Technological mediation provides a model for analyzing the role that internet service providers (ISPs) play in translating technologies from the "technological frontier" to their particular commercial context. Although its original conception defined three obstacles mediators encounter during this process (technical, commercial, and structural), how these obstacles unfold during mediation has yet to be fully investigated. Through an ethnographic case study with a small rural ISP, we deepen our understanding of this model, in particular the complex interplay between the dynamic technological environment and the experiences of the mediator. While innovation scholars know that commercial markets mature over time, this study illuminates how this process impacts the organizations who must adopt and localize these technologies.
{"title":"Dynamics of technological mediation: a case of television white space deployment","authors":"Richard Caneba, C. Maitland","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287121","url":null,"abstract":"Technological mediation provides a model for analyzing the role that internet service providers (ISPs) play in translating technologies from the \"technological frontier\" to their particular commercial context. Although its original conception defined three obstacles mediators encounter during this process (technical, commercial, and structural), how these obstacles unfold during mediation has yet to be fully investigated. Through an ethnographic case study with a small rural ISP, we deepen our understanding of this model, in particular the complex interplay between the dynamic technological environment and the experiences of the mediator. While innovation scholars know that commercial markets mature over time, this study illuminates how this process impacts the organizations who must adopt and localize these technologies.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123969912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amna Batool, N. Ahmed, Waseem Rasool, U. Saif, Mustafa Naseem
Religious donations are a very significant financial resource, and mosques as places of worship and as religious institutions, play a strong role in collecting such donations. This is especially true in developing countries, where cash-based donations are commonplace. In this paper, through 8 semi-structured interviews with mosque leaders (Imams) and finance secretaries, and three religious and government leaders, we present qualitative findings about various donation mechanisms and the religious and legal regulations governing such transactions. We then use these findings to present suggestions for a mobile-based application that digitizes the donation mechanism for local mosques.
{"title":"Money matters: exploring opportunities in digital donation to mosques in Pakistan","authors":"Amna Batool, N. Ahmed, Waseem Rasool, U. Saif, Mustafa Naseem","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287143","url":null,"abstract":"Religious donations are a very significant financial resource, and mosques as places of worship and as religious institutions, play a strong role in collecting such donations. This is especially true in developing countries, where cash-based donations are commonplace. In this paper, through 8 semi-structured interviews with mosque leaders (Imams) and finance secretaries, and three religious and government leaders, we present qualitative findings about various donation mechanisms and the religious and legal regulations governing such transactions. We then use these findings to present suggestions for a mobile-based application that digitizes the donation mechanism for local mosques.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"285 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127398024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Okeke, Lucas Nene, A. Muthee, Stephen Odindo, D. Kane, I. Holeman, Nicola Dell
This paper explores the design space of feedback systems that connect care recipients to the community health feedback loop. While related work in this vein has often emphasized gathering feedback for the sake of transparency alone, our study emphasizes opportunities to integrate the collection and use of feedback in ways that may improve the quality or equity of routine health services. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 23 participants in Kenya. Our field study makes current feedback practices visible; and reveals barriers faced by beneficiaries, community health workers, and their supervisors. Our findings identify relevant socio-technical complexities, and we outline concrete opportunities to design feedback systems that support and augment current practices. These contributions to the ICTD literature hold potential to inform the design of feedback systems that engage underserved populations in a systematic and equitable manner.
