Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00050-930104
Mercille Nguyen, Catherine McGrath, Caitlin R. McNamara, Alex Van Huynh
. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important signaling compounds released by plants upon wounding. These compounds have been shown to mediate tritrophic interactions in recruiting insect predators and parasitoids. Recent work has begun to show that avian species, which were once thought to have a very limited sense of smell, can cue in on these HIPVs to find insect prey. Here, we test the ability for two general HIPVs, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, to recruit avian predators. We test the recruitment efficacies of these HIPVs across four different host plant species, black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), red maple ( Acer rubum ), cattail ( Typha latifolia ), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), and use clay caterpillars to quantify predation by insectivorous birds. We found no significant differences in predation between treatment groups across any of our host plants. However, there was a nearly significant effect of methyl salicylate in black-walnut trees. Interestingly, our results did show a significant effect of host plant species on predation levels. The two tree species, particularly black walnut, had higher levels of predation than the herbaceous species. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest a number of ideas and suggestions for future studies investigating the role of HIPVs in attracting insectivorous birds. particularmente el nogal negro, tuvieron niveles más altos de depredación que las especies herbáceas. Discutimos las implicaciones de estos resultados y sugerimos una serie de ideas y sugerencias para futuros estudios que investiguen el papel de los HIPV en la atracción de aves insectívoras.
。草食诱导植物挥发物(HIPVs)是植物受伤后释放的重要信号化合物。这些化合物已被证明在招募昆虫捕食者和寄生蜂中介导三营养相互作用。最近的研究已经开始表明，曾经被认为嗅觉非常有限的鸟类，可以根据这些hipv来寻找昆虫猎物。在这里，我们测试了两种常见的hipv，茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸甲酯，招募鸟类捕食者的能力。我们测试了这些hipv在四种不同寄主植物——黑胡桃(Juglans nigra)、红枫(Acer rubum)、香蒲(Typha latifolia)和小麦(Triticum aestivum)上的招募效率，并使用粘土毛虫量化食虫鸟类的捕食。我们发现在任何寄主植物的处理组之间的捕食没有显著差异。而水杨酸甲酯对黑核桃树的防治效果接近显著。有趣的是，我们的研究结果确实显示了寄主植物物种对捕食水平的显著影响。这两种树种，尤其是黑核桃，比草本树种有更高的捕食水平。我们讨论了这些结果的意义，并对未来研究hipv在吸引食虫鸟类中的作用提出了一些想法和建议。特别的是，如果你是黑人，那么你就会发现:más altos de depredación que las species herbáceas。讨论了研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，未来的研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义，研究成果的意义。
{"title":"Tritrophic interactions with avian predators: the effect of host plant species and herbivore-induced plant volatiles on recruiting avian predators","authors":"Mercille Nguyen, Catherine McGrath, Caitlin R. McNamara, Alex Van Huynh","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00050-930104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00050-930104","url":null,"abstract":". Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are important signaling compounds released by plants upon wounding. These compounds have been shown to mediate tritrophic interactions in recruiting insect predators and parasitoids. Recent work has begun to show that avian species, which were once thought to have a very limited sense of smell, can cue in on these HIPVs to find insect prey. Here, we test the ability for two general HIPVs, methyl jasmonate and methyl salicylate, to recruit avian predators. We test the recruitment efficacies of these HIPVs across four different host plant species, black walnut ( Juglans nigra ), red maple ( Acer rubum ), cattail ( Typha latifolia ), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum ), and use clay caterpillars to quantify predation by insectivorous birds. We found no significant differences in predation between treatment groups across any of our host plants. However, there was a nearly significant effect of methyl salicylate in black-walnut trees. Interestingly, our results did show a significant effect of host plant species on predation levels. The two tree species, particularly black walnut, had higher levels of predation than the herbaceous species. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest a number of ideas and suggestions for future studies investigating the role of HIPVs in attracting insectivorous birds. particularmente el nogal negro, tuvieron niveles más altos de depredación que las especies herbáceas. Discutimos las implicaciones de estos resultados y sugerimos una serie de ideas y sugerencias para futuros estudios que investiguen el papel de los HIPV en la atracción de aves insectívoras.","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71041252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00077-930109
