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Effective credit scoring using limited mobile phone data 有效的信用评分使用有限的移动电话数据
Astrid Bicamumpaka Shema
There has been a recent explosion of companies providing micro-loans through digital media in many developing countries. This explosion is fueled by the need for quick and convenient loans, and enabled by the vast adoption of mobile phones and mobile money. To screen borrowers, these digital lenders typically collect massive amounts of data, such as communication patterns, data on social media activities, and detailed mobile phone usage from their customers. These data present a number of potential privacy risks to borrowers. In this study, we demonstrate that accurate credit-scoring models can be trained using only airtime recharge data, which we argue is less invasive to the borrower's privacy than the typical model employed by lenders. We tested this approach through a partnership with an airtime lender in Africa that made it possible to run a side-by-side comparison of an airtime-only model against a model that also incorporated past loan data, as well as the current model used by the lender. In several tests, our model, which used limited data, performed at least as well as alternative models. These results suggest new opportunities for digital lenders to build reliable credit scoring models that reduce the privacy risks posed to their borrowers.
最近,在许多发展中国家,通过数字媒体提供小额贷款的公司激增。对快速便捷贷款的需求推动了这一爆炸式增长,而移动电话和移动货币的广泛采用也推动了这一爆炸式增长。为了筛选借款人,这些数字贷款机构通常会收集大量数据,例如通信模式、社交媒体活动数据以及客户的详细手机使用情况。这些数据给借款人带来了许多潜在的隐私风险。在本研究中,我们证明了准确的信用评分模型可以仅使用通话时间充值数据进行训练,我们认为这比贷方使用的典型模型对借款人隐私的侵犯更小。我们通过与非洲的一家通话时间贷款机构合作,对这种方法进行了测试,该合作伙伴将仅通话时间的模型与包含过去贷款数据的模型以及贷款机构使用的当前模型进行了并排比较。在几次测试中,我们的模型(使用有限的数据)的表现至少与其他模型一样好。这些结果表明,数字贷款机构有新的机会建立可靠的信用评分模型,减少对借款人构成的隐私风险。
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引用次数: 12
Fresh insights: user research towards a market information service for bihari vegetable farmers 新鲜的见解:对比哈里菜农市场信息服务的用户研究
Matt Ziegler, Lokesh Garg, Shailesh Tiwary, Aditya Vashistha, Kurtis Heimerl
Agricultural market information (MI) services provide smallholder farmers with convenient access to price information and have demonstrated potential to improve their incomes. Some recent evaluations of MI systems, however, have shown disappointing results and brought forth many complicating factors. Cautious of the mixed literature, we investigate the potential effectiveness and likely limitations of an MI service for improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the context of Loop, a shared transport-to-market-service for farmers. We conducted interviews with 17 farmers and 3 commission agents in Buxar, Bihar (India). Consistent with "information scarcity" and "information asymmetry" theories, we report how many farmers in this area regularly use mobile phones to check prices for choosing markets and negotiating transactions. Participants reported increases in the numbers of traders and price stabilization since the arrival of mobile phones. However, we found many other diverse factors that often outweigh the importance of market prices and inhibit market access, including market capacity, time, unfamiliarity with new markets, personal relationships, attitudes towards risk, credit relationships, and physical danger. Finally, to probe which of these additional factors might be addressable using an MI service, we present exploratory findings from preliminary user-interface studies.
