Journal of Field Ornithology最新文献_第8页

Snake predators of bird eggs: a review and bibliography 鸟蛋的蛇掠食者:综述和参考书目

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00088-930201

J. Barends, B. Maritz

. Snakes are frequent predators of bird nests and therefore potentially have an important impact on bird population dynamics. However, while many species are known to consume nestlings and chicks, few species have been recorded consuming bird eggs. To effectively quantify the effects of bird egg predation by snakes on bird demographics, a key first step is to identify which snake species consume bird eggs. Unfortunately, detailed information on the dietary habits of most snakes is scarce and feeding records are poorly cataloged, making it difficult to ascertain which species do and do not eat bird eggs. We reviewed the literature and online community science reports to compile a global list of confirmed snake predators of bird eggs. In total, we gathered 471 feeding records of 123 snake taxa consuming the eggs of at least 210 bird species from 238 individual data sources. Geographical locations of records disproportionately represented well-sampled regions, and we infer that many snake species not included on our list also consume bird eggs. However, we found that oophagous snakes tend to be long (mean maximum length = 2057 mm) and mostly eat eggs that are small in diameter (mean egg diameter = 24 mm), suggesting that relative prey bulk is an important constraint of these interactions. Therefore, we expect that other snakes that eat birds are likely to mostly include congeneric and ecologically similar species to those reflected in our review. By knowing which snakes consume bird eggs, future research can consider species- and site-specific hypotheses when investigating the ecological effects of bird egg predation by snakes. Those results can also inform conservation practitioners on the causes and consequences of variation in nest success that may aid in decision-making when designing conservation management plans. de la presa es una restricción importante de estas interacciones. Por lo tanto, esperamos que otras especies que comen aves, muy probablemente incluyen especies congenéres o ecológicamente similares a las incluidas en nuestra revisión. Conociendo cuales especies consumen huevos de aves, las estudios futuros pueden considerar hipótesis especificas al sitio y a la especie al investigar los efectos ecológicos de la depredación de huevos de aves por serpientes. Esos resultados pueden también informar a conservacionistas sobre las causas y consecuencias de la variación en el éxito de los nidos, lo cual puede ayudar en la toma de decisiones durante el diseño de planes de manejo para conservación.

．蛇是鸟类巢穴的常见捕食者，因此可能对鸟类种群动态产生重要影响。然而，虽然已知许多物种会吃雏鸟和雏鸟，但很少有物种会吃鸟蛋。为了有效地量化蛇捕食鸟蛋对鸟类种群的影响，关键的第一步是确定哪种蛇会吃掉鸟蛋。不幸的是，关于大多数蛇的饮食习惯的详细信息很少，而且喂养记录的编目也很差，这使得很难确定哪些物种吃鸟蛋，哪些不吃鸟蛋。我们回顾了文献和在线社区科学报告，编制了一份全球确认的以鸟蛋为食的蛇捕食者名单。我们从238个独立的数据来源中收集了123个蛇类群的471条摄食记录，这些记录消耗了至少210种鸟类的卵。记录的地理位置不成比例地代表了采样良好的地区，我们推断许多未包括在我们名单上的蛇也吃鸟蛋。然而，我们发现食卵蛇往往很长(平均最大长度= 2057 mm)，并且主要吃直径较小的卵(平均卵直径= 24 mm)，这表明相对猎物体积是这些相互作用的重要约束。因此，我们预计其他以鸟类为食的蛇可能主要包括与我们的综述中反映的同类和生态相似的物种。通过了解哪些蛇吃鸟蛋，未来的研究可以在研究蛇捕食鸟蛋的生态影响时考虑物种和地点特定的假设。这些结果也可以告诉保护从业者鸟巢成功变化的原因和后果，这可能有助于在设计保护管理计划时做出决策。De la presa es una restricción importante De estas interacciones。穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷，穷。conciendo cuales特别消费的huevos de aves，工作室的未来应该考虑hipótesis的特殊情况，特别调查的损失效应ecológicos de la depredación de huevos de aves穷人的serpientes。Esos的结果是，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，在过去的几个月里，人们一直在做决定。

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引用次数: 2

Cormorant abundance, diet, and foraging habits in Arizona 亚利桑那州鸬鹚的数量、饮食和觅食习惯

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00141-930306

Larisa E. Harding, Jacob I. Mesler

引用次数: 1

Quantification of physiological aging criteria utilizing window strike data 利用窗击数据量化生理老化标准

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00220-930412

E. Rhodes, Joel A. Borden, John McCreadie

引用次数: 0

Nest predation risk influences the Varied Tit’s life history strategy in response to temperature and precipitation 巢捕食风险影响了变山雀对温度和降水的生活史策略

