impairments in IADL/ADL, are associated with reduced instrumental ADL, increased depressive symptoms, and decreased social participation, collectively contributing to a self-reinforcing cycle of functional and psychological deterioration. Notably, this review demonstrates that while functional disability increases the risk of depression, robust social networks serve as protective factors that mitigate both functional and psychological decline.

The global aging population is rapidly increasing, with associated declines in motor and cognitive function leading to higher fall risk and reduced independence. Exercise interventions improve strength, balance, and cognition, but accessibility barriers remain. While technology assistance programs are promising, they often lack clinical perspectives, are difficult to adapt, and lack features that encourage participation. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a motion recognition-based interactive training program designed by a physical therapist to enhance motor function and physical fitness in older adults. Twenty-eight community-dwelling older adults (≥65 years) were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=13) or control group (n=15). The experimental group completed three weekly sessions of motion recognition exercises with adaptive feedback for 4 weeks, while the control group performed stretching. Outcomes included task performance metrics (attempts, corrections, accuracy) automatically recorded by the program and fitness measures from the senior fitness test. The experimental group showed significant increases in attempts and corrections across all body parts, with notable accuracy improvement in head movements (P<0.05). Flexibility significantly improved between groups, while both groups improved in lower extremity strength and endurance. No significant changes were observed in upper limb strength or agility. A clinically designed, motion recognition-based interactive program enhanced motor performance and flexibility in older adults. Incorporating adaptive difficulty and real-time feedback, it shows potential as a scalable, cost-effective digital intervention for promoting active aging.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether regular treadmill exercise after traumatic brain injury (TBI) positively affects the regenerative environment in the motor cortex and hippocampus of the brain. Subjects were randomly divided into three groups: the normal control (Norm, n=8), the TBI+sedentary group (TBI+SED, n=8), and the TBI+ treadmill exercise group (TBI+Ex, n=8). Following a 2-week post-TBI recovery period, treadmill exercise was performed regularly for 4 weeks. The results showed that regular walking exercise after TBI increased the expression of growth associated protein-43 and tropomyosin receptor kinase-B, which are associated with neuronal survival, in both the motor cortex and hippocampus. The TBI+SED exhibited elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in both the motor cortex and hippocampus of the brain. In contrast, phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homolog (p-PTEN) expression showed region-specific patterns: in the motor cortex, p-PTEN levels were higher in the TBI+SED than the Norm group and further increased following treadmill exercise, whereas in the hippocampus, p-PTEN expression decreased after TBI but was significantly elevated in the TBI+Ex group. These findings indicated that regular exercise after TBI might reduce glial scar formation and promote neural regeneration by elevating PTEN expression and inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway.

Aging is accompanied by progressive impairments in mitochondrial bioenergetics, apoptosis regulation, and gut microbiota homeostasis, all of which contribute to cognitive decline. In this study, we investigated whether the effects of treadmill exercise on the gut microbiota-mitochondrion-neuronal plasticity axis differed between young (15 months) and old (28 months) mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: early sedentary, early exercise, late sedentary, or late exercise groups and completed an 8-week treadmill training protocol. Cognitive function was assessed using the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test. Hippocampal mitochondrial respiration, Ca²⁺ retention capacity, and Bax/Bcl-2 expression were quantified, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Mice that did not exercise in old age exhibited memory impairment, decreased mitochondrial oxidative respiration, reduced Ca²⁺ retention, increased Bax expression, decreased Bcl-2 levels, and decreased abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia. Exercise significantly improved behavioral performance, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis balance, while also increasing beneficial gut microbiota. Notably, these effects were significantly greater in late-aged compared to early-aged mice. These results demonstrate that the efficacy of exercise in modulating the microbiota-mitochondrion-brain axis varies with age. Early-aged appears to represent a more responsive biological period during which exercise is more effective in improving mitochondrial integrity, microbiota composition, and cognitive resilience. These results suggest that initiating exercise early in the aging process may maximize neuroprotective effects and delay age-related functional decline.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of kinetic chain-based forward punch plus (FPP) exercise on scapular muscle activation between individuals with scapular dyskinesis (SD) and healthy controls. A total of 30 male participants were recruited, including 15 with SD and 15 healthy individuals. Muscle activation of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), serratus anterior (SA), and gluteus maximus, as well as activation ratios, were measured during FPP and FPP with contralateral leg flexion. The healthy group demonstrated decreased UT activation accompanied by increased LT and SA activation, resulting in significantly reduced UT/SA and UT/LT ratios. In contrast, the SD group showed significant increases in SA and LT; however, compensatory activation of the UT prevented improvement in muscle activation balance. These findings highlight the need for targeted neuromuscular strategies to address compensatory UT activation in individuals with SD during kinetic chain-based movements.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of treadmill and swimming exercise on cell survival and reactive astrogliosis in the spinal cord and brain after spinal cord injury (SCI). Thirty-two male rats were randomly assigned to four groups: the normal group (Norm, n=8), the SCI+sedentary group (Seden, n=8), the SCI+treadmill exercise group (Tread, n=8), and the SCI+swimming exercise group (Swim, n=8). All rats in the SCI groups were allowed to recover for 2 weeks after injury, and then underwent 4 weeks of low-intensity treadmill and swimming exercise. In the spinal cord, both exercise interventions decreased the cavity formation around the injury, and significantly increased induction levels of growth associated protein-43, with greater improvements in the Tread group. In the motor cortex and hippocampus of the brain, the Tread group upregulated B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 and downregulated cleaved-caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein relative to the Seden group, indicating enhanced cell survival and reduced reactive astrogliosis in the injury site. Compared with swimming, treadmill exercise further improved tissue preservation and neural circuit-level recovery across the spinal cord, motor cortex, and hippocampus after SCI. Thus, our findings suggested evidence that treadmill exercise might be one of the rehabilitation strategies to support the spinal cord and brain after SCI.

This study examined the effects of kinesiology taping leggings on exercise performance and physiological responses during CrossFit training in women aged 20-30 years. A randomized crossover design was employed with 42 healthy participants. Each participant completed two 3-week training periods wearing either taping leggings or regular leggings, separated by a 2-week washout period. Sixteen variables, including strength, endurance, power, agility, balance, proprioception, functional movement, heart-rate variability, exercise satisfaction, and lower-limb circumference, were measured. Significant improvements were observed in isokinetic strength (148.25±12.45 to 151.78±12.38 N·m), joint-position sense (2.18°±0.65° to 1.95°±0.62°), exercise satisfaction (6.85±1.42 to 7.34±1.28), and edema reduction (31.5% decrease). Most other fitness variables showed improvement trends but were not statistically significant. Taping leggings provided selective but meaningful benefits in enhancing proprioception, improving subjective satisfaction, and reducing edema during CrossFit training.