Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0002
B. Shneiderman
The contrast between AI and HCAI is a continuation of the 2,000-year-old clash between Aristotle’s rationalism, based on logical analyses, and Leonardo da Vinci’s empiricism, based on sensory exploration of the world. Both are valuable and worthy of understanding. Both philosophies, rationalism and empiricism, offer valuable insights, so I apply rational thinking for its strengths, but I know that balancing it with an empirical outlook helps me see other possibilities, which use observational strategies. Watching users of technology has always led me to fresh insights, so I am drawn to usability studies, interviews, naturalistic observations, and repeated weeks-long case studies with users doing their work to complement the rationalist approach of controlled experiments in laboratory settings.
{"title":"How Do Rationalism and Empiricism Provide Sound Foundations?","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The contrast between AI and HCAI is a continuation of the 2,000-year-old clash between Aristotle’s rationalism, based on logical analyses, and Leonardo da Vinci’s empiricism, based on sensory exploration of the world. Both are valuable and worthy of understanding. Both philosophies, rationalism and empiricism, offer valuable insights, so I apply rational thinking for its strengths, but I know that balancing it with an empirical outlook helps me see other possibilities, which use observational strategies. Watching users of technology has always led me to fresh insights, so I am drawn to usability studies, interviews, naturalistic observations, and repeated weeks-long case studies with users doing their work to complement the rationalist approach of controlled experiments in laboratory settings.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114802695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0020
B. Shneiderman
Past accidents and incidents often had narrow impacts, but today’s failures of massive technology-based interdependent organizations in globalized economies can have devastating effects for the health and economies of entire cities, regions, and continents. Safety cultures have been successful in medicine, transportation, and other industries, so they may be effective for HCAI. The methods include: (1) Leadership commitment to safety, (2) hiring and training oriented to safety, (3) extensive reporting of failures and near misses, (4) internal review boards for problems and future plans, and (5) alignment with industry standards and accepted best practices. Safety cultures are never perfect, but they can improve existing processes and reduce costs, in part by preventing damage and injury.
{"title":"Safety Culture through Business Management Strategies","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Past accidents and incidents often had narrow impacts, but today’s failures of massive technology-based interdependent organizations in globalized economies can have devastating effects for the health and economies of entire cities, regions, and continents. Safety cultures have been successful in medicine, transportation, and other industries, so they may be effective for HCAI. The methods include: (1) Leadership commitment to safety, (2) hiring and training oriented to safety, (3) extensive reporting of failures and near misses, (4) internal review boards for problems and future plans, and (5) alignment with industry standards and accepted best practices. Safety cultures are never perfect, but they can improve existing processes and reduce costs, in part by preventing damage and injury.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133205651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0022
B. Shneiderman
While many industry leaders argue that government interventions and regulation will limit innovation, this is not always true. Government regulation of automobile safety and fuel efficiency was an enormous stimulant to innovation, producing benefits for the public and the car manufacturing companies. Government projects and funding of academic research can do much to accelerate development of new technologies such as HCAI. International competition to lead AI and HCAI research generates large national investments directed at national priorities like security, healthcare, business success, and societal problems. European efforts lead the way in protecting the right to an explanation, triggering extensive research in explaninable AI, while China’s Social Credit System tracks individual reputations. Although past US White House reports sought to avoid regulation, federal agencies have increasingly found useful ways to regulate and support key industries.
{"title":"Government Interventions and Regulations","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"While many industry leaders argue that government interventions and regulation will limit innovation, this is not always true. Government regulation of automobile safety and fuel efficiency was an enormous stimulant to innovation, producing benefits for the public and the car manufacturing companies. Government projects and funding of academic research can do much to accelerate development of new technologies such as HCAI. International competition to lead AI and HCAI research generates large national investments directed at national priorities like security, healthcare, business success, and societal problems. European efforts lead the way in protecting the right to an explanation, triggering extensive research in explaninable AI, while China’s Social Credit System tracks individual reputations. Although past US White House reports sought to avoid regulation, federal agencies have increasingly found useful ways to regulate and support key industries.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"65 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132570862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0012
B. Shneiderman
The science goal is to understand computational agents and human perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities so as to build computers that perform tasks as well as or better than humans. The innovation goal, some would call it the engineering goal, drives researchers to develop widely used products and services by applying HCAI methods. Lewis Mumford’s early writings are a guide to getting beyond the “obstacle of animism.” Successful designerss avoid mimicking human models and pursue supertools, tele-bots, active appliances, and control centers that support human control over technology, while ensuring high levels of automation. Another goal is to support human collaboration through shared documents and conferencing systems that bring people together.
