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The Free Movement of People in SADC 南部非洲发展共同体的人员自由流动
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/2j0fs582
C. H. Vhumbunu, T. Adetiba, Charity Mawire
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states committed under Article 5(2) (d) of the SADC Treaty to develop policies aimed at the progressive elimination of the obstacles to the free movement of capital, labour, goods and services. The 2005 SADC Protocol on the Movement of People was celebrated as a giant step towards the realization of the regional integration objective of building SADC into a regional community that is fully integrated where citizens enjoy the freedom of movement across regional borders. Whilst substantial efforts have been invested in developing various legal and policy frameworks to open up borders for the free movement of people within SADC, thirty (30) years since the formation of SADC in April 1980 as the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC); the region is facing serious challenges relating to the free movement of people, migration and labour movement. In reality, SADC member states’ governments have been confronted with serious feasibility challenges, complexities, risks and dilemmas as they attempt to implement commitments made towards the free movement of people in the region, with political, security, economic, strategic, and technical factors often cited as obstacles. This paper sought to critically reflect on the feasibility aspects, policy dilemmas at member state level as well as strategic considerations that stand on the way of free movement of people in SADC. The focus was on examining possibilities, capacities and prospects of SADC member states (in their collectivity and individuality) in addressing the underlying, structural and operational obstacles that are impeding the free movement of people in the region. Secondary data sources are used for analysis, and the three concepts of free movement of people, migration and regional integration provide conceptual lenses for analysis. Findings are key in providing perspectives on how SADC member states may need to collectively address the fundamental questions and issues that facilitate the free movement of people in the region.
南部非洲发展共同体(SADC)成员国根据《南部非洲发展共同体条约》第 5(2)(d)条承诺制定政策,逐步消除资本、劳动力、货物和服务自由流动的障碍。2005 年《南部非洲发展共同体人员流动议定书》被认为是朝着实现地区一体化目标 迈出的一大步,这一目标就是将南部非洲发展共同体建设成为一个充分一体化的地区 共同体,公民享有跨越地区边界的流动自由。自 1980 年 4 月南部非洲发展协调会议(SADCC)成立以来的三十(30)年中,南共体 在制定各种法律和政策框架以开放边界,促进人员在南共体内部自由流动方面做出了巨大努 力,但该地区仍面临着与人员自由流动、移民和劳动力流动有关的严峻挑战。实际上,南部非洲发展共同体成员国政府在试图履行对该地区人员自由流动所做的承诺时,面临着严重的可行性挑战、复杂性、风险和困境,政治、安全、经济、战略和技术因素往往被视为障碍。本文试图批判性地反思阻碍南部非洲发展共同体人员自由流动的可行性问题、成员国层面的政策困境以及战略考虑。重点是研究南部非洲发展共同体成员国(集体和个体)在解决阻碍该地区人员自由流动的根本性、结构性和操作性障碍方面的可能性、能力和前景。分析采用了二手数据来源,人员自由流动、移民和地区一体化这三个概念为分析提供了概念视角。研究结果对于提供有关南部非洲发展共同体(SADC)成员国可能需要如何共同解决促进该地区人员自由流动的基本问题和事项的观点至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
The Predicament of Ethnic Federal System 民族联邦制的困境
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/81y7a333
Yohannes W. Getahun
The paper inquiries into ethnic federalism in lights of ethnic conflict and federal constitutional viability. It raises the basic question why some ethnic federations are successful in regulating ethnic relations while others are not. The history of federations has ample evidences that ethnic conflict, encompassing ethnic tensions and direct violence conflicts, causes and be caused by the failure of ethnic federalism. How a given ethnic federal system designed to adjust ethnic relations could self-contradictory induce far-reaching communal ethnic conflicts and ethnic based anti-regime activities is an interesting question. Answering that, the paper has given due consideration to the practices of defunct, fragile and mature ethnic federations and to the relevant conceptual and theoretical-back standings. The differences in the viabilities of these federations have shown the complicacy of ethnic federalism in meeting with the convulsive interplay between ethnic conflicts and federal system stability. In that regard, the paper finds seven factors: the democratic representativeness of federal structures, political parties, inclusive and overarching identities crossing ethnic lines, ethnic demographic shares, number of ethnic federal units and their ethnic composition, ethnic federal unit symmetry and geo-political setting. The concussion goes that ethnic federal design is not always an antidote for ethnic based claims and counter-claims. It rather could exacerbate the condition of ethnic politics, if it lacks those political, institutional and social ingredients inferred from the indicated factors.
