Pub Date : 1990-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050909
Y. Lipatov
Abstract Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) are the basis of a new generation of binders for polymer composites: hybrid matrices [1]. A wide range of composites, which may be characterized either as mixtures of network polymers (IPN) or of network and linear polymers (semi-IPN's or pseudo-IPN's), are attributed to this class of polymer networks. This classification of IPN's was suggested by Sperling [2]. Based on the method of synthesis, the original definition given by Millar in 1966 [3] supposed a molecular level of mixing of chains between crosslinks of constituent networks and the formation of molecular entanglements between them.
{"title":"PECULIARITIES OF SELF-ORGANIZATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS","authors":"Y. Lipatov","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050909","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN's) are the basis of a new generation of binders for polymer composites: hybrid matrices [1]. A wide range of composites, which may be characterized either as mixtures of network polymers (IPN) or of network and linear polymers (semi-IPN's or pseudo-IPN's), are attributed to this class of polymer networks. This classification of IPN's was suggested by Sperling [2]. Based on the method of synthesis, the original definition given by Millar in 1966 [3] supposed a molecular level of mixing of chains between crosslinks of constituent networks and the formation of molecular entanglements between them.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"47 1","pages":"209-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84793810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050910
E. A. Bekturov, S. Kudaibergenov, S. R. Rafikov
Abstract Polyampholytes are classified as polyelectrolytes whose macromolecules contain functional groups of acidic and basic character [1, 2]. They possess unique physicochemical properties due to the contamination of oppositely charged units in the polymer chain. The interest in studying polyampholytes arises because they include such important natural polymers as proteins and nucleic acids [3]. Biopolymers possess specific structures, functions, and properties which are fully revealed only in living organisms [4]. Nevertheless, some properties of natural polymers can be simulated by using synthetic amphoteric macromolecules.
{"title":"SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC AMPHOLYTES IN SOLUTION","authors":"E. A. Bekturov, S. Kudaibergenov, S. R. Rafikov","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050910","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyampholytes are classified as polyelectrolytes whose macromolecules contain functional groups of acidic and basic character [1, 2]. They possess unique physicochemical properties due to the contamination of oppositely charged units in the polymer chain. The interest in studying polyampholytes arises because they include such important natural polymers as proteins and nucleic acids [3]. Biopolymers possess specific structures, functions, and properties which are fully revealed only in living organisms [4]. Nevertheless, some properties of natural polymers can be simulated by using synthetic amphoteric macromolecules.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"233-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79414667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050904
D. Chien, A. Penlidis
Abstract The main goals in operating a polymer reactor are high yield (productivity), high product quality, and safe operation (of course, within some overall economic framework). These goals are very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve without efficient and reliable online measurement [characterization, monitoring, sensing) techniques. Although considerable advances have been made in the last twenty years in many aspects of polymer reaction engineering and production technology, sensor technology has remained rather static. It is only recently, mainly in the last five years or so, that we have started seeing more reliable on-line sensors, especially with the parallel advancements in computer and process control technology. The complex nature of polymerization systems is undoubtedly the first good reason for major difficulties in on-line sensor technology. Another good reason is the fact that sensor development is a multidisciplinary task, including statistics mathematical modeling, process knowledge...
{"title":"ON-LINE SENSORS FOR POLYMERIZATION REACTORS","authors":"D. Chien, A. Penlidis","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050904","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main goals in operating a polymer reactor are high yield (productivity), high product quality, and safe operation (of course, within some overall economic framework). These goals are very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve without efficient and reliable online measurement [characterization, monitoring, sensing) techniques. Although considerable advances have been made in the last twenty years in many aspects of polymer reaction engineering and production technology, sensor technology has remained rather static. It is only recently, mainly in the last five years or so, that we have started seeing more reliable on-line sensors, especially with the parallel advancements in computer and process control technology. The complex nature of polymerization systems is undoubtedly the first good reason for major difficulties in on-line sensor technology. Another good reason is the fact that sensor development is a multidisciplinary task, including statistics mathematical modeling, process knowledge...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85750068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050906
A. J. Padrón
Abstract Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) have probably been the most studied compounds in the field of polymer stabilization overthe past 15 years [1–16]. Their excellent performance in polyolefins [1–8], poly(vinyl chloride) [9], polystyrene [10], rubbers [11], polyamides [12], and other polymers such as acrylic resins 113–161 has made them an attractive item for research. There have been many advances regarding the understanding of the nature of the stabilization mechanism of these compounds, and there is still a great amount of controversy particularly with regard to the relative importance of some reactive intermediates [1–16]. This continuing research has led to the development of some novel compounds which are more efficient and have better compatibility with the polymer [1–16]. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanism of action of HALS, its relationship with their performance in polymers, and their interaction with other additives used in a given stabilization system....