{"title":"Science and Innovation Goals","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The science goal is to understand computational agents and human perceptual, cognitive, and motor abilities so as to build computers that perform tasks as well as or better than humans. The innovation goal, some would call it the engineering goal, drives researchers to develop widely used products and services by applying HCAI methods. Lewis Mumford’s early writings are a guide to getting beyond the “obstacle of animism.” Successful designerss avoid mimicking human models and pursue supertools, tele-bots, active appliances, and control centers that support human control over technology, while ensuring high levels of automation. Another goal is to support human collaboration through shared documents and conferencing systems that bring people together.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124314716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0021
B. Shneiderman
The key to independent oversight is to support the legal, moral, and ethical principles of human or organizational responsibility and liability for their products and services. Three common forms of independent oversight are planning oversight, continuous monitoring, and retrospective analysis of disasters. These may be carried out by accounting firms, insurance companies, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and professional organizations and research institutes. Skeptics delight in pointing out that each of these approaches is imperfect, but the evidence shows that overall they are helpful in promoting trustworthy systems by way of continuous improvement to methods and improved training for leaders and staff members. Use of these approaches can be a competitive advantage that is featured in marketing new products and services.
{"title":"Trustworthy Certification by Independent Oversight","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"The key to independent oversight is to support the legal, moral, and ethical principles of human or organizational responsibility and liability for their products and services. Three common forms of independent oversight are planning oversight, continuous monitoring, and retrospective analysis of disasters. These may be carried out by accounting firms, insurance companies, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and professional organizations and research institutes. Skeptics delight in pointing out that each of these approaches is imperfect, but the evidence shows that overall they are helpful in promoting trustworthy systems by way of continuous improvement to methods and improved training for leaders and staff members. Use of these approaches can be a competitive advantage that is featured in marketing new products and services.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130295379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0016
B. Shneiderman
This chapter covers the many attempts by science goal advocates to build social robots over hundreds of years, which have attracted widespread interest. At the same time, active appliances, mobile devices, and kiosks are widespread consumer successes. Innovation goal champions prefer designs that are seen as steerable instruments, which increase flexibility or mobility, while being expendable in rescue, disaster, and military situations. The combined design could be to start with human-like services which have proven acceptance, such as voice-operated virtual assistants. These services could be embedded in active appliances which give users control of features that are important to them. Innovation goal thinking also leads to better than human performance in active appliances, such as using 4-wheeled or treaded robots to provide the mobility over rough terrain or floods, maneuverability in tight spaces, and heavy lifting capacity. Active appliances can also have superhuman sensors, such as infrared cameras or sensitive microphones, and specialized effectors, such as drills on Mars Rovers and cauterizing tools on surgical robots.
{"title":"Social Robots and Active Appliances","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers the many attempts by science goal advocates to build social robots over hundreds of years, which have attracted widespread interest. At the same time, active appliances, mobile devices, and kiosks are widespread consumer successes. Innovation goal champions prefer designs that are seen as steerable instruments, which increase flexibility or mobility, while being expendable in rescue, disaster, and military situations. The combined design could be to start with human-like services which have proven acceptance, such as voice-operated virtual assistants. These services could be embedded in active appliances which give users control of features that are important to them. Innovation goal thinking also leads to better than human performance in active appliances, such as using 4-wheeled or treaded robots to provide the mobility over rough terrain or floods, maneuverability in tight spaces, and heavy lifting capacity. Active appliances can also have superhuman sensors, such as infrared cameras or sensitive microphones, and specialized effectors, such as drills on Mars Rovers and cauterizing tools on surgical robots.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121330951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0019
B. Shneiderman
Reliable HCAI systems are produced by applying sound technical practices to software engineering teams. These technical practices clarify human responsibility, such as audit trails for accurate records of who did what and when, and histories of who contributed to design, coding, testing, and revisions. Other technical practices are improved software engineering workflows that are tuned to the tasks and application domain. Then when prototype systems are ready, verification and validation testing of the programs, and bias testing of the training data can begin. Software engineering practices also include the user experience design processes that lead to explainable user interfaces for HCAI systems.