本文从民族冲突和联邦宪法可行性的角度探讨了民族联邦制。它提出了一个基本问题,即为什么一些民族联邦在调节民族关系方面取得了成功,而另一些则不然。联邦制的历史充分证明,民族冲突(包括民族紧张关系和直接暴力冲突)是民族联邦制失败的原因,也是民族联邦制失败的原因。一个旨在调整民族关系的特定民族联邦制如何会自相矛盾地诱发影响深远的社区民族冲突和基于民族的反政权活动,这是一个有趣的问题。为了回答这个问题,本文充分考虑了已解体、脆弱和成熟的民族联邦的实践,以及相关的概念和理论基础。这些联邦在可行性方面的差异表明,民族联邦制在应对民族冲突与联邦制度稳定性之间的相互影响时十分复杂。在这方面,本文发现了七个因素:联邦结构的民主代表性、政党、跨越种族界限的包容性和总体认同、种族人口比例、种族联邦单位的数量及其种族构成、种族联邦单位的对称性和地缘政治环境。讨论认为,民族联邦制设计并不总是解决民族诉求和反诉求的良方。如果缺乏从上述因素中推断出的政治、体制和社会要素,它反而会加剧民族政治的状况。
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引用次数: 0
The Global Covid-19 Pandemic 全球 Covid-19 大流行
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/dpmf0h28
Chidochashe Nyere
The politics of science, or better still, the political science of global politics is what the world is battling, concerning the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, today. Whereas scientific disciplines such as virology and epidemiology would usually take centre stage when an outbreak such as Covid-19 strikes, and now owing to the vacuum that has been created by conflicting and contradictory information from health experts on Covid-19, global health is opened up to, or left up to, political giants. Health matters of virology and epidemiology surrounding Covid-19 have, thus, been reduced to issues of politicking. The World Health Organisation's voice (WHO), despite its sustained campaign and provision of information on Covid-19, is drowned and almost silenced by the number of health authorities and experts that have come out to refute mainstream information and strategies on combating and managing Covid-19. As such, the politicization of Covid-19 and the coloniality of knowledge and information surrounding Covid-19 may very well be the main issue of contention than the Covid-19 itself. This paper, therefore, seeks to unmask the political dimensions that are camouflaged by the Covid-19 pandemic and expose the real issues that Covid-19 has allowed to thrive and are, as a result, sustained by the Covid-19 crisis. Using the qualitative research methodology, I set out to discuss and analyse the debates on Covid-19 as have been proffered in the public domain. Thus, the method of research is a desktop analysis of academic articles, newspaper articles, social media pieces and mainstream television pieces, among others. I offer a decolonial account on Covid-19.
科学的政治学,或者更确切地说,全球政治的政治学,是当今世界在冠状病毒(Covid-19)大流行问题上正在进行的斗争。在 Covid-19 爆发时,病毒学和流行病学等科学学科通常会占据中心位置,而现在由于卫生专家提供的有关 Covid-19 的信息相互矛盾、相互冲突,造成了真空,全球卫生被政治巨头左右。因此,围绕 Covid-19 的病毒学和流行病学等健康问题已沦为政治问题。尽管世界卫生组织(世卫组织)持续开展宣传活动并提供有关 Covid-19 的信息,但大量卫生当局和专家站出来驳斥有关抗击和管理 Covid-19 的主流信息和战略,世卫组织的声音几乎被淹没。因此,与 Covid-19 本身相比,Covid-19 的政治化以及围绕 Covid-19 的知识和信息的殖民化很可能是主要的争议问题。因此,本文试图揭开被 Covid-19 大流行所掩盖的政治层面,并揭露 Covid-19 让 Covid-19 蓬勃发展,并因此使 Covid-19 危机得以持续的真正问题。我采用定性研究方法,着手讨论和分析公共领域对 Covid-19 的争论。因此,研究方法是对学术文章、报纸文章、社交媒体文章和主流电视文章等进行桌面分析。我对 Covid-19 进行了非殖民描述。
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引用次数: 0
Boko Haram’s Terrorist Campaign in Nigeria 博科圣地 "在尼日利亚的恐怖活动
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/jfp2wa22
Sven Botha
Boko Haram has fast become one of the world’s most notorious terrorist groups. The longevity of Boko Haram, coupled with its dynamic nature, necessitates that scholars keep abreast with a vast and intersectional array of developments. As a result, much ink has been spilt providing analysis and insight into the group’s motives, activities, internal politics, tactics, and future trajectories. Boko Haram’s ever-green endurance both in Nigeria and the wider West African region paves the way for a scholarly momentum which Oriola, Onuoha and Oyewole’s edited collection aligns with. The book has 12 chapters which are split across five thematic areas, namely: gender, the media, displacement, non-state actors, human rights, and non-state actors. It is beyond the scope of this review to place each chapter under the microscope. Instead, the reviewer will highlight some of the most important contributions the book makes to the academic discourse on Boko Haram. Chapter three (by Oyewole and Onuoha) provides the reader with a comprehensive account of the Dapachi Kidnapping of 2018; this contribution is significant as much scholarship as focused on the Chibok Kidnappings of 2014. Oyewole and Onuoha unpack why the Dapachi Kidnappings took place, placing an emphasis on the need for Boko Haram to portray itself as a resilient origination so as to appear appealing to prospective members, to raise funds (by means of hostage negotiations), and rewarding hardworking foot solders with ‘wives’ and sex slaves. Furthermore, context is given to Dapachi’s geographical and political vulnerability vis-à-vis Boko Haram’s terrorist campaign. 
