Nafion 212 membrane was subjected to swelling–dehydration (SD) cycles, as a relevant operation condition for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The major degradation mechanism due to the treatment was found to be sulfonic group contamination with trace ion, rather than formation of sulfonic anhydride, which is a well-known degradation mechanism for Nafion® membranes under hydrothermal (HT) aging condition. The consequences of the degradation include decreasing water content, thickness, and surface fluoride and increasing resistance, dry weight, and a changed surface morphology. Ion selectivity of the sulfonic group was studied toward different fuel cell relevant conditions. It turned out that the sulfonic groups have much higher selectivity toward cations rather than neighbor sulfonic groups. Trace impurities in the liquid methanol feed in DMFC may therefore represent an important contamination source.
{"title":"The Importance of Ion Selectivity of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane for the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","authors":"S. M. Andersen","doi":"10.1115/1.4032430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032430","url":null,"abstract":"Nafion 212 membrane was subjected to swelling–dehydration (SD) cycles, as a relevant operation condition for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). The major degradation mechanism due to the treatment was found to be sulfonic group contamination with trace ion, rather than formation of sulfonic anhydride, which is a well-known degradation mechanism for Nafion® membranes under hydrothermal (HT) aging condition. The consequences of the degradation include decreasing water content, thickness, and surface fluoride and increasing resistance, dry weight, and a changed surface morphology. Ion selectivity of the sulfonic group was studied toward different fuel cell relevant conditions. It turned out that the sulfonic groups have much higher selectivity toward cations rather than neighbor sulfonic groups. Trace impurities in the liquid methanol feed in DMFC may therefore represent an important contamination source.","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4032430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63494745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Performance and Water Management Characteristics of a Bio-Inspired Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"Bhaskar P. Saripella, Ümit Özgür Köylü, M. Leu","doi":"10.1115/1.4032041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4032041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63493781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surface Treatments of Stainless Steel by Electroless Silver Coatings as a Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells","authors":"I. Huang, C. Hwang","doi":"10.1115/1.4031861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031861","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061001"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4031861","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63492740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Proper water management is required for the operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in order to maintain the critical balance between adequate membrane hydration and prevention of water flooding in the catalyst layer. In PEFCs, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is sandwiched between two gas diffusion layers (GDLs). In addition, a microporous layer (MPL) is generally applied to the GDL substrates for better water removal from the cathode catalyst layer. This paper is the first to report on an ex situ characterization method for water flooding in GDLs. As the humidity of O2 gas on the substrate side of the GDL was increased in incremental steps, O2 gas began to diffuse into the MPL side of the GDL. When the O2 relative humidity exceeded the dew point, water flooding was observed on the surface of the MPL and the O2 concentration dropped sharply because the O2 diffusion was suppressed by the produced liquid water. When comparing to the estimated mass transfer loss based on the actual polarization curves of an MEA using the GDL, it was found that the decrease in the O2 concentration on the MPL side of the GDL can be used as an index of water flooding in the PEFC.
{"title":"Ex Situ Characterization Method for Flooding in Gas Diffusion Layers and Membrane Electrode Assemblies With a Hydrophilic Gas Diffusion Layer","authors":"T. Tanuma","doi":"10.1115/1.4031917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031917","url":null,"abstract":"Proper water management is required for the operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in order to maintain the critical balance between adequate membrane hydration and prevention of water flooding in the catalyst layer. In PEFCs, the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is sandwiched between two gas diffusion layers (GDLs). In addition, a microporous layer (MPL) is generally applied to the GDL substrates for better water removal from the cathode catalyst layer. This paper is the first to report on an ex situ characterization method for water flooding in GDLs. As the humidity of O2 gas on the substrate side of the GDL was increased in incremental steps, O2 gas began to diffuse into the MPL side of the GDL. When the O2 relative humidity exceeded the dew point, water flooding was observed on the surface of the MPL and the O2 concentration dropped sharply because the O2 diffusion was suppressed by the produced liquid water. When comparing to the estimated mass transfer loss based on the actual polarization curves of an MEA using the GDL, it was found that the decrease in the O2 concentration on the MPL side of the GDL can be used as an index of water flooding in the PEFC.","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4031917","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63492967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Bressel, B. O. Bouamama, D. Hissel, M. Hilairet
Fuel cell systems represent a promising alternative energy converter. In the past years, researches have been conducted for their modeling, control, and diagnosis. The model should accurately reproduce the behavior without being too complex. Due to the highly multiphysical interactions and coupling within the fuel cell, using a graphical representation for developing this model seems well suited. This paper presents a review of recent literature on graphical representation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Three main graphical representations are discussed: bond graph (BG), EMR, and equivalent electrical circuit. Their fields of application will be shown as well.