{"title":"Reliable Systems Based on Sound Software Engineering Practices","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0019","url":null,"abstract":"Reliable HCAI systems are produced by applying sound technical practices to software engineering teams. These technical practices clarify human responsibility, such as audit trails for accurate records of who did what and when, and histories of who contributed to design, coding, testing, and revisions. Other technical practices are improved software engineering workflows that are tuned to the tasks and application domain. Then when prototype systems are ready, verification and validation testing of the programs, and bias testing of the training data can begin. Software engineering practices also include the user experience design processes that lead to explainable user interfaces for HCAI systems.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125673201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0013
B. Shneiderman
Those who pursue the science goal build cognitive computers that they describe as smart, intelligent, knowledgeable, and capable of thinking. The resulting human-like products may carry out narrow tasks successfully, but these designs can exacerbate the distrust, fears, and anxiety that many users have about their computers. The innovation goal community believes that computers are best designed to be supertools that amplify, augment, empower, and enhance humans. Supertools suggest human control of potent devices that amplify human performance. The combined strategy could be to design familiar HCAI user interfaces with AI technologies for services such as text messaging suggestions and internal operations to transmit optimally across complex networks.
{"title":"Intelligent Agents and Supertools","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Those who pursue the science goal build cognitive computers that they describe as smart, intelligent, knowledgeable, and capable of thinking. The resulting human-like products may carry out narrow tasks successfully, but these designs can exacerbate the distrust, fears, and anxiety that many users have about their computers. The innovation goal community believes that computers are best designed to be supertools that amplify, augment, empower, and enhance humans. Supertools suggest human control of potent devices that amplify human performance. The combined strategy could be to design familiar HCAI user interfaces with AI technologies for services such as text messaging suggestions and internal operations to transmit optimally across complex networks.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134456111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0007
B. Shneiderman
While machine autonomy remains a popular goal, the goal of human autonomy should remain equally strong in designers’ minds. Machine and human autonomy are both valuable in certain contexts, but a combined strategy uses automation when it is reliable and human control when it is necessary. To guide design improvements it will be helpful to focus on the attributes that make HCAI systems reliable, safe, and trustworthy. Designers of reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems will also promote resilience, clarify responsibility, increase quality, and encourage creativity. Still broader goals are to ensure privacy, increase cybersecurity, support social justice, and protect the environment.
{"title":"Defining Reliable, Safe, and Trustworthy Systems","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"While machine autonomy remains a popular goal, the goal of human autonomy should remain equally strong in designers’ minds. Machine and human autonomy are both valuable in certain contexts, but a combined strategy uses automation when it is reliable and human control when it is necessary. To guide design improvements it will be helpful to focus on the attributes that make HCAI systems reliable, safe, and trustworthy. Designers of reliable, safe, and trustworthy systems will also promote resilience, clarify responsibility, increase quality, and encourage creativity. Still broader goals are to ensure privacy, increase cybersecurity, support social justice, and protect the environment.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116115125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-13DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0003
B. Shneiderman
A second contrast between AI and HCAI advocates is the issue of whether people are in the same category as computers or if they are distinct. The Stanford University AI-100 report states that “the difference between an arithmetic calculator and a human brain is not one of kind, but of scale, speed, degree of autonomy, and generality,” which suggests that humans and computers are in the same category. Some researchers claim that AI technologies do even more than empower people; these new technologies are the creators themselves. In contrast, many HCAI sympathizers believe that “People are not computers. Computers are not people.” Humans have bodies. Having a body makes you human. It puts us in touch with pain and pleasure, with sadness and joy. Crying and laughing, dancing and eating, lovemaking and thinking are all parts of being human. Emotions and passions are worth celebrating and fearing.
{"title":"Are People and Computers in the Same Category?","authors":"B. Shneiderman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845290.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"A second contrast between AI and HCAI advocates is the issue of whether people are in the same category as computers or if they are distinct. The Stanford University AI-100 report states that “the difference between an arithmetic calculator and a human brain is not one of kind, but of scale, speed, degree of autonomy, and generality,” which suggests that humans and computers are in the same category. Some researchers claim that AI technologies do even more than empower people; these new technologies are the creators themselves. In contrast, many HCAI sympathizers believe that “People are not computers. Computers are not people.” Humans have bodies. Having a body makes you human. It puts us in touch with pain and pleasure, with sadness and joy. Crying and laughing, dancing and eating, lovemaking and thinking are all parts of being human. Emotions and passions are worth celebrating and fearing.","PeriodicalId":159193,"journal":{"name":"Human-Centered AI","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122145360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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