E. A. Hunter, Abigail W. Dwire, T. Schneider
Grassland birds are among the fastest declining avian species in North America, primarily due to habitat loss. In the southeastern United States, much grassland and open savanna habitat has been converted to timber production or agriculture, neither of which typically provides habitat for breeding or wintering grassland birds. Powerline right-of-ways could provide suitable habitat for many grassland species because these areas are maintained to be treeless. We studied the population dynamics of Henslow's Sparrows (Centronyx henslowii) wintering in powerline right-of-ways in southeastern Georgia through an 11-year mark-recapture study. We used a robust design Cormack-Jolly-Seber model to estimate probability of detection and apparent survival. Abundance varied substantially among years at each site, with density varying from 1.7 to 8.5 birds/ha. Within-year detection probability was moderately high at 28% (24-33%, 95% credible interval [CI]), but apparent survival was very low at 13% (9-17%, 95% CI). This low apparent survival was likely due to low return rates (and not necessarily low survival). However, birds that did return to the study sites had extremely high site fidelity, with 82% of across-year recaptures < 200 m apart. This apparent incongruity between low apparent survival rates (likely due to emigration from the study sites) and high site fidelity for returning individuals could be explained by the dependability of the rightof-way habitat, which differs from typically patchy and temporally variable grassland and savanna wintering habitats. Dependable habitat may allow for higher site fidelity than this species would otherwise have, potentially resulting in the high densities we observed. Thousands of miles of right-of-ways in Georgia, and other southeastern states, could be managed to maximize potential habitat for declining grassland bird species. RESUMEN. Las aves de pastizal se encuentran entre las especies de aves que más rápidamente están disminuyendo en Norteamérica, debido principalmente a la pérdida de hábitat. En el sureste de Estados Unidos, una gran parte del hábitat de pastizal y de sabana abierta se ha convertido a la producción maderera o a la agricultura, que en ningún caso proporcionan hábitat apropiado para las aves de pastizal en época reproductiva o de invernada. Los derechos de paso de las líneas eléctricas podrían proporcionar un hábitat adecuado para muchas especies de pastizales, ya que estas zonas se mantienen sin árboles. Estudiamos la dinámica poblacional del gorrión de Henslow (Centronyx henslowii) en los derechos de paso de las líneas eléctricas en el sureste de Georgia durante la invernada, mediante un estudio de marcado y recaptura de 11 años. Se utilizó un modelo de diseño robusto Cormack-Jolly-Seber para estimar la probabilidad de detección y la supervivencia aparente. La abundancia varió sustancialmente entre años para cada sitio, con una densidad que osciló entre 1,7 y 8,5 aves/ha. La probabilidad de de
草原鸟类是北美减少最快的鸟类之一，主要是由于栖息地的丧失。在美国东南部，许多草原和开阔的热带稀树草原栖息地已经转变为木材生产或农业，这两者通常都不为草原鸟类提供繁殖或越冬的栖息地。电力线的通行权可以为许多草原物种提供合适的栖息地，因为这些地区一直没有树木。我们通过一项为期11年的标记再捕获研究，研究了在佐治亚州东南部电力线路权过冬的亨斯洛麻雀(Centronyx henslowii)的种群动态。我们使用稳健设计Cormack-Jolly-Seber模型来估计检测概率和表观存活率。每个地点的丰度在不同年份之间变化很大，密度在1.7 - 8.5只/公顷之间。年内发现概率中等，为28%(24-33%，95%可信区间[CI])，但表观生存率非常低，为13% (9-17%，95% CI)。这种低表面存活率可能是由于低回报率(不一定是低存活率)。然而，返回研究地点的鸟类具有极高的地点保真度，82%的跨年重新捕获间隔< 200米。这种低存活率(可能是由于从研究地点迁徙而来)和高地点保真度之间的明显不一致，可以用右侧栖息地的可靠性来解释，右侧栖息地不同于典型的斑块状和时间变化的草原和稀树草原越冬栖息地。可靠的栖息地可能比该物种拥有更高的场地保真度，可能导致我们观察到的高密度。在乔治亚州和其他东南部各州，数千英里的路权可以被管理，以最大限度地提高草地鸟类物种的潜在栖息地。RESUMEN。最后一项任务是将所有的任务都集中在más rápidamente están上，并将所有的任务都集中在hábitat上。在巴西和巴西之间，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡，通过农业和农业的过渡。Los desechos de paso de las líneas elsamicicas podrían proporciar和hábitat adecuado para as as especes de pasicales, ya que estas zonas se mantienen in árboles。阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷阿根廷使用utilizó unmodelo de diseño鲁棒Cormack-Jolly-Seber参数估计detección的概率。La abundance varió实质性中心años para cada情况，con una densidad que osciló中心1,7至8,5公顷。La probabilidad de detección dentro del año fue moderadamente alta, de un 28% (24-33%， intervalo de credibilidad [IC] del 95%)， pero La supervivencia apte fute muy baja, un 13% (9-17%， IC del 95%)。Esta baja supervivencia apparte se debió probablemente a las bajas tasas de retorno(没有必要的修正a la baja supervivencia)在禁运期间，aquellas已经建立了一个独立的区域，一个独立的区域，一个独立的区域，一个独立的区域，一个200米距离的区域，包含82%的区域。Esta aparente incongruence entre las bajas tasas de supervivencia parentes (probablemente debidas a la emigración de los lugares de estudio)， la alta fidelidad al lugar de los individuo que regresan podría显式贫穷la fiabilidad del hábitat de derecho de paso, que diere de los hábitats de invernada de pasgales y sabanas, que se presentan típicamente como parches y son variables tempormente。特别要指出的是，hábitat llevaría和其他地方的市长的忠诚关系，特别是daría的忠诚关系和其他地方的忠诚关系。Los miles de millas de Los derechos de passo en Georgia, y en otros estados del surestes, podrían manejass de manera de maximizar, hábitat潜在的las species de pastizen en decdeces。