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00186-930407

Yiting Jiang, Fanmei Shang, Xiaocui Ma, Dongmei Wan

引用次数: 0

A surveillance camera reveals season-long nesting activities and behaviors at a nest of the Northern Black Swift (Cypseloides niger borealis) 监控摄像机显示了北黑雨燕(cyseloides niger borealis)整个季节的筑巢活动和行为。

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00187-930410

C. Gunn

引用次数: 1

Diurnal and nocturnal movements of Kori Bustards in the Serengeti ecosystem 塞伦盖蒂生态系统中Kori鸨的昼夜活动

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00188-930409

E. C. Mmassy, P. Ranke, Nicephor Lesio, C. Jackson, R. May, E. Røskaft

引用次数: 0

Capture height biases for birds in mist-nets vary by taxon, season, and foraging guild in northern California 在加利福尼亚北部，雾网捕获鸟类的高度偏差因分类群、季节和觅食行会而异

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00021-930101

D. J. Tattoni, Katie LaBarbera

Mist-netting is a widely used technique for capturing birds to estimate abundance, demography, and population trends. Investigators in most studies use primarily or only ground-level mist-nets that extend < 3 m vertically. Therefore, data analyses require assumptions that the degree to which birds of interest occupy unsampled vertical space is unrelated to variables of interest, e.g., age structure, sex ratio, arrival and departure dates, and probability of recapture. Despite the widespread use of analyses based on these assumptions, they have rarely been tested. We analyzed capture data from paired ground-level and elevated (~3–5 m above the ground) mist-nets from 1993 to 2020 at Coyote Creek Field Station in Milpitas, CA, USA. Because capture height biases are driven by behavior, we expected that they may vary by net location, foraging guild, capture history, age, sex, and season. We built binomial models in a Bayesian framework to analyze the effects of these variables. Of 43 taxa, 13 were biased toward capture in elevated nets and seven toward capture in ground-level nets. These biases showed little variation among three net locations. Capture height biases were largely consistent with the documented heights of different foraging guilds. In one taxon, recaptured birds were more likely to be captured in elevated nets, possibly because of net avoidance or differences between overwintering and transient individuals. Only one taxon each exhibited either a sex or age effect on capture height. We found seasonal patterns in capture height for five taxa including residents and shortand long-distance migrants. Our results demonstrate that capture height biases were present at our research site and that the standard practice of deploying only ground-level nets may bias data in ways not generally recognized. Further study of these biases could improve mist-netting methods and increase the value of bird banding data. RESUMEN. La captura de aves con redes de niebla es una técnica ampliamente utilizada para estimar la abundancia demografía y tendencias poblacionales. En la mayoría de los estudios, los investigadores utilizan redes de niebla al nivel del suelo que se extienden < 3 m verticalmente. Por lo tanto, el análisis de datos requiere de supuestos como que el grado en el cual las aves de interés ocupan el espacio vertical no muestreado no se encuentra relacionado con las variables de interés, e.g., estructura de edad, la proporción de sexos, fechas de llegada y de partida y probabilidad de recaptura. A pesar del uso común de los análisis que se basan en dichos supuestos, estos raramente han sido puestos a prueba. Analizamos datos de captura con redes de niebla pareadas a nivel del suelo y elevadas (~3– 5 m por encima del suelo) entre 1993 y 2020 en la estación de campo de Coyote Creek en Milpitas, CA, EEUU. Debido a que los sesgos en la altura de la captura están determinados por el comportamiento, esperamos que estos pueden variar por la ubicación de