{"title":"Opportunities and challenges in connecting care recipients to the community health feedback loop","authors":"F. Okeke, Lucas Nene, A. Muthee, Stephen Odindo, D. Kane, I. Holeman, Nicola Dell","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the design space of feedback systems that connect care recipients to the community health feedback loop. While related work in this vein has often emphasized gathering feedback for the sake of transparency alone, our study emphasizes opportunities to integrate the collection and use of feedback in ways that may improve the quality or equity of routine health services. We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 23 participants in Kenya. Our field study makes current feedback practices visible; and reveals barriers faced by beneficiaries, community health workers, and their supervisors. Our findings identify relevant socio-technical complexities, and we outline concrete opportunities to design feedback systems that support and augment current practices. These contributions to the ICTD literature hold potential to inform the design of feedback systems that engage underserved populations in a systematic and equitable manner.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125326990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. K. Krishnan, A. Johri, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, J. Pal
We explore how different segments of the population in India coped, in terms of business transactions, with the sudden decision of the government to stop accepting certain legal tender bills, popularly referred to as demonetization. The decision to demonetize was followed by a large-scale push for adoption of digital payments. Behavioral changes during such shocks do have specific nuances different from those during normal times. Using the concept of resilience, we examine the drivers of behavior change that differentiated those that were able to make the switch compared to those that weren't. Those technologically more adept were more resilient to the shock, in terms of being able to navigate through new means of exchange. Also, rural poor showed greater resilience than urban poor, a function of the level of homogeneity in those societies with respect to technology adoption and the ability to cope without changing cash practices. We also found that those who had bank accounts and relied largely on those accounts for daily transactions, without being aware of alternate modes, were impacted the most. From a policy perspective this research cautions against unintended consequences of purely access-driven incentives to behavior change, advocating instead a holistic approach.
{"title":"Cashing out: digital payments and resilience post-demonetization","authors":"N. K. Krishnan, A. Johri, Ramgopal Chandrasekaran, J. Pal","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287103","url":null,"abstract":"We explore how different segments of the population in India coped, in terms of business transactions, with the sudden decision of the government to stop accepting certain legal tender bills, popularly referred to as demonetization. The decision to demonetize was followed by a large-scale push for adoption of digital payments. Behavioral changes during such shocks do have specific nuances different from those during normal times. Using the concept of resilience, we examine the drivers of behavior change that differentiated those that were able to make the switch compared to those that weren't. Those technologically more adept were more resilient to the shock, in terms of being able to navigate through new means of exchange. Also, rural poor showed greater resilience than urban poor, a function of the level of homogeneity in those societies with respect to technology adoption and the ability to cope without changing cash practices. We also found that those who had bank accounts and relied largely on those accounts for daily transactions, without being aware of alternate modes, were impacted the most. From a policy perspective this research cautions against unintended consequences of purely access-driven incentives to behavior change, advocating instead a holistic approach.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131069320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narratives of the gig economy are largely perspectives from the global North and the nature of their ride-hailing market. Freelancing or gigging offer contrasting connotations depending on the market and the labour it is situated in. India, with its demographic dividend and employment challenges, view opportunities arising out of the gig- economy differently. To investigate the impact of ride-hailing apps in the Indian market, and the challenges and opportunities it has brought in, we offer learnings from an ethnographic study of Uber drivers in India.
{"title":"India's \"Uberwallah\": profiling Uber drivers in the gig economy","authors":"Shantanu Prabhat, S. Nanavati, N. Rangaswamy","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287139","url":null,"abstract":"Narratives of the gig economy are largely perspectives from the global North and the nature of their ride-hailing market. Freelancing or gigging offer contrasting connotations depending on the market and the labour it is situated in. India, with its demographic dividend and employment challenges, view opportunities arising out of the gig- economy differently. To investigate the impact of ride-hailing apps in the Indian market, and the challenges and opportunities it has brought in, we offer learnings from an ethnographic study of Uber drivers in India.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129398700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a case for aspirations-based design by drawing on a qualitative inquiry into the lives of young girls in rural West Bengal (India). These girls form a particularly vulnerable population, coming from an area known to be susceptible to sex trafficking and crimes against women. We leverage our findings to engage with Kentaro Toyama's call for greater attention to aspirations in designing technology for development [51]. We highlight the aspirations of and for these girls and reflect on the embedded, temporal, and mutable qualities of these aspirations. Finally, we examine how an aspirations-based design approach might factor these qualities into technology design. Although our analysis draws on empirical findings from rural/suburban India, the insights derived from this research are relevant for the process of designing technologies towards fulfillment of aspirations, more generally.