{"title":"Demography and site fidelity of a grassland bird, the Henslow's Sparrow, in powerline right-of-way habitat","authors":"E. A. Hunter, Abigail W. Dwire, T. Schneider","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00077-930109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00077-930109","url":null,"abstract":"Grassland birds are among the fastest declining avian species in North America, primarily due to habitat loss. In the southeastern United States, much grassland and open savanna habitat has been converted to timber production or agriculture, neither of which typically provides habitat for breeding or wintering grassland birds. Powerline right-of-ways could provide suitable habitat for many grassland species because these areas are maintained to be treeless. We studied the population dynamics of Henslow's Sparrows (Centronyx henslowii) wintering in powerline right-of-ways in southeastern Georgia through an 11-year mark-recapture study. We used a robust design Cormack-Jolly-Seber model to estimate probability of detection and apparent survival. Abundance varied substantially among years at each site, with density varying from 1.7 to 8.5 birds/ha. Within-year detection probability was moderately high at 28% (24-33%, 95% credible interval [CI]), but apparent survival was very low at 13% (9-17%, 95% CI). This low apparent survival was likely due to low return rates (and not necessarily low survival). However, birds that did return to the study sites had extremely high site fidelity, with 82% of across-year recaptures < 200 m apart. This apparent incongruity between low apparent survival rates (likely due to emigration from the study sites) and high site fidelity for returning individuals could be explained by the dependability of the rightof-way habitat, which differs from typically patchy and temporally variable grassland and savanna wintering habitats. Dependable habitat may allow for higher site fidelity than this species would otherwise have, potentially resulting in the high densities we observed. Thousands of miles of right-of-ways in Georgia, and other southeastern states, could be managed to maximize potential habitat for declining grassland bird species. RESUMEN. Las aves de pastizal se encuentran entre las especies de aves que más rápidamente están disminuyendo en Norteamérica, debido principalmente a la pérdida de hábitat. En el sureste de Estados Unidos, una gran parte del hábitat de pastizal y de sabana abierta se ha convertido a la producción maderera o a la agricultura, que en ningún caso proporcionan hábitat apropiado para las aves de pastizal en época reproductiva o de invernada. Los derechos de paso de las líneas eléctricas podrían proporcionar un hábitat adecuado para muchas especies de pastizales, ya que estas zonas se mantienen sin árboles. Estudiamos la dinámica poblacional del gorrión de Henslow (Centronyx henslowii) en los derechos de paso de las líneas eléctricas en el sureste de Georgia durante la invernada, mediante un estudio de marcado y recaptura de 11 años. Se utilizó un modelo de diseño robusto Cormack-Jolly-Seber para estimar la probabilidad de detección y la supervivencia aparente. La abundancia varió sustancialmente entre años para cada sitio, con una densidad que osciló entre 1,7 y 8,5 aves/ha. La probabilidad de de","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71041555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00134-930305
A. Brunner, Bryant C. Dossman, V. Jirinec, Katie L. Percy, C. Tonra, Erik I. Johnson, P. Marra
{"title":"Migratory behavior and connectivity revealed in a secretive Neotropical migratory songbird, the Swainson’s Warbler","authors":"A. Brunner, Bryant C. Dossman, V. Jirinec, Katie L. Percy, C. Tonra, Erik I. Johnson, P. Marra","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00134-930305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00134-930305","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71041974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00172-930304
Ryan S. Call, D. Shutler
{"title":"Risky foraging by Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis)","authors":"Ryan S. Call, D. Shutler","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00172-930304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00172-930304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71042302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00113-930208