{"title":"PERFORMANCE AND MECHANISMS OF HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZERS IN POLYMER PHOTOSTABILIZATION","authors":"A. J. Padrón","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050906","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) have probably been the most studied compounds in the field of polymer stabilization overthe past 15 years [1–16]. Their excellent performance in polyolefins [1–8], poly(vinyl chloride) [9], polystyrene [10], rubbers [11], polyamides [12], and other polymers such as acrylic resins 113–161 has made them an attractive item for research. There have been many advances regarding the understanding of the nature of the stabilization mechanism of these compounds, and there is still a great amount of controversy particularly with regard to the relative importance of some reactive intermediates [1–16]. This continuing research has led to the development of some novel compounds which are more efficient and have better compatibility with the polymer [1–16]. This article reviews the current understanding of the mechanism of action of HALS, its relationship with their performance in polymers, and their interaction with other additives used in a given stabilization system....","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"107-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81529266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050905
U. S. Aithal, T. Aminabhavi, R. H. Balundgi, S. Shukla
Abstract Polyurethane elastomers [1] are linear block copolymers of the type in which one of the two blocks is typically a polyether or a polyester diol with a molar mass between 300 to 6000. These blocks comprise the soft segments because at the service temperature they exist in a rubbery or a viscous state and impart elastomeric properties. The other segments are composed of aromatic diisocyanates extended with low diols to produce blocks with molar mass ranging from 500 to 3000. These blocks comprise the hard segments because at the service temperature they exist in the glassy (or semicrystalline) state. Dimensional stability is imparted through microphase separation of the hard segments into domains which act as a reinforcing filler and multifunctional crosslinks. Polyurethanes are mainly thermoplastics because heating above the hard segment glass transition temperature (Tg) will allow the material to flow.
{"title":"INTERACTIONS OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS WITH POLYURETHANE","authors":"U. S. Aithal, T. Aminabhavi, R. H. Balundgi, S. Shukla","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050905","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyurethane elastomers [1] are linear block copolymers of the type in which one of the two blocks is typically a polyether or a polyester diol with a molar mass between 300 to 6000. These blocks comprise the soft segments because at the service temperature they exist in a rubbery or a viscous state and impart elastomeric properties. The other segments are composed of aromatic diisocyanates extended with low diols to produce blocks with molar mass ranging from 500 to 3000. These blocks comprise the hard segments because at the service temperature they exist in the glassy (or semicrystalline) state. Dimensional stability is imparted through microphase separation of the hard segments into domains which act as a reinforcing filler and multifunctional crosslinks. Polyurethanes are mainly thermoplastics because heating above the hard segment glass transition temperature (Tg) will allow the material to flow.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"57 1","pages":"43-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81273468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908050889
Chung-Ju Lee
Abstract Since polyimides were invented more than 30 years ago, several books dealing with the subject have been published [33, 34, 40u, 48b, 55, 64]. While some of these books [33–35] have very thorough and systematic coverage of the chemistry and general physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of polyimides, most of the literature [40, 48b, 64] is made up of collections of results derived from application-related research on various polyimides. None of the earlier treatises is totally devoted to an understanding of the underlying principles involved in just a single, important property such as the glass transition temperatures of polyimides.
{"title":"POLYIMIDES, POLYQUINOLINES AND POLYQUINOXALINES: Tg-STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS","authors":"Chung-Ju Lee","doi":"10.1080/07366578908050889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908050889","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since polyimides were invented more than 30 years ago, several books dealing with the subject have been published [33, 34, 40u, 48b, 55, 64]. While some of these books [33–35] have very thorough and systematic coverage of the chemistry and general physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of polyimides, most of the literature [40, 48b, 64] is made up of collections of results derived from application-related research on various polyimides. None of the earlier treatises is totally devoted to an understanding of the underlying principles involved in just a single, important property such as the glass transition temperatures of polyimides.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"13 1","pages":"431-560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77045992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908050890
E. Siochi, T. C. Ward
Abstract Being one of the oldest known polymers, nitrocellulose has been the subject of study for over a century. It was initially used solely for military purposes; however, since the end of World War I its usage has expanded into the fiber and coatings industries where it has been a mainstay to the present day [1, 2]. General interest in the molecular weight characterization of nitrocellulose may be classified into two categories. The firstand more obvious reason for the relevance of this parameter is that the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution profoundly influence the properties of the product and affect the processability of the material, For instance, the molecular weight (hence, the viscosity of this material) is one of the most important factors that needs to be considered in the determination of the nonvolatile content in lacquers [21]. The second reason is that it is a soluble derivative of cellulose, for which direct molecular weight determination is problematic due to solubility...