博科圣地 "已迅速成为世界上最臭名昭著的恐怖组织之一。博科圣地 "的长期存在,加上其动态性质,要求学者们必须跟上大量交叉发展的步伐。因此,学者们花费了大量笔墨对该组织的动机、活动、内部政治、战术和未来轨迹进行分析和深入探讨。博科圣地 "在尼日利亚和更广泛的西非地区的持续发展为学术研究的势头铺平了道路,Oriola、Onuoha 和 Oyewole 编辑的这本文集与之不谋而合。全书共 12 章,分为五个专题领域,即:性别、媒体、流离失所、非国家行为者、人权和非国家行为者。将每一章都放在显微镜下观察,超出了本评论的范围。书评人将重点介绍该书对 "博科圣地 "学术讨论的一些最重要贡献。第三章(作者Oyewole和Onuoha)为读者全面介绍了2018年的达帕奇绑架事件;这一贡献意义重大,因为许多学术研究都集中在2014年的奇博克绑架事件上。Oyewole 和 Onuoha 解读了发生达帕奇绑架事件的原因,强调博科圣地需要将自己描绘成一个坚韧不拔的组织,从而吸引潜在成员,筹集资金(通过人质谈判),并用 "妻子 "和性奴隶来奖励勤劳的步兵。此外,还介绍了达帕奇在博科圣地恐怖活动中的地理和政治脆弱性。
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引用次数: 0
Regard socio-historique sur les contradictions positionnelles et présentielles des Burkinabè et des Sénégalaises dans la politique. 从社会历史角度审视布基纳法索和塞内加尔妇女在政治中的地位和现实矛盾。
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/r8gaca03
Ndeye Astou Ndiaye
Political science has been dealing with the object "woman" since the mid-1950s, along with the variable "sex" in political behavior, and this article claims to be part of the field of political sociology, but also of feminist studies in Africa. Its objective is to come back, from a historical point of view, on the possibility of a considerable presence and position of women in Burkina Faso and Senegal while emphasizing the existing controversies which divert them in a first time, from the political scenes and to have, in a second time, a situation answering the legality. This reflection wonders therefore about the existing contradictions of the presence and the political position of the Burkinabe and Senegalese women?Certainly, the observation made in these two countries for which we have an intuitive discernment, points out the historical dynamism of women in the fight for the acquisition of their rights, notably political. Only internally, it is also perceptible that clear efforts remain to be made both in terms of the presence of women on the political scene and in terms of positions or places occupied within parties or in nominative and elective functions.
