Pub Date : 2001-12-19DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009319
G. Johnson
Many organizations worldwide develop standards that affect nuclear instrumentation and control (I&C). Two of the primary standards organizations are the US IEEE's Nuclear Power Engineering Committee (NPEC), and the IEC subcommittee on Reactor Instrumentation (SC45A). This paper surveys the contents of the two sets of standards. Opportunities for complementary use of IEEE and IEC standards are discussed.
{"title":"Comparison of IEC and IEEE standards for computer-based control systems important to safety","authors":"G. Johnson","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009319","url":null,"abstract":"Many organizations worldwide develop standards that affect nuclear instrumentation and control (I&C). Two of the primary standards organizations are the US IEEE's Nuclear Power Engineering Committee (NPEC), and the IEC subcommittee on Reactor Instrumentation (SC45A). This paper surveys the contents of the two sets of standards. Opportunities for complementary use of IEEE and IEC standards are discussed.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121814763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-10DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009650
P. Mastromarino, T. Humensky, P. Anthony, C. Arroyo, K. Bega, A. Brachmann, G. Cates, J. Clendenin, F. Decker, T. Fieguth, E. Hughes, G. M. Jones, Y. Kolomensky, K. Kumar, D. Relyea, S. Rock, O. Saxton, Z. Szalata, J. Turner, M. Woods
Experiment E158 at SLAC will make the first measurement of parity violation in Moller scattering. The left-right cross-section asymmetry in the elastic scattering of a 45 GeV polarized electron beam with unpolarized electrons in a liquid hydrogen target will be measured to an accuracy of better than 10/sup -8/, with the expected Standard Model asymmetry being approximately 10/sup -7/. Because helicity-correlated (left-right) charge and position asymmetries in the electron beam can give rise to systematic errors in the measurement, great care must be given to beam monitoring and control. We have developed beam current monitors that measure the charge per pulse at the 3 /spl times/ 10/sup -5/ level and RF cavity beam position monitors that measure the position per pulse to 1 /spl mu/m, which should allow precisions of 1 ppb and 1 nm for the final integrated charge and position asymmetries, respectively. In addition, since most helicity-correlated systematics in the electron beam can be traced back to the laser that drives the photoemission from the GaAs source cathode, we first use careful control of laser beam polarization, point-to-point imaging, and other techniques to minimize systematics. We also provide the capability of modulating in a helicity-correlated way the laser beam's intensity and position as it strikes the photocathode, allowing the implementation of active feedback to ensure that the average charge and position asymmetries integrate close to zero over the course of the experiment. We present this system of precision beam monitoring and control and report on its performance during a recent commissioning run, T-437 at SLAC, which demonstrated charge and position asymmetry precision of 2 ppb and 12 nm, respectively.