{"title":"Aspirations-based design","authors":"Neha Kumar, Marisol Wong-Villacrés, Naveena Karusala, Aditya Vishwanath, Arkadeep Kumar, Azra Ismail","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287117","url":null,"abstract":"We present a case for aspirations-based design by drawing on a qualitative inquiry into the lives of young girls in rural West Bengal (India). These girls form a particularly vulnerable population, coming from an area known to be susceptible to sex trafficking and crimes against women. We leverage our findings to engage with Kentaro Toyama's call for greater attention to aspirations in designing technology for development [51]. We highlight the aspirations of and for these girls and reflect on the embedded, temporal, and mutable qualities of these aspirations. Finally, we examine how an aspirations-based design approach might factor these qualities into technology design. Although our analysis draws on empirical findings from rural/suburban India, the insights derived from this research are relevant for the process of designing technologies towards fulfillment of aspirations, more generally.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124520114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to bridge the knowledge gap on how digital inclusion initiative can help people with disabilities (PWD's) into employment, and improve their capabilities. We adopt a qualitative case study from the Philippines. Data is analysed through the lens of Amartya Sen's capability approach (CA). Interview and ethnographic data provide the evidence to analyse functionings for PWD and the barriers and facilitators of the functionings. The findings indicate that online technology facilitated employment, which has wider implications than merely an improved financial situation. Challenges include lack of formal agreements and increased stress are negative consequences of the jobs they obtain. More research is needed to see whether the findings can be replicated in other countries. Government and private organizations can utilize the findings of this study as a guideline for helping PWD's to find employment, which can contribute to their capability building.
{"title":"How a digital inclusion initiative at the philippines affect capabilities of people with disabilities","authors":"Karsten Eskelund, B. Nicholson, Richard Heeks","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287122","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to bridge the knowledge gap on how digital inclusion initiative can help people with disabilities (PWD's) into employment, and improve their capabilities. We adopt a qualitative case study from the Philippines. Data is analysed through the lens of Amartya Sen's capability approach (CA). Interview and ethnographic data provide the evidence to analyse functionings for PWD and the barriers and facilitators of the functionings. The findings indicate that online technology facilitated employment, which has wider implications than merely an improved financial situation. Challenges include lack of formal agreements and increased stress are negative consequences of the jobs they obtain. More research is needed to see whether the findings can be replicated in other countries. Government and private organizations can utilize the findings of this study as a guideline for helping PWD's to find employment, which can contribute to their capability building.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133009525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the design and preliminary evaluation of a mobile text-based system and that provides homeless people in the United States with information about the availability of free meals. The system, piloted in Ann Arbor, Michigan, provides information about when and where free meals are offered based on zipcode as entered by users. It has features to address issues around information access, incompleteness, and irrelevance. We found that SMS text messages are preferred by our homeless users even when they are non-literate and own smartphones, and that formal systems are useful even in contexts where word-of-mouth predominates.
{"title":"Food-availability SMS system for U.S. homeless communities","authors":"N. Mohan, Abhraneel Sarma, K. Toyama","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287128","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and preliminary evaluation of a mobile text-based system and that provides homeless people in the United States with information about the availability of free meals. The system, piloted in Ann Arbor, Michigan, provides information about when and where free meals are offered based on zipcode as entered by users. It has features to address issues around information access, incompleteness, and irrelevance. We found that SMS text messages are preferred by our homeless users even when they are non-literate and own smartphones, and that formal systems are useful even in contexts where word-of-mouth predominates.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133078530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Singanamalla, Venkatesh Potluri, Colin Scott, Indrani Medhi-Thies
Visually impaired people (VIPs) face significant usability and privacy challenges using digital finance technologies. In this paper, we focus on investigating these challenges in the context of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in India. To find out the accessibility status of ATMs across India, we first reach out to public banks, and then conduct in-person field surveys and an online crowd sourcing survey of 107 ATM machines across 4 cities in India. We find that less than 18% of surveyed machines are accessible, and follow up with 22 interviews with VIPs regarding challenges using ATMs. Based on insights, we design PocketATM: a system that enables VIPs to use ATMs using their own smartphones - a user can pre-authorize a cash withdrawal using a phone application, then go to any nearby ATM to receive the pre-authorized amount. Our usability evaluation with 19 VIPs demonstrates that PocketATM is usable, practical, and could be embraced by VIPs in India.
