Pub Date : 1989-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055172
J. C. Randall
Abstract The use of 13 carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the molecular characterization of macromolecules has advanced our knowledge into structural areas that have been nearly impossible to measure by other spectroscopic techniques. Innovative applications have led to determinations of polymer configurational distributions, comonomer sequence distributions, average sequence lengths, structure and distribution of short chain branches, and analyses of nonreactive end groups. As a result, the importance of 13C NMR to the field of polymer science cannot be overemphasized. The key to the success of 13C-NMR studies in defining polymer molecular structure has been a structural sensitivity which encompasses more than just a few functional groups or carbon atoms. A sensitivity to polymer repeat unit sequences of lengths from two to as many as five, seven, and even nine contiguous repeat units [1,2] has been observed. Of course, any structural technique that senses a unique response from as f...
{"title":"A REVIEW OF HIGH RESOLUTION LIQUID 13CARBON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHARACTERIZATIONS OF ETHYLENE-BASED POLYMERS","authors":"J. C. Randall","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055172","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of 13 carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the molecular characterization of macromolecules has advanced our knowledge into structural areas that have been nearly impossible to measure by other spectroscopic techniques. Innovative applications have led to determinations of polymer configurational distributions, comonomer sequence distributions, average sequence lengths, structure and distribution of short chain branches, and analyses of nonreactive end groups. As a result, the importance of 13C NMR to the field of polymer science cannot be overemphasized. The key to the success of 13C-NMR studies in defining polymer molecular structure has been a structural sensitivity which encompasses more than just a few functional groups or carbon atoms. A sensitivity to polymer repeat unit sequences of lengths from two to as many as five, seven, and even nine contiguous repeat units [1,2] has been observed. Of course, any structural technique that senses a unique response from as f...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":"201-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88744429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055165
L. Lopez, G. Wilkes
Abstract Among the various high temperature polymers, those based on aromatic units, such as poly(2, 6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(pheny1ene sulfide) (PPS), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), and poly(ether sulfone) (PES), have attracted much attention in the last few years due to their good thermal and chemical resistance. One of these polymers, PPS, is also an important high strength/high temperature engineering thermoplastic that is finding increasing use in technological applications such as molding resins, fibers, and matrices for thermoplastic composites. PPS consists of para-phenylene units alternating with sulfide linkages. The first known report of its synthesis was by Grenvesse in 1898 [1]. However, interest in the synthesis of PPS only began in 1948 when Macallum 121 described the preparation of phenylene sulfide polymers by the melt reaction of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium carbonate and sulfur. Further investigation on the synthesis of PPS by Lenz and coworkers [3–5], and later by Edmo...
{"title":"POLY(p-PHENYLENE SULFIDE)—AN OVERVIEW OF AN IMPORTANT ENGINEERING THERMOPLASTIC","authors":"L. Lopez, G. Wilkes","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among the various high temperature polymers, those based on aromatic units, such as poly(2, 6-dimethylphenylene oxide) (PPO), poly(pheny1ene sulfide) (PPS), poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK), and poly(ether sulfone) (PES), have attracted much attention in the last few years due to their good thermal and chemical resistance. One of these polymers, PPS, is also an important high strength/high temperature engineering thermoplastic that is finding increasing use in technological applications such as molding resins, fibers, and matrices for thermoplastic composites. PPS consists of para-phenylene units alternating with sulfide linkages. The first known report of its synthesis was by Grenvesse in 1898 [1]. However, interest in the synthesis of PPS only began in 1948 when Macallum 121 described the preparation of phenylene sulfide polymers by the melt reaction of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium carbonate and sulfur. Further investigation on the synthesis of PPS by Lenz and coworkers [3–5], and later by Edmo...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"42 1","pages":"83-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90117743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055163
R. Vasishtha, S. Saini, S. K. Nigam, A. Srivastava
Abstract Over the past two decades, ylide polymer chemistry has been an area of great interest to chemists due to its theoretical implications and industrial significance.
摘要在过去的二十年中，由于其理论意义和工业意义，化合物聚合物化学一直是化学家们非常感兴趣的领域。
{"title":"APPLICATIONS OF YLIDES IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS","authors":"R. Vasishtha, S. Saini, S. K. Nigam, A. Srivastava","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past two decades, ylide polymer chemistry has been an area of great interest to chemists due to its theoretical implications and industrial significance.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"77 1","pages":"39-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84165252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578908055164
J.-M. Besnoin, K. Choi
Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the fastest growing thermoplastic polyesters used extensively for fibers, films, bottles, injection molded parts, and other products.
{"title":"IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF REACTION BYPRODUCTS IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE","authors":"J.-M. Besnoin, K. Choi","doi":"10.1080/07366578908055164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578908055164","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the fastest growing thermoplastic polyesters used extensively for fibers, films, bottles, injection molded parts, and other products.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"72 1","pages":"55-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88134420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078821
M. Camps, M. Chatzopoulos, J. Camps, J. Monthéard
Abstract Although known for a long time, the chloromethyla-tion reaction was applied to polystyrene and its copolymers only toward the middle of this century.
摘要氯甲基化反应虽然早已为人所知，但直到本世纪中叶才应用于聚苯乙烯及其共聚物。
{"title":"CHLOROMETHYLATION OF POLYSTYRENES AND STYRENE COPOLYMERS. APPLICATIONS","authors":"M. Camps, M. Chatzopoulos, J. Camps, J. Monthéard","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078821","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although known for a long time, the chloromethyla-tion reaction was applied to polystyrene and its copolymers only toward the middle of this century.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"99 1","pages":"505-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74175595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078822
M. K. Naqvi
Abstract Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) is commercially one of the most important thermoplastics in the world today. Its growth rate averaged 7% per annum in the 1970s. In 1980 it was the second largest volume thermoplastic used in the United States (the first being low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and was the lowest priced among the five leading plastics: LDPE, PVC, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS).
{"title":"THE CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE","authors":"M. K. Naqvi","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078822","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) is commercially one of the most important thermoplastics in the world today. Its growth rate averaged 7% per annum in the 1970s. In 1980 it was the second largest volume thermoplastic used in the United States (the first being low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and was the lowest priced among the five leading plastics: LDPE, PVC, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS).","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"559-592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90175069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078818
A. Popov, G. Zaikov
Abstract In the previous paper of this series we considered corrosive degradation of polydiene elastomers subjected to tensile stresses. In this paper other polymer materials will be considered, in particular, semicrystalline polymers in a highly elastic state, viz., high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), isotactic polypropylene (PP), polyamides of different chemical structure, PE/PP mixtures, and a few others. Besides, data for polymers in the glassy state will also be presented, although they are of lesser interest in regard of the effect of structural strains on reactivity because of the long relaxation times involved.
{"title":"EFFECT OF STRESSES ON POLYMER OXIDATION. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS. II. PLASTICS","authors":"A. Popov, G. Zaikov","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078818","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the previous paper of this series we considered corrosive degradation of polydiene elastomers subjected to tensile stresses. In this paper other polymer materials will be considered, in particular, semicrystalline polymers in a highly elastic state, viz., high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), isotactic polypropylene (PP), polyamides of different chemical structure, PE/PP mixtures, and a few others. Besides, data for polymers in the glassy state will also be presented, although they are of lesser interest in regard of the effect of structural strains on reactivity because of the long relaxation times involved.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"43 1","pages":"343-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84551242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078823
A. Mohanty
Abstract Among the various types of copolymerization, graft copolym-erization has attracted considerable attention among applied polymer chemists. