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Aristotelian Flourishing and Contemporary Philosophical Theories of Wellbeing 亚里士多德的幸福与当代幸福哲学理论
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00723-0

Abstract

Several philosophical theories of wellbeing claim Aristotelian ancestry and employ an Aristotelian construct of flourishing. Yet it is not clear how we should interpret Aristotle’s notion of flourishing or eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία). In this article, we offer an analysis of Aristotle’s notion of eudaimonia and consider to what extent it can be categorized within the framework of contemporary philosophical theories of wellbeing. We stress the active character of Aristotelian flourishing and its focus on the development of living things over time, which contrasts with the static and passive character of contemporary philosophical accounts of wellbeing. We suggest that Aristotle is closest to a perfectionist theory of wellbeing, though even this requires some qualification. While rational activity in accord with virtue is central to Aristotle’s account of living well, Aristotle also states that a range of practical human activities and propitious life circumstances are necessary (and, on some interpretations, constitutive) features of the flourishing life. As such, Aristotelian flourishing includes elements of moral and cognitive perfectionism as well as an objective list of external goods and presupposes one’s embeddedness within communities. We close with a consideration of the implications of our argument for the philosophical and social scientific study of flourishing. Contemporary well-being philosophers should be mindful of ways in which Aristotelian eudaimonia extends beyond the dominant philosophical categories of wellbeing that have a static focus and concern themselves with subjective experience or the possession of objective goods. Social scientists should be transparent about the limits of invoking an Aristotelian pedigree to motivate their own theories of wellbeing and should understand the implications of more limited conceptions.

摘 要 一些关于幸福的哲学理论声称源自亚里士多德,并采用了亚里士多德的繁荣概念。然而,我们应该如何解释亚里士多德的 "繁荣 "或 "幸福"(εὐδαιμονία)概念却并不清楚。在本文中,我们将对亚里士多德的 "幸福"(eudaimonia)概念进行分析,并考虑在多大程度上可以将其归类到当代幸福哲学理论的框架中。我们强调亚里士多德繁荣的主动性及其对生物随时间发展的关注,这与当代哲学对福祉的静态和被动描述形成了鲜明对比。我们认为,亚里士多德最接近于一种完美主义的幸福理论,尽管这也需要一些限定条件。虽然符合美德的理性活动是亚里士多德关于幸福生活论述的核心,但亚里士多德也指出,一系列人类实践活动和有利的生活环境是幸福生活的必要特征(根据某些解释,是构成特征)。因此,亚里士多德的美好生活包含了道德和认知完美主义的元素,以及客观的外部物品清单,并预设了一个人在社群中的嵌入性。最后,我们将探讨我们的论点对繁荣的哲学和社会科学研究的影响。当代福祉哲学家应注意亚里士多德的 "幸福"(eudaimonia)是如何超越主流福祉哲学范畴的。社会科学家应当清楚地认识到,援引亚里士多德学说来推动自己的幸福理论是有局限性的,并应理解更有局限性的概念所产生的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Role of Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Well-being and Health: The Interplay between Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation Abilities is Linked to Mental and Physical Health 积极和消极情绪调节在幸福与健康中的作用:积极和消极情绪调节能力之间的相互作用与身心健康息息相关
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00714-1

Abstract

Appropriate regulation of emotions is vital to daily functioning. Previous studies have shown that regulating negative emotions can improve health and wellbeing. However, the relationship between positive and negative emotion regulation and their interactions with positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, and health is not well understood. In addition, no studies have investigated the role of attention control and trait mindfulness in positive and negative emotion regulation. This study examined the associations between positive and negative emotion regulation abilities and health, affect, life satisfaction, attention control, and trait mindfulness. A total of 490 participants (284 females and 206 males, mean age = 25.8 ± 2.9 years, range = 20–29 years) completed questionnaires and attention measuring tasks. Multiple regression analyses revealed that negative emotion regulation ability was associated with affect, life satisfaction, and health, whereas positive emotion regulation ability was related to negative affect and mental and physical health. Additionally, negative rather than positive emotion regulation ability was more strongly associated with trait mindfulness and attention control. Positive emotion regulation may benefit those who have difficulty in regulating negative emotions. By focusing on both negative and positive emotion regulation, this study elucidates the relationship between emotion regulation ability, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, health, mindfulness, and attention control.

摘要 适当调节情绪对日常工作至关重要。以往的研究表明,调节消极情绪可以改善健康和福祉。然而,人们对积极和消极情绪调节之间的关系以及它们与积极和消极情绪、生活满意度和健康之间的相互作用还不甚了解。此外,还没有研究调查过注意力控制和特质正念在积极和消极情绪调节中的作用。本研究探讨了积极和消极情绪调节能力与健康、情感、生活满意度、注意力控制和特质正念之间的关系。共有 490 名参与者(女性 284 人,男性 206 人,平均年龄为 25.8 ± 2.9 岁,年龄范围为 20-29 岁)完成了问卷调查和注意力测量任务。多元回归分析表明,消极情绪调节能力与情绪、生活满意度和健康有关,而积极情绪调节能力与消极情绪和身心健康有关。此外,消极情绪调节能力比积极情绪调节能力与特质正念和注意力控制的关系更密切。积极情绪调节可能会使那些难以调节消极情绪的人受益。通过关注消极和积极情绪调节,本研究阐明了情绪调节能力、积极和消极情绪、生活满意度、健康、正念和注意力控制之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Emotional Experiences, Well-Being, and Ill-Being During Art Museum Visits: A Latent Class Analysis 参观艺术博物馆时的情感体验、幸福感和不适感:潜类分析
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00736-9
Katherine N. Cotter, Rebekah M. Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, Sarah Silver, Maya Hardy, Henry Putney, James O. Pawelski

Our emotions can be influenced by many factors, including our engagement with visual art. Further, as our emotional experiences may help us develop psychological resources, they have important implications for our overall well-being and ill-being. Research into the emotions experienced when viewing art, however, has focused on individual emotions separately rather than on global patterns of experienced emotions. The present research used latent class analysis to identify patterns of emotional experiences during art museum visits and sought to investigate whether people experiencing each emotional pattern differed in their well-being and ill-being across five domains—psychological distress, empathy, meaning, positive self-regard, and social connection. A sample of 613 visitors to three art museums completed a survey of their visit experiences, including their emotional experiences and their experiences across the five domains of well-being and ill-being. The analyses resulted in three latent classes—one characterized by above average positive emotions, one characterized by above average negative emotions, and the third characterized by very high levels of negative emotions. Overall, the positive emotion class showed greater well-being and lower ill-being than the two negative emotion classes, with the two negative emotion classes differing only in psychological distress.

我们的情绪会受到许多因素的影响,包括我们对视觉艺术的参与。此外,由于我们的情绪体验可以帮助我们开发心理资源,因此它们对我们的整体健康与否有着重要的影响。然而,对观赏艺术时的情绪体验的研究主要集中在单独的个体情绪上,而不是体验情绪的整体模式上。本研究采用潜类分析法来识别参观艺术博物馆时的情绪体验模式,并试图研究在心理困扰、移情、意义、积极自律和社会联系这五个领域中,体验过每种情绪模式的人在幸福感和不幸福感方面是否存在差异。三家艺术博物馆的 613 名参观者完成了参观体验调查,包括他们的情绪体验以及他们在五个幸福和不幸领域的体验。分析得出了三个潜在类别--一个是高于平均水平的积极情绪类,一个是高于平均水平的消极情绪类,第三个是非常高水平的消极情绪类。总体而言,积极情绪类比两个消极情绪类显示出更高的幸福感和更低的不幸福感,而两个消极情绪类仅在心理困扰方面存在差异。
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引用次数: 0
Storytelling Elaboration and Hope During COVID-19 Shutdowns: Ties with College Adults’ Psychosocial Adjustment COVID-19 关闭期间的故事阐述与希望:与成人大学生社会心理适应的关系
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00734-x