{"title":"Helicity-correlated systematics for SLAC Experiment E158","authors":"P. Mastromarino, T. Humensky, P. Anthony, C. Arroyo, K. Bega, A. Brachmann, G. Cates, J. Clendenin, F. Decker, T. Fieguth, E. Hughes, G. M. Jones, Y. Kolomensky, K. Kumar, D. Relyea, S. Rock, O. Saxton, Z. Szalata, J. Turner, M. Woods","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009650","url":null,"abstract":"Experiment E158 at SLAC will make the first measurement of parity violation in Moller scattering. The left-right cross-section asymmetry in the elastic scattering of a 45 GeV polarized electron beam with unpolarized electrons in a liquid hydrogen target will be measured to an accuracy of better than 10/sup -8/, with the expected Standard Model asymmetry being approximately 10/sup -7/. Because helicity-correlated (left-right) charge and position asymmetries in the electron beam can give rise to systematic errors in the measurement, great care must be given to beam monitoring and control. We have developed beam current monitors that measure the charge per pulse at the 3 /spl times/ 10/sup -5/ level and RF cavity beam position monitors that measure the position per pulse to 1 /spl mu/m, which should allow precisions of 1 ppb and 1 nm for the final integrated charge and position asymmetries, respectively. In addition, since most helicity-correlated systematics in the electron beam can be traced back to the laser that drives the photoemission from the GaAs source cathode, we first use careful control of laser beam polarization, point-to-point imaging, and other techniques to minimize systematics. We also provide the capability of modulating in a helicity-correlated way the laser beam's intensity and position as it strikes the photocathode, allowing the implementation of active feedback to ensure that the average charge and position asymmetries integrate close to zero over the course of the experiment. We present this system of precision beam monitoring and control and report on its performance during a recent commissioning run, T-437 at SLAC, which demonstrated charge and position asymmetry precision of 2 ppb and 12 nm, respectively.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115581874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008551
J. Uribe, M. Aykaç, H. Baghaei, H. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, T. Xing, W. Wong
Recent approval by CMS (former HCFA) for reimbursement of PET scans used in certain cases of diagnostic oncology, and the rapid grow of the PET market that this approval has generated (100% increase in year 2000) creates the need for more affordable dedicated PET scanners. The objective of the work presented here is the development of a position sensitive block with the same detector area (40 mm /spl times/ 40 mm) and number of crystals, (8/spl times/8) of the block of a commercial camera using the photomultiplier quadrant sharing technique (PQS). This block is coupled to four single-anode 40 mm diameter PMTs and each PMT is sheared by four block detectors. Significant savings come from the number of PMTs required which are only 25% of what otherwise would be necessary to build a comparable commercial camera. Due to unused photocathode area left by a PQS array of square blocks in a detector module, a rectangular (extended) block was developed. This block maximizes use of the PMT sensitive area and minimizes gap size between modules. It was only necessary to develop the extended block because a symmetric square block uses same type of partitions like those controlling light distribution along the short side of the rectangular one. White paint masks applied with accurate templates and airbrush were fine-tuned for every pair of adjacent crystals. Crystal decoding presents good separation uniformly distributed over the two-dimensional decoding map of the block. Composite energy spectrum of all 64 crystals shows a prominent photopeak (39% energy resolution) and relatively small Compton edge. It indicates that the block has a very uniform light collection for all crystals. It is expected that the image resolution using this type of block be comparable to the resolution of commercial cameras, because we clearly decode the same number and size of crystals.
最近CMS(原HCFA)批准在某些肿瘤学诊断病例中使用PET扫描的报销，并且该批准所产生的PET市场的快速增长(2000年增长100%)创造了对更实惠的专用PET扫描仪的需求。本文提出的工作目标是使用光电倍增管象限共享技术(PQS)开发具有相同探测器面积(40 mm /spl倍/ 40 mm)和晶体数量(8/spl倍/8)的商用相机块的位置敏感块。该块与四个单阳极直径40毫米的PMT耦合，每个PMT由四个块探测器剪切。大量的节省来自于所需的pmt数量，它只需要25%，否则将需要建立一个类似的商业相机。由于探测器模块中方形块的PQS阵列留下了未使用的光电阴极面积，因此开发了矩形(扩展)块。该模块最大限度地利用PMT敏感区域，并最大限度地减少模块之间的间隙大小。只需要开发扩展块，因为对称的方形块使用相同类型的分区，例如沿着矩形块的短边控制光线分布的分区。使用精确模板和喷枪的白色涂料掩模对每一对相邻的晶体进行了微调。晶体解码在块的二维解码图上具有均匀分布的良好分离性。所有64种晶体的复合能谱显示出明显的光峰(39%的能量分辨率)和相对较小的康普顿边缘。这表明该块对所有晶体具有非常均匀的光收集。预计使用这种类型的块的图像分辨率可以与商用相机的分辨率相媲美，因为我们可以清楚地解码相同数量和大小的晶体。