雾网是一种广泛使用的捕捉鸟类的技术，用于估计鸟类的丰度、人口统计和种群趋势。在大多数研究中，研究人员主要或仅使用垂直延伸< 3米的地面雾网。因此，数据分析需要假设感兴趣的鸟类占据未采样垂直空间的程度与感兴趣的变量无关，例如年龄结构、性别比例、到达和离开日期以及重新捕获的概率。尽管基于这些假设的分析被广泛使用，但它们很少得到检验。我们分析了1993年至2020年美国加利福尼亚州米尔皮塔斯Coyote Creek Field Station成对地面和高架(~ 3-5 m以上)雾网的捕获数据。由于捕获高度偏差是由行为驱动的，我们预计它们可能因净位置、觅食行会、捕获历史、年龄、性别和季节而变化。我们在贝叶斯框架中建立了二项模型来分析这些变量的影响。43个分类群中，13个倾向于高架网捕，7个倾向于地网捕。这些偏差在三个网络位置之间几乎没有变化。捕获高度偏差在很大程度上与不同觅食行会记录的高度一致。在一个分类单元中，被重新捕获的鸟类更有可能被高架网捕获，这可能是因为躲避网或越冬个体和短暂个体之间的差异。只有一个分类单元对捕获高度表现出性别或年龄的影响。发现了5个类群捕获高度的季节变化规律，包括留鸟、短途和长途候鸟。我们的研究结果表明，在我们的研究地点存在捕获高度偏差，并且仅部署地面网的标准做法可能以不被普遍认识的方式偏差数据。进一步研究这些偏差可以改进雾网方法，提高鸟类带带数据的价值。RESUMEN。《收集数据的办法》是指:根据潜在的趋势，通过扩大利用和对大量数据的估计(demografía)来获取数据。在mayoría建筑工作室中，建筑师利用了建筑内部的空间，并设计了一个垂直延伸小于3米的空间。1 .从总体上看，数据分析要求从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从总体上考虑，从概率上考虑。一个pesar del uso común de los análisis que se basan en dichos supuestos, estos aramente and sido questos A prueba。从1993年到2020年，从加利福尼亚Milpitas的Coyote Creek的campo de campo到Coyote Creek捕获的Analizamos数据包含了从海拔高度(~3 - 5 m)到海拔高度(~3 - 5 m)的数据。Debido a que los sesgos en la altura de la captura están determinados por el comcomiento, esperamos que estos pueden variar por la ubicación de la red, gremio de forrajeo, history de capturas, edad, sexo y estación。基于贝叶斯亚诺的二元模型分析了两个变量的拟合损失效应。De los 43个分类单元13 estuvieron sesgados hacia la captura en红色分类y siete hacia la captura en或del suelo红。从不同的角度看，不同的角度是不同的，不同的角度是不同的。在taxón，我们可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体，可能会重新捕获个体。Solo untaxón, most stro cada uno, effects of sexo，和sorbre la altura de la capture。Encontramos patronones estacionales en la altura de la capture para cinco taxones包括本地居民和长距离迁徙的移民。新结果显示了新情况下的新情况，新结果显示了新情况下的新情况，新情况下的新情况显示了新情况，新情况下的新情况显示了新情况，新情况下的新情况显示了新情况，新情况下的新情况显示了新情况。Estudios futuros sobre los sesgos被称为“mejorar los”、“前程前程”、“前程前程”、“前程前程”和“前程前程”。

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引用次数: 2

Foraging and roosting habitat of Eastern Whip-poor-wills in the northeastern United States 美国东北部东部鞭穷鼬的觅食和栖息栖息地

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00057-930106

K. J. Spiller, David I. King, Jeffrey S. Bolsinger

The Eastern Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus: hereafter whip-poor-will) has been declining from historical population levels throughout its range in the northeast. Although whip-poor-wills have been reported to use a variety of habitats, most recent studies have associated whip-poor-wills with open canopy habitats, such as early-successional habitats or forest edges. However, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of whip-poor-wills’ habitat associations. For example, historical accounts state that whip-poor-wills roost and nest in forest and forage in openings, and thus, managers advocate the juxtaposition of habitats based on this supposition. Nevertheless, a quantitative evaluation of the habitat used for these activities is lacking. For this reason, we radiotracked 10 adult whip-poor-wills using radio telemetry in upstate New York and collected vegetation measurements at a subset at these points where the birds were either foraging at night or roosting during the day, as well as at any identified nest sites. Comparisons of the vegetation measurements revealed that foraging habitat was significantly more open than roosting habitat, as foraging habitat had lower tree density, basal area, and understory height. Contrary to historical accounts, the few nest sites found in this study were located in areas that had low basal area, similar to the habitat at foraging locations. These results suggest that although creating more opencanopy habitat may benefit whip-poor-wills by providing suitable foraging habitat, and potentially nesting habitat, maintaining denser forest within proximity to these open areas may also provide valuable cover for roosting whip-poor-wills. RESUMEN. El pato silbador oriental (Antrostomus vociferus) ha disminuido su población comparada con niveles históricos en toda su área de distribución en el noreste. Aunque se ha informado que A. vociferus utilizan diversos hábitats, la mayoría de los estudios recientes han asociado a A. vociferus con hábitats de dosel abierto, como los hábitats de transición temprana o los bordes de los bosques. Sin embargo, siguen existiendo importantes vacíos en nuestro conocimiento de las asociaciones de hábitat por parte de especies de este género. Por ejemplo, los relatos históricos afirman que A. vociferus se perchaba y anidaba en el bosque y se alimentaba en los claros, por lo que los gestores abogan por la yuxtaposición de hábitats basándose en esta suposición. Sin embargo, se carece de una evaluación cuantitativa del uso hábitat para estas actividades. Por este motivo, hemos puesto radios en 10 adultos de A. vociferus para utilizar radiotelemetría en el norte del estado de Nueva York y hemos colectado mediciones de la vegetación en un subconjunto de estos puntos en los que los pájaros buscaban comida por la noche o se perchaban durante el día, así como en los lugares de nidificación identificados. Las comparaciones de las mediciones de la vegetación revelaron que el hábitat de