自 20 世纪 50 年代中期以来,政治学一直在研究 "妇女 "这一对象,以及政治行为中的 "性" 这一变量,本文自称是政治社会学的一部分,同时也是非洲女权主义研究的一部分。本文的目的是从历史的角度重新审视妇女在布基纳法索和塞内加尔的存在和地位,同时强调现存的争议,这些争议使妇女第一次远离了政治舞台,第二次又出现了对合法性的质疑。因此,我们不禁要问:布基纳法索和塞内加尔妇女的存在与政治立场之间存在着怎样的矛盾?只是在国内,我们也可以看到,无论是在妇女参与政治舞台方面,还是在妇女在政党中担任的职务或职位方面,或是在提名和选举职能方面,都还需要做出明显的努力。
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引用次数: 0
The New Apartheid 新种族隔离
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/kwxvxy40
Masilo Lepuru
The fundamental distinction between a Civil Rights movement such as the African National Congress and a liberation movement like Poqo lies in the status of white settlers and Apartheid. The mythologisation of Apartheid by promoting it to the main problem in liberation politics and history in conqueror South Africa  is the persistent intellectual obsession of the Congress Tradition. A trenchant contestation and rejection of Apartheid as the fundamental antagonism in the history of the struggle for national liberation is the defining trait of a liberation movement and liberation intellectual production.Having written a book entitled Democracy & Delusion: 10 Myths (2019), in which he debunks what he considers to be myths about the so-called post-Apartheid South Africa, Sizwe is back again only this time he is reinventing two myths.In the book under review, entitled The New Apartheid (2021), Sizwe promotes the delusion and first myth of Apartheid as the problem and the second myth of the ANC as a liberation movement. This review is about these two myths.
非洲人国民大会等民权运动与波乔等解放运动的根本区别在于白人定居者的地位和种族隔离制度。将种族隔离神话化,将其作为征服者南非解放政治和历史的主要问题,是大会党传统的顽固思想执念。将种族隔离作为争取民族解放斗争史上的根本对立面,对其进行尖锐的批判和否定,是解放运动和解放思想产品的决定性特征。西兹维曾写过一本名为《民主与妄想:10 个神话》(2019 年)的书,在书中他揭穿了他认为所谓的后种族隔离南非的神话,这次他又回来了,只不过这次他重新创造了两个神话。在这本名为《新种族隔离》(2021 年)的书中,西兹维宣扬了种族隔离是问题所在的妄想和第一个神话,以及非国大是解放运动的第二个神话。这篇评论就是关于这两个神话的。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of Kenya’s Foreign Policy During the Cold War 冷战期间肯尼亚外交政策的演变
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/7y5qaz38
D. Mabeya
This study critically outlines Kenya’s Foreign Policy as it evolved during the cold war under Moi’s era toward the Middle East. The study exemplifies the underlying strategies, sources, national and personal interests, objectives, priorities, and implementation of Kenya's foreign policy. The study is premised on the need to elucidate if Kenya’s belief in regional peace and security was the cornerstone under which Kenya’s foreign was formulated and implemented. It was believed that any inconsistencies in Kenya’s foreign policy were based on rational and emerging trends in international affairs such as security threats to regional and global peace and stability. The study aims to ascertain how, Kenya’s recognition policy, was formulated, articulated, and exercised during Moi’s era toward the Middle East (1978-1990). The central question of this study is this: What influenced Kenya’s recognition policy towards Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Israel, and Palestine during the Cold War under Moi’s administration (1978-1990)?
本研究批判性地概述了冷战时期莫伊时代肯尼亚对中东外交政策的演变。本研究举例说明了肯尼亚外交政策的基本战略、来源、国家和个人利益、目标、优先事项和执行情况。研究的前提是需要阐明肯尼亚对地区和平与安全的信念是否是肯尼亚制定和实施外交政策的基石。研究认为,肯尼亚外交政策中的任何不一致之处都是基于国际事务中合理和新出现的趋势,如对地区和全球和平与稳定的安全威胁。本研究旨在弄清莫伊时代(1978-1990 年)肯尼亚是如何制定、阐述和实施对中东的承认政策的。本研究的中心问题是是什么影响了莫伊执政时期(1978-1990 年)冷战期间肯尼亚对阿富汗、伊拉克、伊朗、以色列和巴勒斯坦的承认政策?
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引用次数: 0
The New Apartheid 新种族隔离
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/kwxvxy40
Masilo Lepuru
The fundamental distinction between a Civil Rights movement such as the African National Congress and a liberation movement like Poqo lies in the status of white settlers and Apartheid. The mythologisation of Apartheid by promoting it to the main problem in liberation politics and history in conqueror South Africa  is the persistent intellectual obsession of the Congress Tradition. A trenchant contestation and rejection of Apartheid as the fundamental antagonism in the history of the struggle for national liberation is the defining trait of a liberation movement and liberation intellectual production.Having written a book entitled Democracy & Delusion: 10 Myths (2019), in which he debunks what he considers to be myths about the so-called post-Apartheid South Africa, Sizwe is back again only this time he is reinventing two myths.In the book under review, entitled The New Apartheid (2021), Sizwe promotes the delusion and first myth of Apartheid as the problem and the second myth of the ANC as a liberation movement. This review is about these two myths.