{"title":"Inexpensive position sensitive detector block for 40 mm diameter PMT using quadrant sharing configuration","authors":"J. Uribe, M. Aykaç, H. Baghaei, H. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, T. Xing, W. Wong","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008551","url":null,"abstract":"Recent approval by CMS (former HCFA) for reimbursement of PET scans used in certain cases of diagnostic oncology, and the rapid grow of the PET market that this approval has generated (100% increase in year 2000) creates the need for more affordable dedicated PET scanners. The objective of the work presented here is the development of a position sensitive block with the same detector area (40 mm /spl times/ 40 mm) and number of crystals, (8/spl times/8) of the block of a commercial camera using the photomultiplier quadrant sharing technique (PQS). This block is coupled to four single-anode 40 mm diameter PMTs and each PMT is sheared by four block detectors. Significant savings come from the number of PMTs required which are only 25% of what otherwise would be necessary to build a comparable commercial camera. Due to unused photocathode area left by a PQS array of square blocks in a detector module, a rectangular (extended) block was developed. This block maximizes use of the PMT sensitive area and minimizes gap size between modules. It was only necessary to develop the extended block because a symmetric square block uses same type of partitions like those controlling light distribution along the short side of the rectangular one. White paint masks applied with accurate templates and airbrush were fine-tuned for every pair of adjacent crystals. Crystal decoding presents good separation uniformly distributed over the two-dimensional decoding map of the block. Composite energy spectrum of all 64 crystals shows a prominent photopeak (39% energy resolution) and relatively small Compton edge. It indicates that the block has a very uniform light collection for all crystals. It is expected that the image resolution using this type of block be comparable to the resolution of commercial cameras, because we clearly decode the same number and size of crystals.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116013053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008656
T. Claesson, A. Kerek, J. Molnár, D. Novak
A demonstrator of computed tomography (CT) has been designed and built for educational purposes. The system is based on a solid state CdZnTe detector and a standard PC. The mechanics of the system is controlled and data is acquired by programs written in LabVIEW. Computed tomography images are reconstructed using MATLAB programs.
{"title":"A CT demonstrator based on a CZT solid state detector","authors":"T. Claesson, A. Kerek, J. Molnár, D. Novak","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008656","url":null,"abstract":"A demonstrator of computed tomography (CT) has been designed and built for educational purposes. The system is based on a solid state CdZnTe detector and a standard PC. The mechanics of the system is controlled and data is acquired by programs written in LabVIEW. Computed tomography images are reconstructed using MATLAB programs.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122145609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008552
L. Meng, D. Herbert, D. Ramsden
In this paper, we present the design and the results of a feasibility study of a novel, ultra-fast and high-resolution PET detector. It is based on the use of an LSO crystal array read-out by a Multi pixel Hybrid PhotoDiode (M-HPD) using an encoded fiber light-guide. The fiber encoding method enables one to readout more than 400 discrete crystal elements using a single M-HPD tube having 61 pixels. One of the key features of the detector is that the encoded fiber light-guide, used in conjunction with a digital readout system, eliminates the need for the use of ADCs in finding the address of the crystal in which interaction occurred. The readout time of a detector comprising around four hundred 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm discrete crystals, defined as the time between identifying a coincidence and providing the address of the crystal hit, can be reduced to less than 0.1 /spl mu/s. As a consequence, one could significantly improve the noise-effective-count-rate (NECR) performance of a PET system based on this detector design. Another advantage of this detector design is that the parallel readout scheme used, greatly simplifies the readout electronics by eliminating the use of ADC in the readout system. The feasibility of this detector design has been confirmed by measurements using a prototype detector module based on a 5/spl times/5 array of 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm LSO crystals. A signal level of around 200 photoelectrons has been measured for 511 keV energy deposited in the detector. An energy-resolution of /spl sim/30% and a timing resolution of less than 4 ns were achieved in this study.
{"title":"Design and feasibility study of an ultra-fast high resolution PET detector","authors":"L. Meng, D. Herbert, D. Ramsden","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008552","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present the design and the results of a feasibility study of a novel, ultra-fast and high-resolution PET detector. It is based on the use of an LSO crystal array read-out by a Multi pixel Hybrid PhotoDiode (M-HPD) using an encoded fiber light-guide. The fiber encoding method enables one to readout more than 400 discrete crystal elements using a single M-HPD tube having 61 pixels. One of the key features of the detector is that the encoded fiber light-guide, used in conjunction with a digital readout system, eliminates the need for the use of ADCs in finding the address of the crystal in which interaction occurred. The readout time of a detector comprising around four hundred 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm discrete crystals, defined as the time between identifying a coincidence and providing the address of the crystal hit, can be reduced to less than 0.1 /spl mu/s. As a consequence, one could significantly improve the noise-effective-count-rate (NECR) performance of a PET system based on this detector design. Another advantage of this detector design is that the parallel readout scheme used, greatly simplifies the readout electronics by eliminating the use of ADC in the readout system. The feasibility of this detector design has been confirmed by measurements using a prototype detector module based on a 5/spl times/5 array of 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm LSO crystals. A signal level of around 200 photoelectrons has been measured for 511 keV energy deposited in the detector. An energy-resolution of /spl sim/30% and a timing resolution of less than 4 ns were achieved in this study.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127273519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008503
A. Tashiro, K. Makishima, T. Kamae, T. Murakami, T. Takahashi, Y. Fukazawa, M. Kokubun, K. Nakazawa, M. Nomachi, A. Yoshida, Y. Ezoe, N. Isobe, N. Yomoto, J. Kataoka, J. Kotoku, M. Kouda, S. Kubo, A. Kubota, Y. Matsumoto, T. Mizuno, Y. Okada, N. Ota, H. Ozawa, G. Sato, M. Sugiho, M. Sugizaki, I. Takahashi, H. Takahashi, T. Tamura, C. Tanihata, Y. Terada, Y. Uchiyama, S. Watanabe, K. Yamaoka, D. Yonetoku
The ASTRO-E Hard X-ray Detector utilized GSO/BGO well-type phoswich counters in compound-eye configuration, to achieve an extremely low background level of a few /spl times/10/sup -5/ counts s/sup -1/ cm/sup -2/ keV/sup -1/. The GSO scintillators installed in the BGO active shield wells observes 30-600 keV photons, while silicon PIN diodes of 2 mm thick placed in front of each GSO crystal covers 10-60 keV photons with energy resolution of /spl sim/3.5 keV FWHM. The design goals both of low background and high energy resolution in the hard X-ray bands were confirmed to be achieved through the preflight calibration experiments.
{"title":"Achievements of the ASTRO-E Hard X-ray Detector development","authors":"A. Tashiro, K. Makishima, T. Kamae, T. Murakami, T. Takahashi, Y. Fukazawa, M. Kokubun, K. Nakazawa, M. Nomachi, A. Yoshida, Y. Ezoe, N. Isobe, N. Yomoto, J. Kataoka, J. Kotoku, M. Kouda, S. Kubo, A. Kubota, Y. Matsumoto, T. Mizuno, Y. Okada, N. Ota, H. Ozawa, G. Sato, M. Sugiho, M. Sugizaki, I. Takahashi, H. Takahashi, T. Tamura, C. Tanihata, Y. Terada, Y. Uchiyama, S. Watanabe, K. Yamaoka, D. Yonetoku","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008503","url":null,"abstract":"The ASTRO-E Hard X-ray Detector utilized GSO/BGO well-type phoswich counters in compound-eye configuration, to achieve an extremely low background level of a few /spl times/10/sup -5/ counts s/sup -1/ cm/sup -2/ keV/sup -1/. The GSO scintillators installed in the BGO active shield wells observes 30-600 keV photons, while silicon PIN diodes of 2 mm thick placed in front of each GSO crystal covers 10-60 keV photons with energy resolution of /spl sim/3.5 keV FWHM. The design goals both of low background and high energy resolution in the hard X-ray bands were confirmed to be achieved through the preflight calibration experiments.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114940563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008691