Abstract

This study considered the college adults’ ways reports of trait hope and expressions of fact-based elaboration in reflections about family- and friend-based perseverance—as individual differences relevant to life challenges and ongoing pursuit toward goals—were associated with multiple reports of psychosocial adjustment. These reports were collected against the backdrop of college closures and disruptions related to the COVID-19 pandemic—a time of major stress and uncertainty in daily life for college adults. Two-hundred thirty-three adults (M age = 19.35 years; 36.9% female) were recruited from a large, central US university to complete computerized tasks and measures in the spring of 2020, after in-person activities at the university had been closed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Expressions of elaboration were not directly associated with reports of well-being, mental health problems, or hope. Reports of hope were associated with greater well-being and fewer mental health problems. Interaction effects were supported for depressive and anxious symptoms. Students who were less hopeful and expressed more factual elaboration in life stories endorsed more mental health problems than peers. These findings point to additional nuances when considering the importance of narrative identity for psychosocial functioning and reinforce the importance of considering personality across multiple domains or levels (i.e., character, narrative identity).

摘要 本研究考虑了大学成人在反思以家庭和朋友为基础的毅力时对特质希望的报告和基于事实的阐述的表达方式--这些与生活挑战和不断追求目标相关的个体差异--与社会心理适应的多种报告相关联。这些报告是在 COVID-19 大流行导致大学关闭和混乱的背景下收集的,当时大学成人的日常生活面临着巨大的压力和不确定性。我们从美国中部一所大型大学招募了 233 名成年人(中位年龄 = 19.35 岁;36.9% 为女性),让他们在 2020 年春季完成计算机化任务和测量,当时该大学因 COVID-19 大流行而关闭了校内活动。阐述的表达与幸福感、心理健康问题或希望的报告没有直接联系。希望的报告与更高的幸福感和更少的心理健康问题有关。抑郁和焦虑症状的交互效应得到了支持。与同龄人相比,希望较小且在生活故事中表达了更多事实阐述的学生表现出更多的心理健康问题。这些研究结果表明,在考虑叙事身份对社会心理功能的重要性时,存在着更多的细微差别,并强化了从多个领域或层面(即性格、叙事身份)考虑人格的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
To Evaluate the Age–Happiness Relationship, Look Beyond Statistical Significance 评估年龄与幸福的关系,要超越统计意义
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00728-9
David Bartram

The persistent contentiousness of research on the age–happiness relationship is puzzling; it should be possible to gain clarity and consensus about how to address the question effectively. In this paper I show that a key reason for the lack of clarity consists of overreliance on statistical significance as a means of evaluating empirical results. The statistical significance of a quadratic specification (age plus age-squared) is often taken as evidence in support of a ‘u-shaped’ relationship between age and happiness. But statistical significance on its own cannot tell us whether the age–happiness relationship is ‘u-shaped’ (nor indeed whether it takes any other shape). On the contrary, statistical significance can mislead us about it: a set of quadratic age coefficients can be ‘significant’ even when the relationship is obviously characterised by a different shape. When we have clarity on how to construct the analysis so that we can ‘see’ the underlying patterns in the data, it becomes obvious that the age–happiness relationship in European countries commonly shows other patterns; a u-shape is evident only in a minority of countries.

关于年龄与幸福感关系的研究一直争论不休,令人费解;如何有效地解决这个问题,应该是可以得到澄清并达成共识的。我在本文中指出,缺乏清晰度的一个关键原因在于过度依赖统计显著性作为评估实证结果的手段。二次方规格(年龄加年龄平方)的统计显著性往往被视为年龄与幸福之间存在 "U "型关系的证据。但是,统计意义本身并不能告诉我们年龄与幸福感之间的关系是否呈 "u "形(也不能告诉我们它是否呈其他形状)。相反,统计显著性可能会误导我们:一组二次方年龄系数可能是 "显著的",即使该关系明显具有不同的形状。当我们明确了如何构建分析,从而能够 "看到 "数据中的基本模式时,我们就会发现,欧洲国家的年龄-幸福关系通常会呈现出其他模式;只有少数国家会呈现出 u 型。
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引用次数: 0
Meaning in Late Life: A Scoping Review 晚年生活的意义:范围审查
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00726-x