非洲人国民大会等民权运动与波乔等解放运动的根本区别在于白人定居者的地位和种族隔离制度。将种族隔离神话化,将其作为征服者南非解放政治和历史的主要问题,是大会党传统的顽固思想执念。将种族隔离作为争取民族解放斗争史上的根本对立面,对其进行尖锐的批判和否定,是解放运动和解放思想产品的决定性特征。西兹维曾写过一本名为《民主与妄想:10 个神话》(2019 年)的书,在书中他揭穿了他认为所谓的后种族隔离南非的神话,这次他又回来了,只不过这次他重新创造了两个神话。在这本名为《新种族隔离》(2021 年)的书中,西兹维宣扬了种族隔离是问题所在的妄想和第一个神话,以及非国大是解放运动的第二个神话。这篇评论就是关于这两个神话的。
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引用次数: 0
The Global Covid-19 Pandemic 全球 Covid-19 大流行
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/dpmf0h28
Chidochashe Nyere
The politics of science, or better still, the political science of global politics is what the world is battling, concerning the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, today. Whereas scientific disciplines such as virology and epidemiology would usually take centre stage when an outbreak such as Covid-19 strikes, and now owing to the vacuum that has been created by conflicting and contradictory information from health experts on Covid-19, global health is opened up to, or left up to, political giants. Health matters of virology and epidemiology surrounding Covid-19 have, thus, been reduced to issues of politicking. The World Health Organisation's voice (WHO), despite its sustained campaign and provision of information on Covid-19, is drowned and almost silenced by the number of health authorities and experts that have come out to refute mainstream information and strategies on combating and managing Covid-19. As such, the politicization of Covid-19 and the coloniality of knowledge and information surrounding Covid-19 may very well be the main issue of contention than the Covid-19 itself. This paper, therefore, seeks to unmask the political dimensions that are camouflaged by the Covid-19 pandemic and expose the real issues that Covid-19 has allowed to thrive and are, as a result, sustained by the Covid-19 crisis. Using the qualitative research methodology, I set out to discuss and analyse the debates on Covid-19 as have been proffered in the public domain. Thus, the method of research is a desktop analysis of academic articles, newspaper articles, social media pieces and mainstream television pieces, among others. I offer a decolonial account on Covid-19.
科学的政治学,或者更确切地说,全球政治的政治学,是当今世界在冠状病毒(Covid-19)大流行问题上正在进行的斗争。在 Covid-19 爆发时,病毒学和流行病学等科学学科通常会占据中心位置,而现在由于卫生专家提供的有关 Covid-19 的信息相互矛盾、相互冲突,造成了真空,全球卫生被政治巨头左右。因此,围绕 Covid-19 的病毒学和流行病学等健康问题已沦为政治问题。尽管世界卫生组织(世卫组织)持续开展宣传活动并提供有关 Covid-19 的信息,但大量卫生当局和专家站出来驳斥有关抗击和管理 Covid-19 的主流信息和战略,世卫组织的声音几乎被淹没。因此,与 Covid-19 本身相比,Covid-19 的政治化以及围绕 Covid-19 的知识和信息的殖民化很可能是主要的争议问题。因此,本文试图揭开被 Covid-19 大流行所掩盖的政治层面,并揭露 Covid-19 让 Covid-19 蓬勃发展,并因此使 Covid-19 危机得以持续的真正问题。我采用定性研究方法,着手讨论和分析公共领域对 Covid-19 的争论。因此,研究方法是对学术文章、报纸文章、社交媒体文章和主流电视文章等进行桌面分析。我对 Covid-19 进行了非殖民描述。
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引用次数: 0
Africa in the Year of Geopolitics 地缘政治年中的非洲
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.36615/db0bv648
Siphamandla Zondi
The year 2023 ended with the world on the precipice. The war in Gaza, a disproportionate Israeli military response to Hamas attack on a festival in Israel, is among the deadliest in decades. More than 20 000 people, mostly civilians including women and children had been killed in the Israeli bombing campaign to avenge the Hamas killing of 120 in October. Thousands have been displaced and injured
2023 年结束时,世界正处于悬崖边上。加沙战争是以色列对哈马斯袭击以色列一个节日的过度军事回应,是几十年来死亡人数最多的战争之一。在以色列为报复哈马斯在 10 月份杀害 120 人而发动的轰炸行动中,超过 20 000 人丧生,其中大部分是平民,包括妇女和儿童。数以千计的人流离失所和受伤
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引用次数: 0
期刊
African Journal of Political Science
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