Pub Date : 1996-05-01DOI: 10.1080/15321799608015226
A. M. Mathur, S. K. Moorjani, A. Scranton
Abstract Hydrogels are macromolecular networks that swell, but do not dissolve, in water. The ability of hydrogels to absorb water arises from hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymeric backbone, while their resistance to dissolution arises from crosslinks between network chains. Many materials, both naturally occurring and synthetic, fit the definition of hydrogels. Crosslinked dextrans and collagens are examples of natural polymers that are modified to produce hydrogels. Classes of synthetic hydrogels include poly(hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), poly(acrylamide), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(acry1ic acid), and poly(vinyl alcohol).
{"title":"Methods for Synthesis of Hydrogel Networks: A Review","authors":"A. M. Mathur, S. K. Moorjani, A. Scranton","doi":"10.1080/15321799608015226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15321799608015226","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Hydrogels are macromolecular networks that swell, but do not dissolve, in water. The ability of hydrogels to absorb water arises from hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymeric backbone, while their resistance to dissolution arises from crosslinks between network chains. Many materials, both naturally occurring and synthetic, fit the definition of hydrogels. Crosslinked dextrans and collagens are examples of natural polymers that are modified to produce hydrogels. Classes of synthetic hydrogels include poly(hydroxyalkyl methacrylates), poly(acrylamide), poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone), poly(acry1ic acid), and poly(vinyl alcohol).","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"405-430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89799444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-08-01DOI: 10.1080/15321799508014594
Anders Lögfren, A. Albertsson, P. Dubois, R. Jerome
Abstract Polyesters are currently synthesized by a step-growth mechanism from a mixture of a diol and a diacid (or a diacid derivative), or from a hydroxy-acid when available. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and related compounds is an alternative method for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters. Comparison of these two mechanisms is clearly in favor of the polyaddition process. The drawbacks of polycondensation are well known:high temperatures and long reaction times are required to produce high-molecular-weight chains. Even though conversion of the hydroxyl and acid group is close to completion, any departure from the reaction stoichiometry has a very detrimental effect on the chain length.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactones and Related Compounds","authors":"Anders Lögfren, A. Albertsson, P. Dubois, R. Jerome","doi":"10.1080/15321799508014594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15321799508014594","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyesters are currently synthesized by a step-growth mechanism from a mixture of a diol and a diacid (or a diacid derivative), or from a hydroxy-acid when available. Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and related compounds is an alternative method for the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters. Comparison of these two mechanisms is clearly in favor of the polyaddition process. The drawbacks of polycondensation are well known:high temperatures and long reaction times are required to produce high-molecular-weight chains. Even though conversion of the hydroxyl and acid group is close to completion, any departure from the reaction stoichiometry has a very detrimental effect on the chain length.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"50 1","pages":"379-418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86357504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-05-01DOI: 10.1080/15321799408009635
E. Jabbari, N. Peppas
Abstract Adhesion is a phenomenon related to microscopic and macroscopic interactions between two polymer surfaces brought into intimate contact. This includes microscopic as well as macroscopic interactions. The most important theories of adhesion for polymer-polymer interfaces are the wetting and diffusion theories. The wetting theory describes the initial stage of adhesion in bringing the two polymers into intimate contact. After molecular contact is established, segments of the two polymers diffuse across the interface and the interface heals as a function of time [1, 2]. Therefore, the extent of adhesion at polymer-polymer interfaces is determined by the extent of diffusion and the interfacial thickness between the two polymers.
{"title":"Polymer-Polymer Interdiffusion and Adhesion","authors":"E. Jabbari, N. Peppas","doi":"10.1080/15321799408009635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15321799408009635","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Adhesion is a phenomenon related to microscopic and macroscopic interactions between two polymer surfaces brought into intimate contact. This includes microscopic as well as macroscopic interactions. The most important theories of adhesion for polymer-polymer interfaces are the wetting and diffusion theories. The wetting theory describes the initial stage of adhesion in bringing the two polymers into intimate contact. After molecular contact is established, segments of the two polymers diffuse across the interface and the interface heals as a function of time [1, 2]. Therefore, the extent of adhesion at polymer-polymer interfaces is determined by the extent of diffusion and the interfacial thickness between the two polymers.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"36 1","pages":"205-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80652014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15321799408009636
T. P. Davis, D. Haddleton, S. Richards
Abstract Methacrylates and acrylates are traditionally polymerized by free-radical techniques. This can be carried out in a variety of media and is applicable to a wide range of functionalized methacrylates. The versatility of this synthetic route has been exploited for industrial purposes. ranging from bulk polymerized optically transparent materials to paints and surface coatings.