Raphäel Nussbaumer, Lennox Kirao, F. Liechti, C. Jackson
{"title":"Using ringing data to inform geolocator deployment: a case study of the Red-capped Robin-chat Cossypha natalensis in East Africa","authors":"Raphäel Nussbaumer, Lennox Kirao, F. Liechti, C. Jackson","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00113-930208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00113-930208","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71041843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00178-930405
Rachel A. Vanausdall, D. Collins, W. Conway, Kevin J. Kraai, C. Mason, Jeffrey W. Gunnels
{"title":"Body condition and molt chronology of waterfowl in east central Texas","authors":"Rachel A. Vanausdall, D. Collins, W. Conway, Kevin J. Kraai, C. Mason, Jeffrey W. Gunnels","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00178-930405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00178-930405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71042116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00180-930404
Abbigail M. Turner, Mark E. Hauber, D. Reichard
{"title":"Twenty-two years of brood parasitism data do not support the mafia hypothesis in an accepter host of the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater)","authors":"Abbigail M. Turner, Mark E. Hauber, D. Reichard","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00180-930404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00180-930404","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71042538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00122-930207
Andrew David Brown, F. Cuthbert, Alice Van Zoeren, Stephanie C. Schubel, E. Nol
{"title":"Long-distance dispersal in a recovering endangered shorebird population facilitates recolonization of historical nesting sites following decades of extirpation","authors":"Andrew David Brown, F. Cuthbert, Alice Van Zoeren, Stephanie C. Schubel, E. Nol","doi":"10.5751/jfo-00122-930207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5751/jfo-00122-930207","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Field Ornithology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71041633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00071-930107
Danielle R. Kaschube, J. Saracco, C. Ray, Christine M. Godwin, K. Foster, P. Pyle
. We examined variability in adult annual survival rate estimates for 33 breeding bird species, using 2011–2019 data from a 38-station Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survivorship (MAPS) program in Alberta, Canada. Using coefficient of variation (CV) as a metric, we provide recommendations for number of years a station should be operated and numbers of captures and between-year recaptures required to achieve acceptable levels of precision for adult survival estimation. Our primary aim was to provide minimum sample-size guidelines for MAPS banding station operators. The proportion of individual species × spatial scale scenarios for which we could obtain adult survival estimates, as well as the precision of those estimates, increased substantially once six years of data were collected, and we recommend six years as a target minimum level of continuity for banding station operation. Across 33 species analyzed, averages of 23.4 captures (3.9/yr) and 2.1 recaptures (0.4/yr) were needed to yield marginally precise survival estimates (CV of 20% to 30%, inclusive), while averages of 89.2 captures (14.9/yr) and 6.3 recaptures (1.1/yr) were needed to achieve more precise estimates (CV Para las 33 especies analizadas, se necesitaron en promedio 23,4 capturas (3,9/año) y 2,1 recapturas (0,4/año) para obtener estimaciones de supervivencia marginalmente precisas (CV del 20% al 30%, inclusivos), mientras que se necesitaron en promedio 89,2 capturas (14,9/año) y 6,3 recapturas (1,1/año) para lograr estimaciones más precisas (CV < 20%). Sugerimos estos datos como directrices para las tasas mínimas de captura y recaptura a escala de estaciones de anillamiento individuales y para grupos de estaciones, por ejemplo, múltiples estaciones operadas en un tipo de hábitat seleccionado o región de muestreo, respectivamente. Sin embargo, hay que tener en cuenta que el tamaño de muestra variará notablemente entre las especies. Por ejemplo, las estimaciones confiables de la supervivencia de especies con baja fidelidad interanual, e.g., Leiothlypis peregrina , no podrán obtenerse con ningún tamaño de muestra; mientras que las especies con alta fidelidad interanual y probabilidad de recaptura, por ejemplo, algunos atrapamoscas, mirlas, gorriones y reinitas, requerirán tamaños de muestra más pequeños que los propuestos aquí como directrices.