H. Baghaei, W. Wong, Hongdi Li, J. Uribe, Yu Wang, M. Aykaç, Yaqiang Liu, T. Xing
We have investigated the influence of filter and its cutoff frequency on the image quality for volume PET imaging using the widely used 3D-reprojection (3DRP) algorithm. An important parameter in 3DRP and other filtered backprojection algorithms is the choice of the filter window function. For this work, three different low-pass filter window functions, Hann, Hamming and Butterworth, were investigated. For each filter a range of cutoff frequencies were considered. Projection data were acquired by scanning a uniform cylindrical phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four small lesions and the Hoffman brain phantom. All measurements were performed with the high-resolution PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET). This prototype camera, which is a multiring scanner with no septa, has a transaxial resolution of 2.8 mm. The evaluation was performed by computing the noise level of reconstructed images of the uniform phantom, the contrast recovery of the hot lesions in warm background, and by visual inspection of image quality for the Hoffman brain phantom. For the high statistics data presented here, a cutoff frequency 0.6 to 0.8 of Nyquist resulted in a reasonable compromise between the contrast recovery and the noise level for the Hann filter. For the Butterworth filter, a cutoff at 0.4-0.6 of Nyquist frequency was a reasonable choice. Overall, the Butterworth filter performed better in contrast recovery and spatial resolution at the cost of somewhat noisier image.
{"title":"Evaluation of filter function for volume PET imaging using the 3DRP algorithm","authors":"H. Baghaei, W. Wong, Hongdi Li, J. Uribe, Yu Wang, M. Aykaç, Yaqiang Liu, T. Xing","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008691","url":null,"abstract":"We have investigated the influence of filter and its cutoff frequency on the image quality for volume PET imaging using the widely used 3D-reprojection (3DRP) algorithm. An important parameter in 3DRP and other filtered backprojection algorithms is the choice of the filter window function. For this work, three different low-pass filter window functions, Hann, Hamming and Butterworth, were investigated. For each filter a range of cutoff frequencies were considered. Projection data were acquired by scanning a uniform cylindrical phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four small lesions and the Hoffman brain phantom. All measurements were performed with the high-resolution PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET). This prototype camera, which is a multiring scanner with no septa, has a transaxial resolution of 2.8 mm. The evaluation was performed by computing the noise level of reconstructed images of the uniform phantom, the contrast recovery of the hot lesions in warm background, and by visual inspection of image quality for the Hoffman brain phantom. For the high statistics data presented here, a cutoff frequency 0.6 to 0.8 of Nyquist resulted in a reasonable compromise between the contrast recovery and the noise level for the Hann filter. For the Butterworth filter, a cutoff at 0.4-0.6 of Nyquist frequency was a reasonable choice. Overall, the Butterworth filter performed better in contrast recovery and spatial resolution at the cost of somewhat noisier image.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124770655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009271
J. Qi, Ronald H. Huesman
A Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) scanner dedicated to breast imaging is being developed at our laboratory. We have developed a fist mode likelihood reconstruction algorithm for this scanner. Here we theoretically study the lesion detection and quantitation. The lesion detectability is studied theoretically using computer observers. We found that for the zero-order quadratic prior, the region of interest observer can achieve the performance of the prewhitening observer with a properly selected smoothing parameter. We also study the lesion quantitation using the test statistic of the region of interest observer. The theoretical expressions for the bias, variance, and ensemble mean squared error of the quantitation are derived. Computer simulations show that the theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results for both lesion detection and quantitation.