东部鞭-穷鼬(Antrostomus vociferus:以下简称鞭-穷鼬)在其东北部分布范围内的种群数量已从历史水平下降。尽管有报道称鞭子-穷人意志使用各种栖息地，但最近的大多数研究都将鞭子-穷人意志与开放的冠层栖息地联系起来，如早期演替栖息地或森林边缘。然而，我们对鞭子-穷人的栖息地关联的理解仍然存在很大的差距。例如，历史记载表明，鞭打-贫穷的意志栖息和巢在森林和饲料在开放，因此，管理者提倡栖息地并列基于这一假设。然而，缺乏对用于这些活动的生境的定量评价。出于这个原因，我们在纽约州北部使用无线电遥测技术对10只成年鞭鸟进行了无线电跟踪，并在这些鸟类夜间觅食或白天栖息的地方以及任何已确定的筑巢地点收集了植被测量数据。植被测量结果表明，取食生境比栖息生境开阔，取食生境的树密度、基面积和林下高度均较低。与历史记录相反，本研究中发现的少数筑巢地点位于基底面积较低的地区，与觅食地点的栖息地相似。这些结果表明，尽管创造更多的开放栖息地可能通过提供合适的觅食栖息地和潜在的筑巢栖息地而有利于鞭贫遗嘱，但在这些开放区域附近保持茂密的森林也可能为栖息的鞭贫遗嘱提供有价值的掩护。RESUMEN。El pato silbador oriental (Antrostomus vociferus) ha disminuido su población comparada con niveles históricos en toda su área de distribución en El noreste。unique se as informado que a . vociferus utilizan diversos hábitats, la mayoría de los studios recies, a . associado a . vociferus con hábitats de dosel aberto, como los hábitats de transición temprana o los bordes de vociferus。在禁运期间，已签署的现有重要文件vacíos已签署的重要文件hábitat已签署的重要文件已签署的重要文件已签署hábitat已签署的重要文件已签署。穷ejemploo，穷亲戚históricos afirman que A. vociferus se perchaba y anidaba en el bosque y se alimentaba en los claros，穷lo que los gestores abogan穷la yuxtaposición de hábitats basándose en esta suposición。在禁运期间，我们必须谨慎地采取措施evaluación量化地使用hábitat para - estas活动。为什么埃斯特motivo,麻puesto收音机在10 adultos de a vociferus对位utilizar radiotelemetria en el北del estado de Nueva纽约y麻colectado mediciones de la vegetacion en联合国subconjunto de来说分在洛杉矶,洛杉矶pajaros buscaban comida关于noche o se perchaban杜兰特el dia, asi科莫在洛杉矶卢格de nidificacion identificados。拉斯维加斯comparaciones de Las mediciones de la vegetacion revelaron, el栖息地de busqueda de alimento时代significativamente mas开着el栖息地de树胶,丫,el栖息地de busqueda de alimento绦虫menor densidad de arboles y altura del sotobosque地区基底。Contrario a los registros histórico, los pocos lugares de nidificación encontros en este estudio se encontraban en zonas con una baja área basal，类似于al hábitat de los lugares de alimentación。且resultados sugieren, aunque de联合国生境de la creacion dosel mas开着测试beneficiar a . Vociferus al proporcionarles联合国生境alimentacion adecuado y, potencialmente,联合国生境de nidificacion el mantenimiento de联合国博斯克mas电装在拉斯维加斯proximidades de是带abiertas也proporcionar una valiosa cobertura对位las屎de Vociferus。

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引用次数: 1

Regional song dialects of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet 红宝石冠小王的地方歌曲方言