． 我们利用加拿大阿尔伯塔省38个站点的鸟类生产力和存活率监测(MAPS)项目2011-2019年的数据，研究了33种繁殖鸟类成年年存活率估计的变异性。使用变异系数(CV)作为度量，我们提供了一个站点应该运行的年数、捕获的数量和一年之间再捕获的数量，以达到可接受的成人生存估计精度水平的建议。我们的主要目的是为MAPS波段站运营商提供最小样本量指南。在收集了6年的数据后，可以获得成虫生存估计的单个物种×空间尺度情景的比例及其估计的精度大幅增加，我们建议将6年作为波段站运行的最小连续性目标水平。在分析的33个物种中，平均需要23.4次捕获(3.9/年)和2.1次再捕获(0.4/年)才能获得边缘精确的生存估计(CV为20%至30%，包括)，而平均需要89.2次捕获(14.9/年)和6.3次再捕获(1.1/年)才能获得更精确的估计(CV Para . 33 speciesanalizadas, se necesitaron en promedio 23,4次捕获(3,9/año)和2,1次捕获(0,4/año) Para . obtener estimaciones de supervivencia边缘精确估计(CV del 20%和30%)。包括(CV < 20%)， mientras que se necesitaron en promedio 89,2捕获(14,9/año)和6,3捕获(1,1/año) para logracaciones más精度(CV < 20%)。分别为:1 .在数据管理方面，分别为:mínimas捕获与重新捕获;1 .在数据管理方面，分别为:mínimas捕获与重新捕获;1 .在数据管理方面，分别为:mínimas捕获与重新捕获;1 .从数据管理方面，分别为:múltiples捕获与重新捕获;2 .重新捕获与重新捕获;从那时起，我们就一直在为我们的图书馆(tamaño de musestra vararintermente centre)提供服务。穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷穷Mientras que las especies conalta fidelidad interannual通过probabilidad de recaptura，贫穷的ejemploo, algunos atrapamoscas, mirlas, gorriones y reinitas, requerirán tamaños de muestra más pequeños que los propuestos aquí como指南。
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Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5751/jfo-00064-930102
W. Shoop, E. Tilson
In addition to feeding on fish at the water surface, the Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) exhibits a range of diving attacks that include a unique form of high plunge diving. The high plunge dive begins with normal, upright flight and with prey detection the Brown Pelican will shift into a dive and often complete an aerial 180 degree counterclockwise rotation of the body prior to water entry. After inverted water entry, the bird follows a simple but shallow 180 degree half-loop underwater and returns to the surface upright near where it entered, but in a direction opposite that of the original flight path. This curious plunge diving behavior has hitherto remained inexplicable but has similarities to the Split-S air combat maneuver in human aviation. The Split-S also begins with normal, upright flight that enters a 180 degree inverted dive and ends with a 180 degree half-loop. When used offensively in air combat the Split-S is a hunting tactic wherein a pilot identifies a target directly below and rolls 180 degrees to an inverted attitude. Inverted diving is one of the quickest ways to stop forward air speed and convert it to a downward direction. It also allows visual contact with a moving target throughout the dive. A 180 degree half-loop at the end naturally restores the 180 degree inversion to an upright attitude, albeit opposite to the original flight path. RESUMEN. Adicionalmente a alimentarse de peces en la superficie del agua, Pelecanus occidentalis, muestra una variedad de ataques, entre los cuales incluye una forma única de zambullirse desde la