Abstract

Throughout the years some scholars have emphasised that developmental changes might influence the experience of meaning in life (MIL), especially in the case of older adults. However, so far, it is unclear whether researchers implement this developmental perspective when conceptualising MIL in late life. This scoping review aims to get insight in the developmental focus on conceptualising MIL in late life (adults aged 70 or older). A systematic literature search was performed using 7 databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collections, CINAHL, ProQuest Psychology, OSF Preprints, The Philosopher’s Index and AnthroSource) yielding 25 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. While most included articles solely described a general conceptualisation of MIL regardless of life stage, 3 studies mentioned a MIL conceptualisation adapted to older adults. These adapted conceptualisations shed light on components potentially distinctive for MIL in older adults, such as fulfilled purpose, ability to reconcile the past, continuation and felt coherence, beside the components currently included in general contemporary MIL conceptualisations, such as the components of the tripartite view on MIL. Largely, except of these 3 studies, most studies in this review did, thus, not include a developmental perspective. However, 10 studies referred to specific developmental aspects, such as time, past and expected changes in MIL in late life without implementing these developmental aspects to their conceptualisation of MIL. Consequently, the findings of this review suggest the importance of adapting a more explicit developmental perspective when conceptualising MIL in late life.

摘要 多年来,一些学者一直强调,发展变化可能会影响人生意义(MIL)的体验,尤其是对老年人而言。然而,迄今为止,还不清楚研究人员在构思晚年生活意义时是否贯彻了这一发展观点。本次范围界定综述旨在深入了解晚年生活意义(MIL)概念化的发展重点(70 岁或以上的成年人)。我们使用 7 个数据库(MEDLINE、Web of Science Core Collections、CINAHL、ProQuest Psychology、OSF Preprints、The Philosopher's Index 和 AnthroSource)进行了系统的文献检索,结果有 25 篇文章符合纳入标准。虽然大多数纳入的文章只描述了 MIL 的一般概念,而不考虑生命阶段,但有 3 项研究提到了适用于老年人的 MIL 概念。这些经过调整的概念阐明了老年人生活方式的潜在特征,如实现目标、与过去和解的能力、持续性和感觉连贯性,以及目前包含在当代生活方式概念中的一般特征,如生活方式三方观点的特征。因此,除这 3 项研究外,本综述中的大多数研究都没有纳入发展的视角。不过,有 10 项研究提到了具体的发展方面,如时间、过去和晚年生活中情感、态度和价值观的预期变化,但没有将这些发展方面纳入他们的情感、态度和价值观概念中。因此,本综述的结果表明,在对晚年生活质量进行概念化时,采用更明确的发展视角非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Savouring the Present to Better Recall the Past 品味现在,更好地回忆过去
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00721-2
Desirée Colombo, Jean-Baptiste Pavani, Jordi Quoidbach, Rosa M. Baños, María Folgado-Alufre, Cristina Botella

So far, there is evidence showing that the use of specific emotion regulation strategies in response to negatively-valenced stimuli shapes the way people subsequently remember them. However, still little is known about the potential effects of savouring positive events on the associated memories. The aim of the current study was to test whether upregulating positive emotions in response to daily positive events could make participants’ memories more salient and positively-valenced over time. To do so, we conducted an ecological momentary assessment study in order to identify the occurrence of positive events and provide participants with different emotion regulation strategies in real-time. To explore memory phenomenology, a surprise recall task for each event was performed one week after. Compared to the control condition, the manipulation of savouring led to recall the events with greater salience (i.e., more vivid, coherent, accessible, full of sensory details, first-person recalled memories) which, in turn, led to retrieve the memory more positively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that each strategy uniquely affected different phenomenological dimensions of memory. Together, we suggest that differences in the use of savouring strategies might impact memory, leading to the recall of events with higher salience and to the maintenance of their positivity over time.