{"title":"PocketATM: understanding and improving ATM accessibility in India","authors":"S. Singanamalla, Venkatesh Potluri, Colin Scott, Indrani Medhi-Thies","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287106","url":null,"abstract":"Visually impaired people (VIPs) face significant usability and privacy challenges using digital finance technologies. In this paper, we focus on investigating these challenges in the context of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in India. To find out the accessibility status of ATMs across India, we first reach out to public banks, and then conduct in-person field surveys and an online crowd sourcing survey of 107 ATM machines across 4 cities in India. We find that less than 18% of surveyed machines are accessible, and follow up with 22 interviews with VIPs regarding challenges using ATMs. Based on insights, we design PocketATM: a system that enables VIPs to use ATMs using their own smartphones - a user can pre-authorize a cash withdrawal using a phone application, then go to any nearby ATM to receive the pre-authorized amount. Our usability evaluation with 19 VIPs demonstrates that PocketATM is usable, practical, and could be embraced by VIPs in India.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130115231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingzi Hong, Jiahui Wu, E. Frías-Martínez, A. Villarreal, V. Frías-Martínez
Internal migrations have been studied using two types of approaches: macro-level and micro-level analyses. Macro-level studies are typically carried out using a combination of various survey and census datasets to model large-scale behaviors, however these models fail to provide more nuanced information about the physical or social status of the migrants. Micro approaches, which successfully use interviews and diaries to provide a window into more individual behaviors, could benefit from methods to identify novel or under-studied behaviors that should be addressed in the migration research agenda. In this paper, we present a framework that uses information extracted from cell phone metadata to reveal internal migration behaviors that could guide or complement the research agenda of micro-level migration researchers working to understand the physical, social and psychological decision processes behind migration experiences. The proposed framework allows to carry out micro-level analyses of internal migration with a focus on immediate post-migration behaviors and the role of pre-migration activities from two perspectives: spatial behaviors and social ties. Ultimately, we expect our analyses to inform migration researchers of pre- and post-migration behaviors that would benefit from further qualitative analysis.
{"title":"Characterization of internal migrant behavior in the immediate post-migration period using cell phone traces","authors":"Lingzi Hong, Jiahui Wu, E. Frías-Martínez, A. Villarreal, V. Frías-Martínez","doi":"10.1145/3287098.3287119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3287098.3287119","url":null,"abstract":"Internal migrations have been studied using two types of approaches: macro-level and micro-level analyses. Macro-level studies are typically carried out using a combination of various survey and census datasets to model large-scale behaviors, however these models fail to provide more nuanced information about the physical or social status of the migrants. Micro approaches, which successfully use interviews and diaries to provide a window into more individual behaviors, could benefit from methods to identify novel or under-studied behaviors that should be addressed in the migration research agenda. In this paper, we present a framework that uses information extracted from cell phone metadata to reveal internal migration behaviors that could guide or complement the research agenda of micro-level migration researchers working to understand the physical, social and psychological decision processes behind migration experiences. The proposed framework allows to carry out micro-level analyses of internal migration with a focus on immediate post-migration behaviors and the role of pre-migration activities from two perspectives: spatial behaviors and social ties. Ultimately, we expect our analyses to inform migration researchers of pre- and post-migration behaviors that would benefit from further qualitative analysis.","PeriodicalId":159525,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114189266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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