altura. La zambullida se inicia con un vuelo vertical normal y con la detección de la presa el pelícano se mueve hacia la posición de ataque y con frecuencia completa una rotación aérea del cuerpo de 180 grados en contra de las manecillas del reloj antes de entrar al agua. Luego de entrar al agua en posición invertida, el ave realiza media vuelta sumergida simple pero superficial de 180 grados y retorna a la superficie en posición vertical cerca del sitio de entrada, pero en dirección opuesta a la ruta de vuelo original. Este curioso comportamiento de la zambullida ha sido hasta el momento inexplicable pero tiene similitudes con la maniobra de combate de S dividida en aviación humana. La maniobra de la S dividida también comienza con el vuelo en posición vertical y entra en una zambullida en posición invertida de 180 grados que termina con media vuelta de 180 grados. Cuando es usada ofensivamente, la maniobra de combate de S dividida, es una táctica de cacería donde el piloto identifica el blanco directamente debajo y rueda 180 grados hacia una posición invertida. La zambullida invertida es una de las formas más rápidas de parar la velocidad del viento hacia adelante para convertirla en la dirección hacia abajo. También permite contacto visual con un blanco en movimiento a lo largo de la zambullida. La media vuelta de 180 grados al final, naturalmente recupera la inversión de 180 grados haci
除了捕食水面上的鱼类外，褐鹈鹕(pelenanus occidentalis)还展示了一系列的潜水攻击，包括一种独特的高空跳水。高俯冲开始于正常的直立飞行，随着猎物的发现，褐鹈鹕将转变为俯冲，通常在入水之前完成180度的空中逆时针旋转。倒立入水后，这种鸟在水下沿着一个简单而浅的180度半圈，垂直地回到水面，靠近它进入的地方，但方向与原来的飞行路径相反。这种奇特的俯冲行为至今仍无法解释，但与人类航空中的Split-S空战机动有相似之处。Split-S也以正常的垂直飞行开始，进入180度倒立俯冲，并以180度半圈结束。当在空战中用于进攻时，Split-S是一种狩猎战术，其中飞行员识别正下方的目标并旋转180度以倒立姿态。倒立跳水是一种最快的方法来停止前进的空气速度，并将其转换为一个向下的方向。它还允许在整个潜水过程中与移动目标进行视觉接触。最后的180度半环自然地将180度反转恢复到直立姿态，尽管与原始飞行路径相反。RESUMEN。行政管理部门和食品管理部门的行政管理部门包括:行政管理部门、行政管理部门、行政管理部门、行政管理部门、行政管理部门、行政管理部门、行政管理部门和行政管理部门。La zambullida se inicia反对联合国vuelo垂直正常y con La deteccion de La声部进入记号el pelicano se mueve hacia La posicion de即y con frecuencia completa una rotacion aerea del cuerpo 180多en魂斗罗de las manecillas del reloj都低于entrar阿瓜。Luego de entrar al agua en posición invertida，我们已经实现了media velelta sumergida，简单的perelta sumergida，表面的180层，通过反向和表面的posición垂直的cerca delsitio de entrada, perelen dirección opuesta la ruta de velo original。Este curioso comcomamiento de la amambullida, sido do有一个令人费解的人的瞬间，类似于与人类的战斗的人类分裂。3 .从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到纵向。广东是美国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织，中国的反垄断组织。这是一种倒置的情况，是一种形式的情况más rápidas是一种形式的情况，是一种形式的情况，是一种形式的情况，是一种形式的情况，是一种形式的情况。tamamacimen允许接触视觉和视觉上的接触，即使是在一个很大的地方也能看到。La media vuelta de 180 grados al final, naturalmente recupera La inversión de 180 grados hacia una posición vertical peren La dirección opuesta La traayectoria de vuelo original。
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