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Evidence of Modern Human Behavior in the Baikal Zone during the Early Upper Paleolithic Period 旧石器时代早期贝加尔湖地区现代人类行为的证据
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.12026
L. Lbova
The Baikal region is viewed as the easternmost territory where the Upper Paleolithic complex appeared the earliest. Its chronology is relevant in establishing the chronologies of its adjacent regions. The Baikal Upper Paleolithic sites are numerous and well-represented. The beginning of this period is well-defined as shown by the dated profiles, detailed technical or typological characteristics of industries, elements of symbolic activity, and subsistence strategies. This paper will present some archaeological evidence, retrieved from own excavations in the region, of Modern Human behavior in the area at around 40,000 BP.
贝加尔湖地区被认为是旧石器时代晚期建筑群最早出现的最东部地区。它的年代学对建立邻近地区的年代学具有重要意义。贝加尔湖旧石器时代晚期遗址数量众多,而且很有代表性。这一时期的开始是明确的,可以通过年代概况、工业的详细技术或类型特征、象征性活动元素和生存策略来显示。这篇论文将展示一些考古证据,这些证据是从该地区自己的发掘中检索到的,关于该地区大约4万年前的现代人类行为。
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引用次数: 14
Dvaravati, Si Thep, and Wendan. Dvaravati, Si Thep和Wendan。
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.10808
H. Woodward
The aim of this article is to better define the historical position of Wendan (Land Zhenla), an 8th-century kingdom known from Chinese sources, which had a capital in northeastern Thailand. The material evidence from Thailand, primarily in the form of Buddhist boundary stones, will not yield a coherent story until it is studied more deeply, with careful attention to issues of chronology. Architectural ruins in the Angkor region show that temple building (in contrast to what some have previously thought) fell off dramatically in about the second quarter of the 8th century, consistent with the hypothesis that the area fell under the domination of Wendan. For evidence that Angkor-region craftsmen were taken north by Wendan, it is necessary to look at sculpture and monumental remains taken from or remaining in Si Thep, a city likely to have stood west of Wendan’s political center. Evidence from the Delta region (“Water Zhenla”), finally, dating from the second half of the 8th century, reveals contact with Si Thep in this period and also indicates that at least some of the craftsmen who worked on Mt. Kulen (probably beginning prior to Jayavarman II’s coronation in 802) were likely to have been brought from this region.
本文的目的是更好地定义文丹(土地真拉)的历史地位,文丹是一个8世纪的王国,从中国的资料中得知,它的首都位于泰国东北部。来自泰国的物质证据,主要是佛教界石的形式,除非对其进行更深入的研究,并仔细关注年代学问题,否则不会产生一个连贯的故事。吴哥窟地区的建筑遗迹表明,寺庙建筑(与一些人之前认为的相反)在大约8世纪下半叶急剧下降,这与该地区被文丹统治的假设相一致。为了证明吴哥地区的工匠被文丹带到北方,有必要看看从思贴(Si Thep)取下或遗留下来的雕塑和纪念性遗迹,思贴可能位于文丹政治中心以西。最后,来自三角洲地区(“水镇拉”)的证据可以追溯到8世纪下半叶,揭示了在这一时期与斯泰普的接触,也表明至少有一些在库伦山上工作的工匠(可能在802年耶跋摩二世加冕之前开始)可能是从这个地区带来的。
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引用次数: 4
Ways of Seeing a Pyu, Mon and Dvaravati Artistic Continuum 看普、孟、婆罗瓦蒂艺术连续体的方式
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.10862
Charlotte Galloway
During the last 100 years artistic relationships between the Pyu and Mon of Burma and the Dvāravatī Mon of Thailand have been frequently hinted at yet until recently these ideas had not been explored further. In light of contemporary research, and in particular, relatively stable access to Burma, there is renewed interest in the cultures which inhabited the region extending from Upper Burma through Lower Burma and into central and south-west Thailand during the first millennium CE. Conventionally viewed as distinct cultural groups, on reappraising archaeological and historical research associated with the Pyu, Mon and Dvāravatī it is now suggested that these communities were more closely linked than traditionally thought. The art from these regions supports this. Buddhism was the common catalyst for visual culture and the artistic repertoires of the Pyu, Mon and Dvāravatī share many similarities. Examination of themes and styles which appear in the art of these cultures indicates there was a flow of ideas back and forth across the region, and likely beyond. The apparent openness of these groups to the integration of new ideas offers insight into the patterns of knowledge exchange and challenges preconceived notions of cultural division throughout this large region of mainland Southeast Asia.