{"title":"Lesion detection and quantitation of positron emission mammography","authors":"J. Qi, Ronald H. Huesman","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009271","url":null,"abstract":"A Positron Emission Mammography (PEM) scanner dedicated to breast imaging is being developed at our laboratory. We have developed a fist mode likelihood reconstruction algorithm for this scanner. Here we theoretically study the lesion detection and quantitation. The lesion detectability is studied theoretically using computer observers. We found that for the zero-order quadratic prior, the region of interest observer can achieve the performance of the prewhitening observer with a properly selected smoothing parameter. We also study the lesion quantitation using the test statistic of the region of interest observer. The theoretical expressions for the bias, variance, and ensemble mean squared error of the quantitation are derived. Computer simulations show that the theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the Monte Carlo results for both lesion detection and quantitation.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129141058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008690
H. Baghaei, J. Uribe, Hongdi Li, Yu Wang, M. Aykaç, Yaqiang Liu, T. Xing, W. Wong
We have evaluated the 3D Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) algorithm for reconstruction of the projection data from a high-resolution 3D PET scanner. For this study, we used the inter-update Metz filtered OSEM (IMF-OSEM) algorithm, which has been developed by PARAPET project. The IMF-OSEM is an implementation of the OSEM algorithm with some additional capabilities such as inter-update filtering and random permutation of the subsets in each iteration. The projection data were acquired with the high-resolution PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET). This prototype camera, which is a multiring scanner with no septa, has a transaxial resolution of 2.8 mm that allows a better evaluation of the algorithm. We scanned three phantoms: a cylindrical uniform phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four small lesions, and the Hoffman brain phantom. The evaluation of the OSEM algorithm was performed by computing the noise level of the reconstructed images of the uniform phantom and by studying the contrast recovery for the hot lesions in warm background and also by visual inspection of images especially for the Hoffman brain phantom. In addition, the effects of post filtering and filtering during the reconstruction process have been evaluated. We observed that for the high statistics data, a good compromise between contrast recovery and noise level was achieved between 20 to 40 iterations for plain OSEM algorithm. By visually inspecting the images of Hoffman brain phantom and hot lesions, we observed that plain-OSEM algorithm, especially when followed by post-filtering, could also reasonably reproduce the phantom's structure. We also found that inter-update filtering has the potential to reach a noise level and contrast comparable to those from plain-OSEM at a smaller iteration number; however, it also has a higher tendency to develop noise artifacts.
我们已经评估了3D有序子集期望最大化(OSEM)算法用于重建高分辨率3D PET扫描仪的投影数据。在本研究中，我们使用了PARAPET项目开发的inter-update Metz filtering OSEM (IMF-OSEM)算法。IMF-OSEM是OSEM算法的实现，具有一些额外的功能，如每次迭代中的更新间过滤和子集的随机排列。投影数据由MD安德森癌症中心(MDAPET)开发的高分辨率PET相机获得。这个原型相机是一个没有间隔的多环扫描仪，其跨轴分辨率为2.8毫米，可以更好地评估算法。我们扫描了三个幻像:一个圆柱形的均匀幻像，一个有四个小病灶的圆柱形幻像，以及霍夫曼脑幻像。对OSEM算法的评价是通过计算均匀脑幻像重建图像的噪声水平，研究热病灶在温暖背景下的对比度恢复，以及对图像特别是霍夫曼脑幻像的视觉检查来完成的。此外，还对重建过程中的后滤波和滤波的效果进行了评价。我们观察到，对于高统计量数据，普通OSEM算法在20到40次迭代之间实现了对比度恢复和噪声水平之间的良好折衷。通过目测霍夫曼脑幻像和热病变的图像，我们发现plain-OSEM算法，特别是在进行后滤波后，也能合理地再现脑幻像的结构。我们还发现，在较小的迭代次数下，更新间滤波有可能达到与普通osem相当的噪声水平和对比度;然而，它也有更高的倾向产生噪声伪影。
{"title":"Evaluation of the 3D IMF-OSEM algorithm by using data from a high resolution PET scanner","authors":"H. Baghaei, J. Uribe, Hongdi Li, Yu Wang, M. Aykaç, Yaqiang Liu, T. Xing, W. Wong","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1008690","url":null,"abstract":"We have evaluated the 3D Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) algorithm for reconstruction of the projection data from a high-resolution 3D PET scanner. For this study, we used the inter-update Metz filtered OSEM (IMF-OSEM) algorithm, which has been developed by PARAPET project. The IMF-OSEM is an implementation of the OSEM algorithm with some additional capabilities such as inter-update filtering and random permutation of the subsets in each iteration. The projection data were acquired with the high-resolution PET camera developed