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00120-930206

E. Pandolfino, L. Douglas

. We used archived recordings of Ruby-crowned Kinglet ( Corthylio calendula ) songs to examine characteristics of the song, repertoire size, and regional dialects across the species’ breeding range and to assess possible cultural evolution in dialects. Using recordings of 313 individuals, we confirmed that individuals have a single song type and that there are distinct regional song dialects. Our examination of phrases that form the last of this species’ 3-part song revealed 43 different phrase types. We defined seven regions based on geographic features, ecoregions, and obvious clustering of particular phrase types. An eighth region corresponded to the published range of the subspecies C. c. grinnellii , coastal southern Alaska and the British Columbia coast. In each of those regions, two to three phrase types dominated and were found exclusively or primarily within a single region. Our finding of regional dialects confirms that the song of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet is, at least with respect to this phrase, learned rather than innate. In species, such as this kinglet that sing during migration or in their non-breeding range, mapped dialects can help reveal migration strategy and migratory connectivity. Monitoring changes in dialects over time can confirm cultural evolution and shed light on both the timing and location of song learning. RESUMEN

．我们使用了红宝石冠小雀(Corthylio calendula)歌曲的存档录音来研究该物种繁殖范围内的歌曲特征、曲目大小和区域方言，并评估方言可能的文化进化。通过对313个个体的录音，我们证实了个体具有单一的歌曲类型，并且存在明显的区域歌曲方言。我们研究了这一物种的三部分歌曲的最后一部分，发现了43种不同的短语类型。我们根据地理特征、生态区域和特定短语类型的明显聚类划分了7个区域。第八个区域对应于已公布的亚种C. C. grinnellii的分布范围，阿拉斯加南部沿海和不列颠哥伦比亚海岸。在每个区域中，两到三种短语类型占主导地位，并且完全或主要在一个区域内发现。我们对地方方言的发现证实，至少就这个短语而言，红宝石冠小王的歌声是习得的，而不是天生的。在迁徙过程中或在非繁殖地鸣叫的物种中，比如这只小kinglet，绘制出的方言地图可以帮助揭示迁徙策略和迁徙连通性。监测方言随时间的变化可以确认文化演变，并阐明歌曲学习的时间和地点。RESUMEN

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引用次数: 1

Parental care in a sexually monomorphic Picid, the Red-headed Woodpecker 雌雄同构的红头啄木鸟的亲代照料

IF 0.9 4区生物学 Q3 Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Journal of Field Ornithology

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00089-930203

L. Walter, C. Viverette, L. Bulluck

. Parental care is energetically costly and is thus shared by parents in many bird species. Little is known about how parental care is shared in pairs of sexually monomorphic species. Red-headed Woodpeckers ( Melanerpes erythrocephalus ) are a sexually monomorphic and socially monogamous species in an almost exclusively dimorphic family (> 99% of species; Picidae). We assessed duration of diurnal incubation and brooding and frequency of nestling provisioning and nest cleaning for individually marked breeding Red-headed Woodpeckers at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia, USA. Individuals were genetically sexed using DNA from feather samples. In addition to parent sex, we evaluated the influence of nestling characteristics (brood size and nestling age) and exogenous factors (habitat type, date, and maximum daily temperature) on parental care behaviors. We recorded and analyzed video at nests during the incubation and nestling stages. We found that females diurnally incubate more than males and males almost exclusively remove fecal sacs from nests. Using generalized linear mixed models, we found females brood young nestlings more than males, but males are the only parent to enter the cavity when chicks are > 10 days old. We found provisioning peaked during the middle of the nestling period, and provisioning frequency was higher in early summer (before 7 July) compared to late summer. The seasonal reduction in provisioning could be related to resource availability but warrants further study. This division of reproductive roles is common in dimorphic

．亲代抚育在能量上是昂贵的，因此在许多鸟类物种中是由父母共同承担的。对于两性单一性的物种是如何分担亲代抚育的，我们知之甚少。红头啄木鸟(Melanerpes erythrocephalus)是一种性别单态和社会一夫一妻制的物种，几乎完全是二态家族(占物种的99%;啄木鸟)。在美国弗吉尼亚州的Fort A.P. Hill，我们评估了单独标记的繁殖红头啄木鸟的白天孵化和产卵时间、雏鸟喂养频率和巢清洁频率。利用羽毛样本中的DNA对个体进行基因性别鉴定。除亲代性别外，我们还评估了雏鸟特征(雏鸟数量和雏鸟年龄)和外源因素(栖息地类型、日期和最高日温度)对亲代育儿行为的影响。我们记录并分析了巢内孵化和雏鸟阶段的视频。我们发现雌性每天比雄性孵化更多，雄性几乎完全从巢穴中清除粪便。利用广义线性混合模型，我们发现雌性比雄性孵出更多的雏鸟，但在雏鸟出生后10天，雄性是唯一进入巢腔的父母。我们发现，在雏鸟的育雏期中期，提供食物的频率最高，而在夏初(7月7日之前)提供食物的频率高于夏末。供应的季节性减少可能与资源供应有关，但值得进一步研究。这种生殖角色的划分在二态动物中很常见

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引用次数: 0