在过去的100年里,缅甸的Pyu和Mon与泰国的Dvāravatī Mon之间的艺术关系经常被暗示,但直到最近,这些想法才得到进一步的探讨。根据当代的研究,特别是相对稳定的进入缅甸的途径,在公元第一个千年期间,人们对居住在从上缅甸到下缅甸并进入泰国中部和西南部的地区的文化重新产生了兴趣。传统上被视为不同的文化群体,在重新评估与Pyu, Mon和Dvāravatī相关的考古和历史研究后,现在认为这些社区比传统认为的更紧密相连。这些地区的艺术支持了这一点。佛教是视觉文化的共同催化剂,Pyu, Mon和Dvāravatī的艺术曲目有许多相似之处。对这些文化艺术中出现的主题和风格的研究表明,在整个地区,甚至可能在其他地区,思想之间存在着一种流动。这些群体对新思想融合的明显开放态度,提供了对知识交流模式的洞察,并挑战了整个东南亚大陆大片地区文化分裂的先入为主的观念。
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引用次数: 4
Explanations for patterning in the ‘package of traits’ of modern human behaviour within Sahul 在Sahul中解释现代人类行为的“一揽子特征”模式
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.12027
P. Habgood, Natalie R. Franklin
Late Pleistocene Sahul has provided a test for the debate surrounding the appearance of the ‘package’ of modern human behaviour within the archaeological record. A detailed review of the late Pleistocene archaeological record of Sahul (Franklin and Habgood 2007; Habgood and Franklin 2008) found both chronological and geographical patterning for the appearance of the individual traits - four broad Phases and seven ‘Zones of Innovation’. We consider potential causes for this patterning including taphonomy and artefact function, but conclude that it reflects material culture differences and cultural preferences.
晚更新世的Sahul为围绕考古记录中现代人类行为“一揽子”出现的争论提供了一个测试。对Sahul晚更新世考古记录的详细评述(Franklin and Habgood 2007;Habgood和Franklin(2008)发现了个体特征出现的时间和地理模式——四个大阶段和七个“创新区”。我们考虑了这种模式的潜在原因,包括埋藏学和人工功能,但结论是它反映了物质文化差异和文化偏好。
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引用次数: 4
Have We Overlooked Something? Hafting Traces and Indications of Modern Traits in the Philippine Palaeolithic 我们是否忽视了什么?菲律宾旧石器时代现代特征的哈夫廷痕迹和迹象
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.12029
A. Pawlik
Behavioural modernity has been a widely neglected topic for Southeast Asia’s Prehistory. Evidence of modern packages or even traits is basically absent in the Palaeolithic assemblages. This absence has considerably influenced the discussion of hominid behaviour and their cultural and cognitive abilities. In a case study on terminal Pleistocene artefacts from Ille Cave on Palawan Island, indications of the presence of several items of the modern trait list, foremost the first evidence of hafted lithic tools and the use of adhesives in the Philippine Palaeolithic, were detected through microwear analysis. The results showed that unretouched and morphologically less characteristic flaked artefacts often considered as mere expedient tools could have served as hafted armatures of multicomponent tools. For the ongoing discussion on the development and expansion of modern behaviour, methods like microwear analysis can enhance the limitations of traditional technological and morphological analysis of lithic assemblages.