at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDAPET). This prototype camera, which is a multiring scanner with no septa, has a transaxial resolution of 2.8 mm that allows a better evaluation of the algorithm. We scanned three phantoms: a cylindrical uniform phantom, a cylindrical phantom with four small lesions, and the Hoffman brain phantom. The evaluation of the OSEM algorithm was performed by computing the noise level of the reconstructed images of the uniform phantom and by studying the contrast recovery for the hot lesions in warm background and also by visual inspection of images especially for the Hoffman brain phantom. In addition, the effects of post filtering and filtering during the reconstruction process have been evaluated. We observed that for the high statistics data, a good compromise between contrast recovery and noise level was achieved between 20 to 40 iterations for plain OSEM algorithm. By visually inspecting the images of Hoffman brain phantom and hot lesions, we observed that plain-OSEM algorithm, especially when followed by post-filtering, could also reasonably reproduce the phantom's structure. We also found that inter-update filtering has the potential to reach a noise level and contrast comparable to those from plain-OSEM at a smaller iteration number; however, it also has a higher tendency to develop noise artifacts.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124796032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009664
M. Woodring, J. Christian, K. Shah, M. Squillante, A. I. Kogan, S. Cherry, Y. Shao, F. Augustine
Development of an advanced, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for use with high-density, avalanche photodiode (APD) detector arrays has been undertaken. APD technology recently developed at Radiation Monitoring Devices (RMD) has demonstrated great promise in the form of compact arrays. While APD arrays are capable of providing the basis for a new generation of high-resolution, photon-imaging systems, it is extraordinarily difficult to use conventional pulse-processing circuitry to support the many signals generated by these arrays. Due to the high detector density, small size, and unique electronic features of APD arrays, conventional readout electronics quickly become problematic for the implementation to APD arrays in positron-emission tomography (PET) systems. As the focus of NIH Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) research, we designed and developed an ASIC to enable the implementation of APD arrays in PET. The circuit incorporates preamplifier, timing, shaping, and sample-and-hold capabilities that are necessary for APD use in PET. The ASIC has been designed, fabricated, and has undergone preliminary evaluation. We report on the development process, operational requirements, and performance results.
{"title":"Development of an ASIC for APD-based small animal PET","authors":"M. Woodring, J. Christian, K. Shah, M. Squillante, A. I. Kogan, S. Cherry, Y. Shao, F. Augustine","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2001.1009664","url":null,"abstract":"Development of an advanced, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for use with high-density, avalanche photodiode (APD) detector arrays has been undertaken. APD technology recently developed at Radiation Monitoring Devices (RMD) has demonstrated great promise in the form of compact arrays. While APD arrays are capable of providing the basis for a new generation of high-resolution, photon-imaging systems, it is extraordinarily difficult to use conventional pulse-processing circuitry to support the many signals generated by these arrays. Due to the high detector density, small size, and unique electronic features of APD arrays, conventional readout electronics quickly become problematic for the implementation to APD arrays in positron-emission tomography (PET) systems. As the focus of NIH Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) research, we designed and developed an ASIC to enable the implementation of APD arrays in PET. The circuit incorporates preamplifier, timing, shaping, and sample-and-hold capabilities that are necessary for APD use in PET. The ASIC has been designed, fabricated, and has undergone preliminary evaluation. We report on the development process, operational requirements, and performance results.","PeriodicalId":159123,"journal":{"name":"2001 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37310)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128981301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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