{"title":"CONTROLLED POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLATES AND METHACRYLATES","authors":"T. P. Davis, D. Haddleton, S. Richards","doi":"10.1080/15321799408009636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15321799408009636","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Methacrylates and acrylates are traditionally polymerized by free-radical techniques. This can be carried out in a variety of media and is applicable to a wide range of functionalized methacrylates. The versatility of this synthetic route has been exploited for industrial purposes. ranging from bulk polymerized optically transparent materials to paints and surface coatings.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":"243-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84514928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050912
G. Meijs, E. Rizzardo
Abstract Macromonomers are linear polymeric o r oligomeric species which, because of the presence of a reactive end group, have the potential either to polymerize with themselves or with comonomers. The reactive group is most commonly a vinyl group that can participate in free radical polymerization, but any polymerizable end group, such as epoxy, bis-hydroxy, etc., is sufficient for the molecule to be classified as a macromonomer. The words “macromer” and “macromonomer” are often used interchangeably, although the former term was introduced originally as a trademark of CPC International to describe the macromonomers discovered by Milkovich [1].
{"title":"REACTIVITY OF MACROMONOMERS IN FREE RADICAL POLYMERIZATION","authors":"G. Meijs, E. Rizzardo","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050912","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Macromonomers are linear polymeric o r oligomeric species which, because of the presence of a reactive end group, have the potential either to polymerize with themselves or with comonomers. The reactive group is most commonly a vinyl group that can participate in free radical polymerization, but any polymerizable end group, such as epoxy, bis-hydroxy, etc., is sufficient for the molecule to be classified as a macromonomer. The words “macromer” and “macromonomer” are often used interchangeably, although the former term was introduced originally as a trademark of CPC International to describe the macromonomers discovered by Milkovich [1].","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"45 1","pages":"305-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79048472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050914
Timothy R. Dawsey, C. McCormick
Abstract Cellulose or poly(1·4)-β-D-D-glucose is the most abundant, renewable organic raw material [1]. The molocular structure (Fig. 1) consists of cellobiose repeating units which allow chain-packing by intermolecular [2] and intramolecular [3] hydrogen-bonding. Such strong interactions are responsible for excellent inherent mechanical properties, yet at the same time, interfere with efforts to process or modify the material. Only in a few instances have cellulose derivatives been exploited commercially and certainly not to the extent predicted from raw material availability and cost. Controllable, uniform derivatization has been hampered by the lack of suitable, nondegrading solvents or by a limited range of synthetic reactions within these solvents.
纤维素或聚(1·4)-β- d - d -葡萄糖是最丰富的可再生有机原料[1]。分子结构(图1)由纤维二糖重复单元组成，允许通过分子间[2]和分子内[3]氢键进行链包装。这种强烈的相互作用产生了优异的内在机械性能，但同时也干扰了材料的加工或改性。只有在少数情况下，纤维素衍生物得到了商业开发，当然没有达到从原材料可得性和成本预测的程度。由于缺乏合适的、不降解的溶剂或在这些溶剂内的有限范围的合成反应，可控的、均匀的衍生化一直受到阻碍。
{"title":"THE LITHIUM CHLORIDE/DIMETHYLACETAMIDE SOLVENT FOR CELLULOSE: A LITERATURE REVIEW","authors":"Timothy R. Dawsey, C. McCormick","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050914","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cellulose or poly(1·4)-β-D-D-glucose is the most abundant, renewable organic raw material [1]. The molocular structure (Fig. 1) consists of cellobiose repeating units which allow chain-packing by intermolecular [2] and intramolecular [3] hydrogen-bonding. Such strong interactions are responsible for excellent inherent mechanical properties, yet at the same time, interfere with efforts to process or modify the material. Only in a few instances have cellulose derivatives been exploited commercially and certainly not to the extent predicted from raw material availability and cost. Controllable, uniform derivatization has been hampered by the lack of suitable, nondegrading solvents or by a limited range of synthetic reactions within these solvents.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"405-440"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87453045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050913
Constantinos N. Paleos
Abstract The first reports on the polymerization of monomeric vesicles to their polymerized counterparts [1–18] appeared in the literature in the early 1980s. The primary goal of this early work was to stabilize the relatively unstable monomeric vesicles in order to stimulate the function of biological membranes. Triggered by these at-tempts and the prospects for utilization of polymerized vesicles as energy conversion systems [19–23], as drug-carriers [24–26] in medicine, and as media for the performance of biomimetic reactions [27], the subject of formation and characterization of polymerized vesicles has matured significantly in the last 10 years. In the early stages of research following the molecular requirements that had been set for the synthesis of vesicle-forming surfactants, a great number of polymerizable amphiphiles were prepared. However, these first primarily synthetic investigations were followed by more elaborate studies on the kinetics and mechanisms of polymerization coupled with compara...