行为现代性一直是东南亚史前史研究中一个被广泛忽视的话题。在旧石器时代的组合中基本上没有现代包装甚至特征的证据。这种缺失极大地影响了关于原始人行为及其文化和认知能力的讨论。在对巴拉望岛Ille洞穴的更新世晚期人工制品的案例研究中,通过微磨损分析发现了现代特征列表中存在的几个项目的迹象,最重要的是在菲律宾旧石器时代发现了有柄石器工具和粘合剂使用的第一个证据。结果表明,未经修饰和形态学特征较少的片状工件通常被认为是权宜之计工具,可以作为多组件工具的轴状电枢。对于正在进行的关于现代行为的发展和扩展的讨论,微磨损分析等方法可以增强传统技术和岩石组合形态分析的局限性。
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引用次数: 19
Pleistocene Modernity: An Exclusively Afro-European Issue? An Introduction to Session A1 更新世现代性:非欧独有的问题?会话A1简介
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.12028
M. Haidle, A. Pawlik
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引用次数: 8
Agriculture in Aboriginal Australia: Why Not? 澳大利亚原住民的农业:为什么不?
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.9978
I. Gilligan
Material and behavioural elements associated with the term Neolithic are almost completely absent in Australia. Among the few exceptions are the domesticated dog (originating in the Near East and reaching Australia by 3,500 years ago as the dingo), together with limited evidence for permanent settlements, food storage, long-distance trade and manipulation of wild resources in some areas. While it has been suggested that the latter developments represent independent local trends toward more complex societies that might have led to an Australian Neolithic if not for the arrival of Europeans, the Neolithic is essentially conspicuous by its absence. Particularly striking is the absence of agricultural practices, despite recent claims to the contrary. Also not present is another one of the original (though generally over-looked) defining attributes of the Neolithic: the weaving of textile fibres for clothing. Claims for indigenous Australian agriculture are reviewed here, and the few purported cases are found to be weak. An unconventional model for the transition to agriculture is presented, advocating a significant formative role for clothing, specifically textiles. This suggests that a typical absence of clothing (and total absence of textile clothing) provides a clue as to why agriculture did not develop in Australia.
与新石器时代相关的物质和行为元素在澳大利亚几乎完全不存在。为数不多的例外是驯养的狗(起源于近东,3500年前到达澳大利亚的野狗),以及一些地区永久定居、食物储存、长途贸易和操纵野生资源的有限证据。虽然有人认为,后一种发展代表了独立的地方走向更复杂社会的趋势,如果不是欧洲人的到来,这种趋势可能会导致澳大利亚新石器时代的出现,但新石器时代的缺失本质上是引人注目的。尤其引人注目的是没有农业实践,尽管最近有相反的说法。新石器时代的另一个原始特征(尽管通常被忽视了)也没有出现:纺织纤维的织造。对澳大利亚土著农业的索赔在这里进行了审查,并发现少数声称的案例是薄弱的。提出了一种非传统的向农业过渡的模式,提倡服装,特别是纺织品的重要形成作用。这表明,典型的服装缺失(以及完全没有纺织服装)为澳大利亚农业没有发展提供了线索。
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引用次数: 6
The Dvaravati Gap - Linking Prehistory and History in Early Thailand 德瓦瓦蒂缺口——连接泰国早期史前史和历史
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.10809
Ian G. Glover
The author’s principal research has mainly been in the field of Southeast Asian prehistoric archaeology rather than art history but one topic that has preoccupied me since I first excavated between 1980–1985 at the site of Ban Don Ta Phet in west-central Thailand is the relationships between the late prehistoric Iron Age cultures of Southeast Asia and the Indian influenced Buddhist and Hindu civilizations of the early first millennium of the present era and especially the Dvaravati Civilization of Central Thailand which occupied the same region as the late prehistoric Iron Age communities– albeit after an interval of several hundred years.