农业市场信息服务为小农提供了获取价格信息的便捷途径,并显示出提高其收入的潜力。然而,最近对人工智能系统的一些评估显示出令人失望的结果,并提出了许多复杂的因素。考虑到混合文献,我们调查了在Loop(面向农民的共享运输到市场服务)的背景下,MI服务改善小农生计的潜在有效性和可能的局限性。我们在印度比哈尔邦Buxar对17名农民和3名委托代理人进行了采访。根据“信息稀缺”和“信息不对称”理论,我们报告了该地区有多少农民经常使用手机查看价格以选择市场和谈判交易。与会者报告说,自从移动电话出现以来,贸易商的数量有所增加,价格也趋于稳定。然而,我们发现许多其他不同的因素往往超过市场价格的重要性,并抑制市场准入,包括市场容量、时间、对新市场的不熟悉、个人关系、对风险的态度、信用关系和人身危险。最后,为了探究使用MI服务可以解决哪些附加因素,我们提出了初步用户界面研究的探索性发现。
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引用次数: 6
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development 第十届信息和通信技术与发展国际会议论文集
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引用次数: 7
Taming the Amazon: the domestication of online shopping in Bangalore, India 驯服亚马逊:印度班加罗尔网上购物的驯化
Priyank Chandra, Jay Chen
Marketplaces are rich sites for studying existing practices surrounding technology adoption, as well as for understanding how the entry of new technologies impact a diversity of social-economic groups. With the high-profile entry of e-commerce companies into the Indian retail scene, this paper seeks to understand the ways in which online shopping integrates into the everyday practices of shoppers. Using semi-structured qualitative interviews with shoppers in marketplaces at Bangalore, India and through the lens of domestication theory, we examine how the relationship between online shopping and shoppers is constructed. Beyond individual agency, this paper describes how institutional, infrastructural, and cultural forces shape the use and non-use of online marketplaces. By specifically studying non-use, we improve our understanding of the shortcomings of existing sites where technologies are encountered and of the potential considerations for future introductions of new ICTs.
市场是研究围绕技术采用的现有实践的丰富场所,也是了解新技术的进入如何影响社会经济群体多样性的场所。随着电子商务公司高调进入印度零售业,本文试图了解网上购物融入购物者日常实践的方式。通过对印度班加罗尔市场购物者的半结构化定性访谈,并通过驯化理论的视角,我们研究了在线购物和购物者之间的关系是如何构建的。除了个人代理之外,本文还描述了制度、基础设施和文化力量如何影响在线市场的使用和不使用。通过专门研究不使用,我们提高了对遇到技术的现有站点的缺点的理解,以及对未来引入新的信息通信技术的潜在考虑。
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引用次数: 11
ICTs as catalysts in child protection programmes: current landscape in South Asia & a concept to inform future use 信息通信技术在儿童保护规划中的促进作用:南亚的现状&为未来使用提供信息的概念
B. Godara, Nihaalini Kumar, Frederique Boursin, Gatienne Jobit, Amara Amara, Thierry Agagliate
Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) are increasingly, and increasingly effectively, being used in development and humanitarian work. Whereas health and education lead this use, application to child protection remains sparse and ill-understood. This paper helps address these two gaps. On the one hand, it enhances understanding of the use of ICT in child protection, by presenting the global and south Asia-specific landscapes, focusing on notable initiatives, partnerships and tools; on the other, it hopes to guide future use by putting forth a concept for an ICT-strengthened, child-centred system for case identification and management. The concept can be implemented using existing solutions of proven utility and efficacy. Therefore, we show that ICTs have a very high potential for use in child protection and can build on an increasingly solid evidence base and important successes.