{"title":"POLYMERIZATION OF MONOMERIC TO POLYMERIC VESICLES. CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS","authors":"Constantinos N. Paleos","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050913","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The first reports on the polymerization of monomeric vesicles to their polymerized counterparts [1–18] appeared in the literature in the early 1980s. The primary goal of this early work was to stabilize the relatively unstable monomeric vesicles in order to stimulate the function of biological membranes. Triggered by these at-tempts and the prospects for utilization of polymerized vesicles as energy conversion systems [19–23], as drug-carriers [24–26] in medicine, and as media for the performance of biomimetic reactions [27], the subject of formation and characterization of polymerized vesicles has matured significantly in the last 10 years. In the early stages of research following the molecular requirements that had been set for the synthesis of vesicle-forming surfactants, a great number of polymerizable amphiphiles were prepared. However, these first primarily synthetic investigations were followed by more elaborate studies on the kinetics and mechanisms of polymerization coupled with compara...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"47 1","pages":"379-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75818991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050915
P. Kulkarni, S. B. Rajur, P. Antich, T. Aminabhavi, M. I. Aralaguppi
Abstract Modecular transport of drugs through carier polymeric materds has been an active area of research. A number of soluble polymers have been used to deliver the drugs selectively to specific parts of the body. The literature in this area of research is extensive and diverse. An effort has been made to review the transport of drug molecules through physiological systems via polymeric materials. A brief introduction to the fundamentals and concepts which are frequently used in the drug-delivery area are covered in the following sections. Various aspects of the problems related to polymer-drug complexes, carrier molecules, and their degradability have been discussed. Both natural and synthetic biopolymers have been included in the discussion. Only representative references during the period 1977–1989 have been used in the discussion of results, and thus the reader is advised to look further into the original literature for greater information.
{"title":"Transport studies on macromolecules used as drug carriers","authors":"P. Kulkarni, S. B. Rajur, P. Antich, T. Aminabhavi, M. I. Aralaguppi","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050915","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Modecular transport of drugs through carier polymeric materds has been an active area of research. A number of soluble polymers have been used to deliver the drugs selectively to specific parts of the body. The literature in this area of research is extensive and diverse. An effort has been made to review the transport of drug molecules through physiological systems via polymeric materials. A brief introduction to the fundamentals and concepts which are frequently used in the drug-delivery area are covered in the following sections. Various aspects of the problems related to polymer-drug complexes, carrier molecules, and their degradability have been discussed. Both natural and synthetic biopolymers have been included in the discussion. Only representative references during the period 1977–1989 have been used in the discussion of results, and thus the reader is advised to look further into the original literature for greater information.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"54 1","pages":"441-490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75692076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050916
A. Yassin, M. Sabaa
Abstract Poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC) has many desirable characteristics that have allowed it to achieve its present status as one of the most important commercial polymers. In spite of its enormous technical and economic importance, PVC still possesses many problems. Its rather low stability to the influence of heat and light results in discoloration, hydrogen chloride loss, and serious corrosion phenomena [1], accompanied by changes in the mechanical properties of the article together with a decrease or an increase in molecular weight as a result of chain sassion or crosslinking of the polymer molecules, respectively [2].
{"title":"DEGRADATION AND STABILIZATION OF POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)","authors":"A. Yassin, M. Sabaa","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050916","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC) has many desirable characteristics that have allowed it to achieve its present status as one of the most important commercial polymers. In spite of its enormous technical and economic importance, PVC still possesses many problems. Its rather low stability to the influence of heat and light results in discoloration, hydrogen chloride loss, and serious corrosion phenomena [1], accompanied by changes in the mechanical properties of the article together with a decrease or an increase in molecular weight as a result of chain sassion or crosslinking of the polymer molecules, respectively [2].","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"491-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89683530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366579008050908
R. Chandra, R. Saini
Abstract Physical and chemical processes, combined under the general term aging, begin immediately after formation of a polymer. Oxygen and other components of the environment -ozone, water, etc.-are involved. Aging is accelerated by a rise in temperature, light, strong ionizing radiations, and mechanical stresses, which are especially rapid under processing conditions for thermoplastic polymers. Poly(methy1 methacrylate) (PMMA) is of particular interest, since at least at temperatures where thermal degradation is important, photolysis occurs by end-group initiation and is accompanied by extensive depolymerization. This polymer has also been photodegraded in air at room temperature by radiation from a low-pressure mercury lamp, and a quantum yield for random chain scission has been determined. Owing to the importance of these points, it is believed that a review of studies of degradation, stabilization, and sensitization of PMMA up to the present date will supply information on the most general problems o...
{"title":"NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DEGRADATION, STABILIZATION, AND SENSITIZATION OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)","authors":"R. Chandra, R. Saini","doi":"10.1080/07366579008050908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366579008050908","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Physical and chemical processes, combined under the general term aging, begin immediately after formation of a polymer. Oxygen and other components of the environment -ozone, water, etc.-are involved. Aging is accelerated by a rise in temperature, light, strong ionizing radiations, and mechanical stresses, which are especially rapid under processing conditions for thermoplastic polymers. Poly(methy1 methacrylate) (PMMA) is of particular interest, since at least at temperatures where thermal degradation is important, photolysis occurs by end-group initiation and is accompanied by extensive depolymerization. This polymer has also been photodegraded in air at room temperature by radiation from a low-pressure mercury lamp, and a quantum yield for random chain scission has been determined. Owing to the importance of these points, it is believed that a review of studies of degradation, stabilization, and sensitization of PMMA up to the present date will supply information on the most general problems o...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"18 1","pages":"155-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86013017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：