{"title":"ABSOLUTE MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF NITROCELLULOSE","authors":"E. Siochi, T. C. Ward","doi":"10.1080/07366578908050890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908050890","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Being one of the oldest known polymers, nitrocellulose has been the subject of study for over a century. It was initially used solely for military purposes; however, since the end of World War I its usage has expanded into the fiber and coatings industries where it has been a mainstay to the present day [1, 2]. General interest in the molecular weight characterization of nitrocellulose may be classified into two categories. The firstand more obvious reason for the relevance of this parameter is that the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution profoundly influence the properties of the product and affect the processability of the material, For instance, the molecular weight (hence, the viscosity of this material) is one of the most important factors that needs to be considered in the determination of the nonvolatile content in lacquers [21]. The second reason is that it is a soluble derivative of cellulose, for which direct molecular weight determination is problematic due to solubility...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":"561-657"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88750251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055171
Tong Li, W. Cao, Xin-de Feng
Abstract Charge-transfer polymerization is a new type of polymerization which has been developed within the last 20 years. Its essential character is the interaction between an electron donor (D) and an electron acceptor (A) involved in the initiating or/and propagating processes. Such polymerization has attracted a great deal of attention, mainly due to three factors. First, it proceeds through a novel type of initiating or propagating mechanism which has increasing interest for theoretical research. Second, since the charge-transfer interaction widely exists in organic compounds, a wide variety of compounds may be used as donors or acceptors in such polymerizations. Third, the charge-transfer interaction lowers the energy for the formation of reactive centers and so the polymerization may be carried out under more moderate conditions.
{"title":"PHOTOINDUCED CHARGE-TRANSFER POLYMERIZATIONS OF VINYL MONOMERS","authors":"Tong Li, W. Cao, Xin-de Feng","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055171","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Charge-transfer polymerization is a new type of polymerization which has been developed within the last 20 years. Its essential character is the interaction between an electron donor (D) and an electron acceptor (A) involved in the initiating or/and propagating processes. Such polymerization has attracted a great deal of attention, mainly due to three factors. First, it proceeds through a novel type of initiating or propagating mechanism which has increasing interest for theoretical research. Second, since the charge-transfer interaction widely exists in organic compounds, a wide variety of compounds may be used as donors or acceptors in such polymerizations. Third, the charge-transfer interaction lowers the energy for the formation of reactive centers and so the polymerization may be carried out under more moderate conditions.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"28 1","pages":"153-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79145760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055173
T. Aminabhavi, U. S. Aithal, S. Shukla
Abstract The molecular transport of small molecules through polymer films has been the subject of active research over almost three decades [1–8]. The main thrust in this area is either to accumulate a large body of experimental data to assess the stability of polymer films for extreme serviceability or to develop new theories which describe the phenomenology of transport processes, the latter often being studied in terms of three important parameters: permeation, diffusion, and solubility, in adition to the swelling phenomenon.
{"title":"MOLECULAR TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC LIQUIDS THROUGH POLYMER FILMS","authors":"T. Aminabhavi, U. S. Aithal, S. Shukla","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055173","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The molecular transport of small molecules through polymer films has been the subject of active research over almost three decades [1–8]. The main thrust in this area is either to accumulate a large body of experimental data to assess the stability of polymer films for extreme serviceability or to develop new theories which describe the phenomenology of transport processes, the latter often being studied in terms of three important parameters: permeation, diffusion, and solubility, in adition to the swelling phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":"319-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74824938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055174
P. Cassidy, T. Aminabhavi, J. M. Farley
Abstract The continuing demand for polymeric materials with a unique combination of properties has brought forth a sizable research effort concerning the use of trifluoromethyl substituents, particularly the 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylidene (HFIP) function derived from the incorporation of hexafluoroacetone (HFA) into the monomer. This work had its beginnings approximately 25 years ago when Rogers briefly reported in a patent the preparation of polyimides (PIs) from an hexafluoroisopropylidenebrideged diamine [1,2]. Since then numerous efforts have been made toward the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of CF3-containing polymers. Much of this information is found in patents, indicating the importance of these polymers to industry. At the present time, at least 11 known classes of polymers containing pendant or backbone-incorporated bis-trifluoromethyl groups have been reported. These polymers show promise as film formers, gas separation membranes, seals, soluble polymers, coatings, and in ot...
{"title":"POLYMERS DERIVED FROM HEXAFLUOROACETONE","authors":"P. Cassidy, T. Aminabhavi, J. M. Farley","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055174","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The continuing demand for polymeric materials with a unique combination of properties has brought forth a sizable research effort concerning the use of trifluoromethyl substituents, particularly the 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropylidene (HFIP) function derived from the incorporation of hexafluoroacetone (HFA) into the monomer. This work had its beginnings approximately 25 years ago when Rogers briefly reported in a patent the preparation of polyimides (PIs) from an hexafluoroisopropylidenebrideged diamine [1,2]. Since then numerous efforts have been made toward the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of CF3-containing polymers. Much of this information is found in patents, indicating the importance of these polymers to industry. At the present time, at least 11 known classes of polymers containing pendant or backbone-incorporated bis-trifluoromethyl groups have been reported. These polymers show promise as film formers, gas separation membranes, seals, soluble polymers, coatings, and in ot...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"365-429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80093024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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