{"title":"A Review on Graphical Methods for Modeling a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","authors":"M. Bressel, B. O. Bouamama, D. Hissel, M. Hilairet","doi":"10.1115/1.4032336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032336","url":null,"abstract":"Fuel cell systems represent a promising alternative energy converter. In the past years, \u0000researches have been conducted for their modeling, control, and diagnosis. The model \u0000should accurately reproduce the behavior without being too complex. Due to the highly \u0000multiphysical interactions and coupling within the fuel cell, using a graphical representation \u0000for developing this model seems well suited. This paper presents a review of recent \u0000literature on graphical representation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). \u0000Three main graphical representations are discussed: bond graph (BG), EMR, and equivalent \u0000electrical circuit. Their fields of application will be shown as well.","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"060801"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4032336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63494195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Polyion Complex Membranes Made of Aminated Polyetherimide and Sulfonated Polyethersulfone for Fuel Cell Applications","authors":"N. Harsha, S. Kalyani, V. Rao, S. Sridhar","doi":"10.1115/1.4031959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031959","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4031959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63493001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most single-phase inverters, being sourced by fuel cell stacks (FCSs), subject the stacks to reflected low-frequency (120 Hz) current ripples that ride on average dc currents. The ripple current impacts the sizing and efficiency of the FCS. As such and typically, a passive or active filter is required at the input of the inverter (or output of the FCS) to mitigate the ripple current. Toward that end, this paper outlines a guideline to choose the optimum size of a passive input-filter capacitor for a fuel-cell-based power system from the standpoints of the overall system energy density and cost. Detailed case-specific simulation results, based on an analytical approach, are provided to illustrate key issues for both unity power factor as well as harmonic loads.
{"title":"Analysis of Input Current Ripple and Optimum Filter Capacitor for Fuel-Cell-Based Single-Phase Inverter","authors":"T. Sarkar, S. Mazumder","doi":"10.1115/1.4032040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032040","url":null,"abstract":"Most single-phase inverters, being sourced by fuel cell stacks (FCSs), subject the stacks to reflected low-frequency (120 Hz) current ripples that ride on average dc currents. The ripple current impacts the sizing and efficiency of the FCS. As such and typically, a passive or active filter is required at the input of the inverter (or output of the FCS) to mitigate the ripple current. Toward that end, this paper outlines a guideline to choose the optimum size of a passive input-filter capacitor for a fuel-cell-based power system from the standpoints of the overall system energy density and cost. Detailed case-specific simulation results, based on an analytical approach, are provided to illustrate key issues for both unity power factor as well as harmonic loads.","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4032040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63493770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Characterization of Flow Within a Fuel Cell Manifold Subject to Asymmetric Inlet Conditions","authors":"L. Grega, Manthan Kothari, A. Specian, S. Voinier","doi":"10.1115/1.4032161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032161","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"061008"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4032161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63493765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), gas diffusion layers (GDLs) play a major role in the overall system performances. This is the reason why many research investigations try to model and optimize the GDL physical properties. Currently, the major drawback of these models is to obtain representative GDL mechanical and physical input parameters under different excitations and, particularly, under dynamic excitations. In this paper, an experimental method using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is detailed to properly obtain the GDL Young's modulus in compression (or compression modulus) for high compressive loads under dynamic excitation. As an example, a very stiff GDL is characterized and analyzed. Only the first mechanical compression is considered. The GDL compression modulus is clearly nonlinear versus the compressive loads. The dynamic load amplitude has a strong effect on the GDL hysteretic behavior. However, the frequency value of the dynamic excitation seems to have no effect on the GDL compression modulus.
{"title":"Experimental Characterization Method of the Gas Diffusion Layers Compression Modulus for High Compressive Loads and Based on a Dynamic Mechanical Analysis","authors":"Y. Faydi, R. Lachat, P. Lesage, Y. Meyer","doi":"10.1115/1.4031695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031695","url":null,"abstract":"In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), gas diffusion layers (GDLs) play a major role in the overall system performances. This is the reason why many research investigations try to model and optimize the GDL physical properties. Currently, the major drawback of these models is to obtain representative GDL mechanical and physical input parameters under different excitations and, particularly, under dynamic excitations. In this paper, an experimental method using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is detailed to properly obtain the GDL Young's modulus in compression (or compression modulus) for high compressive loads under dynamic excitation. As an example, a very stiff GDL is characterized and analyzed. Only the first mechanical compression is considered. The GDL compression modulus is clearly nonlinear versus the compressive loads. The dynamic load amplitude has a strong effect on the GDL hysteretic behavior. However, the frequency value of the dynamic excitation seems to have no effect on the GDL compression modulus.","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"054501"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4031695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63492541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Causal and Fault Trees Analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Degradation","authors":"Kais Brik, F. B. Ammar, A. Djerdir, A. Miraoui","doi":"10.1115/1.4031584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031584","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15829,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"051002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1115/1.4031584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63492007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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