信息和通信技术越来越多、越来越有效地用于发展和人道主义工作。虽然保健和教育是这种使用的主导,但在儿童保护方面的应用仍然很少,而且不为人所知。本文有助于解决这两个空白。一方面,它通过介绍全球和南亚的具体情况,重点介绍值得注意的倡议、伙伴关系和工具,加强了对在儿童保护中使用信息通信技术的理解;另一方面,它希望通过提出一个加强信通技术、以儿童为中心的病例识别和管理系统的概念来指导今后的使用。该概念可以使用经过验证的实用性和有效性的现有解决方案来实现。因此,我们表明,信息通信技术在儿童保护方面具有非常高的应用潜力,可以建立在日益坚实的证据基础和重要的成功基础之上。
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引用次数: 1
Resource allocation for handling emergencies considering dynamic variations and urban spaces: fire fighting in Mumbai 考虑动态变化和城市空间的处理紧急情况的资源分配:孟买的消防
Vaibhav Kumar, K. Ramamritham, Arnab Jana
Emergency Response Services (ERS) in the developing countries face a dual challenge of lack of resources and selection of optimal locations to distribute the available resources. Moreover, the exclusion of urban space details in the previous models leads to unfeasible solutions. Due to variations in the travel time and coverage demand throughout the day, static location problem is not sufficient to provide good solutions. Hence, we propose an approach to incorporate dynamic aspects like demand, travel time, and coverage area in developing an asset location model. We also incorporate the influence of urban settlement elements like built-up compactness etc. in the model to find the suitable locations for building mini and large fire stations. Our formulated a mixed integer program tries to maximize the empirical demand coverage by firefighting vehicles. The solution is applied to the southern region of Mumbai. When compared to the existing scenario an approximate increase of 10 to 15% increase in the demand coverage by various vehicles is achieved. It is observed that increasing the resources further increases the demand coverage.
发展中国家的应急响应服务面临着资源缺乏和选择最佳地点分配现有资源的双重挑战。此外,之前的模型中对城市空间细节的排除导致了解决方案的不可行。由于全天出行时间和覆盖需求的变化,静态定位问题不足以提供良好的解决方案。因此,我们提出了一种在开发资产定位模型时将需求、旅行时间和覆盖区域等动态方面结合起来的方法。我们还在模型中考虑了建筑密实度等城市聚落因素的影响,以找到适合建造小型和大型消防站的位置。我们制定了一个混合整数方案,试图最大化消防车辆的经验需求覆盖率。该解决方案应用于孟买南部地区。与现有情况相比,各种车辆的需求覆盖范围大约增加了10%至15%。可以看到,增加资源进一步增加了需求的覆盖面。
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引用次数: 9
Are you magicians?: the collaborative work of an agricultural information service 你们是魔术师吗?农业信息服务的协同工作
L. Christensen, H. Ahsan, M. Rashid, B. Das
Based on fieldwork, we investigate the integration of an agricultural information service into a rural community in Bangladesh. We find that it takes work beyond the initial design and cursory introduction of the service to make the service work in a low-income rural community: it takes the strength of the farmers self-help groups to circulate the messages by word-of-mouth, it takes posters placed at key junctions according to a socio-geographic understanding of the village manifest in a map, and it (ideally) involves the support of the elite of the community via the broadcast of messages at places of high symbolic value. It takes all this in addition to a well-made information service delivering relevant and timely messages on for example agricultural matters. Hence, reducing the issue to one of technical delivery mechanism does not tell the full story.
在实地调查的基础上,我们调查了农业信息服务融入孟加拉国农村社区。我们发现,要使这项服务在低收入农村社区发挥作用,除了最初的设计和粗略的介绍之外,还需要做更多的工作:它需要农民自助团体的力量通过口头传播信息,它需要根据对村庄在地图上显示的社会地理理解在关键路口放置海报,它(理想情况下)通过在具有高象征价值的地方广播信息来获得社区精英的支持。除了这一切之外,它还提供完善的信息服务,就农业等问题提供相关和及时的信息。因此,将问题简化为技术交付机制之一并不能说明全部问题。
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引用次数: 8
Embedded CNN based vehicle classification and counting in non-laned road traffic 在非车道道路交通中基于嵌入式CNN的车辆分类和计数
M. Chauhan, Arshdeep Singh, Mansi Khemka, Arneish Prateek, Rijurekha Sen
Classifying and counting vehicles in road traffic has numerous applications in the transportation engineering domain. However, the wide variety of vehicles (two-wheelers, three-wheelers, cars, buses, trucks etc.) plying on roads of developing regions without any lane discipline, makes vehicle classification and counting a hard problem to automate. In this paper, we use state of the art Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based object detection models and train them for multiple vehicle classes using data from Delhi roads. We get upto 75% MAP on an 80-20 train-test split using 5562 video frames from four different locations. As robust network connectivity is scarce in developing regions for continuous video transmissions from the road to cloud servers, we also evaluate the latency, energy and hardware cost of embedded implementations of our CNN model based inferences.