迄今为止,有证据表明,在面对负面刺激时使用特定的情绪调节策略会影响人们随后对这些刺激的记忆。然而,人们对品味积极事件对相关记忆的潜在影响仍然知之甚少。本研究的目的是测试在应对日常积极事件时上调积极情绪是否会使参与者的记忆随着时间的推移变得更加突出和积极。为此,我们进行了一项生态学瞬间评估研究,以确定积极事件的发生,并实时为参与者提供不同的情绪调节策略。为了探索记忆现象学,我们在每个事件发生一周后对其进行了惊喜回忆任务。与对照组相比,"细细品味 "策略使参与者回忆起的事件更突出(即更生动、更连贯、更容易获得、充满感官细节、第一人称回忆),这反过来又使他们更积极地检索记忆。此外,研究结果表明,每种策略都会对记忆的不同现象维度产生独特的影响。总之,我们认为,使用品味策略的差异可能会影响记忆,从而导致回忆起具有更高显著性的事件,并随着时间的推移保持其积极性。
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引用次数: 0
Thriving in Openness, Care, and Compassion: How Virtue and Compassion for Self and Others Relate to Flourishing 在开放、关怀和同情中茁壮成长:美德与对自己和他人的同情如何与富足相关联
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00725-y
Paul Verhaeghen

This study aimed at investigating the connection between virtue, compassion for self and others, and flourishing. 11,395 individuals provided data on the virtues of Caring, Inquisitiveness, and Self-Control, compassion for self (i.e., Self-Compassion and self-Criticism) and for others (i.e., Empathy, Common Humanity, Recognizing Suffering, and Willingness to Act), and flourishing. Regression analysis showed that: (a) Caring and Inquisitiveness were associated with an individual's sense of compassion, both for self and others; and that (b) the virtues and this kind attitude towards self and others were associated with an individual’s level of flourishing, explaining 50% of the between-person variance. Women scored higher than men on all variables except Self-Control. Self-Compassion increased with age; Empathy, Common Humanity, and Recognizing Suffering showed inverted-U trends with peaks around age 40–50; Willingness to Act and Self-Criticism showed downward trends. The results suggest that being caring, open, and kind may be major determinants of fulfillment.

本研究旨在调查美德、对自己和他人的同情与蓬勃发展之间的联系。11,395 人提供了有关关爱、好奇心和自我控制等美德、对自己的同情(即自我同情和自我批评)和对他人的同情(即同理心、共同的人性、认识到苦难和采取行动的意愿)以及蓬勃发展的数据。回归分析表明(a) 关爱和好奇心与个人对自己和他人的同情心有关;(b) 美德和这种对自己和他人的善意态度与个人的繁荣程度有关,可以解释 50%的人际差异。除自控力外,女性在所有变量上的得分都高于男性。随着年龄的增长,"自我同情 "的得分也在增加;"同理心"、"共同人性 "和 "认识痛苦 "呈倒 U 型趋势,在 40-50 岁左右达到峰值;"行动意愿 "和 "自我批评 "呈下降趋势。结果表明,关爱、开放和善良可能是成就感的主要决定因素。
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引用次数: 0
Life Satisfaction and the Roles of Work, Family, and Social Factors in a Social Production Function Framework 社会生产功能框架中的生活满意度以及工作、家庭和社会因素的作用
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00739-6
James Chowhan, Hossein Samavatyan, Farimah HakemZadeh

Life satisfaction, through the cultivation of happiness and the avoidance of misery, is one of the ultimate outcomes of interest for the public generally. This study uses Social Production Function (SPF) theory to investigate the factors (e.g. endowments, conditions, experiences, and characteristics) impacting life satisfaction. A key contribution of this study is that a comprehensive model is developed, with a focus on the contribution of universal goals of physical well-being and maintenance (i.e. (1) stimulation, (2) comfort) and social approval (i.e. (3) status, (4) behaviour confirmation, and (5) affection) to life satisfaction; further, the factors include family, work, or social domains, with a focus on both working and non-working populations (working age (25 to 64), n = 12,022). Within a multivariate framework, using cross-sectional survey data, the key findings reveal the substantive roles of social class, having work, being married, being satisfied with personal appearance, being part of community, having good health, and available leisure time in contributing to life satisfaction. Emerging implications suggest that personal decisions over behaviours and actions that optimize resources can be associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, and there are possible roles for employers and governments in enabling individual behaviour and action, while minimizing constraints and maximizing choice options, which could all work toward empowering individuals to pursue their happiness.