作者的主要研究领域主要是东南亚史前考古,而不是艺术史,但自从1980年至1985年在泰国中西部的Ban Don Ta Phet遗址进行首次发掘以来,我一直关注的一个主题是东南亚史前铁器时代晚期文化与当今时代第一个千年早期受印度影响的佛教和印度教文明之间的关系,特别是Dvaravati文明位于泰国中部,与史前铁器时代晚期的社区占据着相同的地区——尽管间隔了几百年。
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引用次数: 10
Identifying Behavioural Modernity: Lessons from Sahul 识别行为现代性:来自Sahul的教训
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.12030
M. Porr
This contribution is aimed at drawing attention to the fact that the current most widely accepted understanding of the origins of modern behaviour is very much dominated by Western concepts of the character of humanity. Here, it is briefly discussed that this understanding not only produces less than convincing results in the current discussion on ‘modern human origins’, but it is still plagued by problems that were already evident in the 18th and 19th centuries. It is suggested that these issues are connected to a simplistic and essentialist understanding of human historical development. The concept of ‘modernity’ inevitably produces a version of human history that is unilinear, Eurocentric and concentrates on the development and history of state societies. It is therefore suggested that 'modernity' in all its versions is very much counterproductive for our aim to understand the human past and present. It needs to be replaced by an understanding of organisms, humans and their environments as mutually constituting each other and as products of their situated becoming and not of essential (cognitive and/or genetic) and time-less qualities.
这篇文章的目的是提请人们注意这样一个事实,即目前对现代行为起源的最广泛接受的理解在很大程度上受西方关于人类特征的概念的支配。在这里,简要地讨论一下,这种理解不仅在当前关于“现代人类起源”的讨论中产生了不那么令人信服的结果,而且仍然受到18世纪和19世纪已经很明显的问题的困扰。有人认为,这些问题与对人类历史发展的简单化和本质主义的理解有关。“现代性”的概念不可避免地产生了一种单线的、以欧洲为中心的、集中于国家社会的发展和历史的人类历史。因此,有人认为,所有版本的“现代性”对我们理解人类的过去和现在的目标都是适得其反的。它需要被这样一种理解所取代:有机体、人类和他们的环境是相互构成的,是他们所处环境的产物,而不是本质的(认知的和/或遗传的)和永恒的品质。
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引用次数: 3
A Characterisation of Mortuary Ceramics from Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand 泰国东北部班农窟墓葬陶瓷的特征研究
Pub Date : 2011-07-09 DOI: 10.7152/BIPPA.V30I0.9968
Carmen Sarjeant
After numerous seasons of excavation, a long sequence of occupation has been revealed at Ban Non Wat in Northeast Thailand from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. In this paper, the results of a characterisation of ceramic vessels identified in burial contexts are provided. The studied sample included Bronze and Iron Age ceramics. The analysis involved a characterisation of morphology, surface treatment and the fabrics to uncover the technology for pottery manufacture at Ban Non Wat in prehistory. The fabric analysis of the clays and tempers was conducted with the electron microprobe. The results revealed two distinct manufacturing methods. The Bronze Age phase 2 and 3 burials were tempered with sand in almost all of the studied sherds, while fibre tempered ceramics were dominant in the assemblage in burials from Bronze Age phase 4 to the Iron Age phases. The adoption of fibre tempering appears to have taken place between Bronze Age 3 and 4 at Ban Non Wat, positing the earliest known use of this method on the Khorat Plateau at c.800 BC.
经过数个季节的挖掘,泰国东北部的班农寺从新石器时代到铁器时代的一长串占领序列被揭示出来。在本文中,提供了在埋葬环境中识别的陶瓷容器的表征结果。研究样本包括青铜和铁器时代的陶瓷。分析包括形态特征、表面处理和织物,以揭示史前班农窟陶器制造技术。用电子探针对粘土和回火料进行了结构分析。结果揭示了两种截然不同的制造方法。青铜时代第二阶段和第三阶段的墓葬几乎在所有研究的碎片中都用沙子回火,而从青铜时代第四阶段到铁器时代阶段的墓葬中,纤维回火陶瓷的组合占主导地位。纤维回火的采用似乎发生在青铜器时代3至4年间的班农寺,这表明这种方法的最早使用是在大约800年的呼拉特高原BC。
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引用次数: 1
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Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
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