道路交通车辆分类与统计在交通运输工程领域有着广泛的应用。然而,发展中地区道路上行驶的车辆种类繁多(两轮车、三轮车、汽车、公共汽车、卡车等),没有任何车道规则,使得车辆分类和计数成为一个很难实现自动化的问题。在本文中,我们使用最先进的基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的目标检测模型,并使用来自德里道路的数据训练它们用于多个车辆类别。我们使用来自四个不同位置的5562个视频帧,在80-20火车测试分割中获得高达75%的MAP。由于在发展中地区,从道路到云服务器的连续视频传输缺乏强大的网络连接,因此我们还评估了基于CNN模型的嵌入式实现的延迟、能源和硬件成本。
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引用次数: 42
Ethical standards for the ICTD/ICT4D community: a participatory process and a co-created document ICTD/ICT4D社区的道德标准:参与过程和共同创建的文件
A. Dearden, D. Kleine
We recommend reading this poster in combination with the full ethical standards document: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/18402. ICTD/ICT4D research is multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder and based in different cultural contexts, yet in recent years, calls have been heard to agree minimum ethical standards across this field. This paper documents the participatory process we co-facilitated in response to these calls on behalf of the community, and presents the resulting document as collectively agreed set of minimum ethical standards, to be reviewed and updated in years to come. We call on journals, conference organizers, reviewers, ethics committees, institutional review boards and funders to uphold these standards and support their implementation.
我们建议将此海报与完整的道德标准文件一起阅读:http://shura.shu.ac.uk/18402。ICTD/ICT4D研究是多学科、多利益相关者和基于不同文化背景的,但近年来,已经听到了在该领域达成最低道德标准的呼吁。本文件记录了我们代表社区共同推动的响应这些呼吁的参与性过程,并将结果文件作为集体同意的一套最低道德标准,在未来几年内进行审查和更新。我们呼吁期刊、会议组织者、审稿人、伦理委员会、机构审查委员会和资助者坚持这些标准并支持其实施。
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引用次数: 13
The datafication of anti-poverty programmes: evidence from the public distribution system in Karnataka 反贫困项目的数据化:来自卡纳塔克邦公共分配系统的证据
Soumyo Das, S. Masiero
The notion of datafication implies rendering existing objects, actions and processes into data. This research-in-progress paper focuses on the meaning of datafication for anti-poverty programmes, conceived as social welfare schemes designed specifically for poor people. Drawing on a state-level case study of the adoption of Aadhaar, India's biometric population database, within the main national food security programme, we illustrate a techno-rational perspective that views datafication as capable of enhancing the effectiveness of anti-poverty schemes. At the same time, field narratives collected from beneficiaries show multiple forms of data injustice including informational gaps, restriction of the universal right to food to the enrolled, and exclusion of entitled households from service provision. Based on the qualitative research conducted on the scheme we put forward a politically embedded view of data, framing datafication as a transformative force that concurs to deep reform of existing anti-poverty programmes.
数据化的概念意味着将现有的对象、操作和过程呈现为数据。这篇正在进行的研究论文着重于数据化对反贫困方案的意义,这些方案被认为是专门为穷人设计的社会福利计划。通过在主要的国家粮食安全计划中采用印度生物识别人口数据库Aadhaar的州级案例研究,我们阐述了一种技术理性的观点,即认为数据化能够提高反贫困计划的有效性。与此同时,从受益人那里收集的实地叙述显示出多种形式的数据不公正,包括信息差距、对登记者的普遍食物权的限制以及有资格的家庭被排除在服务提供之外。基于对该方案进行的定性研究,我们提出了一种政治嵌入的数据观点,将数据化视为一种变革力量,与现有反贫困计划的深度改革相一致。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development
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