通过培养幸福感和避免痛苦,生活满意度是公众普遍关心的最终结果之一。本研究采用社会生产函数(SPF)理论来研究影响生活满意度的因素(如禀赋、条件、经验和特征)。本研究的一个主要贡献是建立了一个综合模型,重点关注身体健康和维持(即 (1) 刺激、(2) 舒适)和社会认可(即 (3) 地位、(4) 行为确认和 (5) 亲情)这些普遍目标对生活满意度的贡献;此外,这些因素还包括家庭、工作或社会领域,重点关注工作和非工作人群(工作年龄(25 至 64 岁),n = 12,022 人)。在多变量框架内,利用横截面调查数据,主要研究结果揭示了社会阶层、有工作、已婚、对个人外貌满意、作为社区一分子、健康状况良好和有闲暇时间等因素在提高生活满意度方面的重要作用。新的启示表明,个人对优化资源的行为和行动的决定可能与较高的生活满意度相关,雇主和政府可能在促进个人行为和行动方面发挥作用,同时最大限度地减少制约因素,最大限度地增加选择方案,这些都有助于增强个人追求幸福的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Benefiting Individuals High in Both Self-Criticism and Dependency Through an Online Multi-component Positive Psychology Intervention: Effects and Mechanisms 通过在线多成分积极心理学干预使自我批评和依赖性都很高的人受益:效果与机制
IF 4.6 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10902-024-00713-2
Yanhe Deng, Jingru Zhang, Henry Chen, Sisi Tian, Yifei Zhang, Xiong Hu

Personality vulnerabilities (i.e., dependency and self-criticism) have been established as critical risk factors for psychopathology in general and for depression in particular. However, research does not address ways of treating those who score high on both dependency and self-criticism, or mixed-vulnerability individuals. To benefit these individuals, we developed an online, group-administered, multi-component positive psychology intervention (MPPI) and tested its effects and mechanisms. Participants (N = 70) were randomly assigned to either receive the MPPI or an active placebo control. The six-session intervention took place over three weeks, and measures were completed at baseline, midtest, posttest, and one-month follow-up stages. Compared to the control condition, the MPPI significantly attenuated self-criticism and dependency for up to one month. The intervention also decreased depression and promoted self-esteem and subjective well-being (SWB). Parallel mediation analyses revealed that lower self-criticism mediated the intervention’s effects on depression, self-esteem, and SWB, while lower dependency mediated effects on self-esteem. This study highlights how an MPPI can decrease personality vulnerability in mixed-vulnerability individuals, and how this change can have further positive effects.

人格脆弱性(即依赖性和自我批判性)已被确定为一般精神病理学,尤其是抑郁症的关键风险因素。然而,研究并未涉及如何治疗那些在依赖性和自我批评方面得分都很高的人,或者说混合脆弱性的人。为了让这些人受益,我们开发了一种在线、小组管理、多成分积极心理学干预(MPPI),并对其效果和机制进行了测试。参与者(N = 70)被随机分配接受 MPPI 或活性安慰剂对照。干预为期六节,历时三周,分别在基线、中期测试、后期测试和一个月的随访阶段完成测量。与对照组相比,MPPI 在长达一个月的时间里明显减轻了自我批评和依赖性。干预还减少了抑郁,提高了自尊和主观幸福感(SWB)。平行调解分析表明,自我批评的降低调解了干预对抑郁、自尊和主观幸福感的影响,而依赖性的降低则调解了对自尊的影响。本研究强调了 MPPI 如何降低混合型脆弱个体的人格脆弱性,以及这种改变如何产生进一步的积极影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Happiness Studies
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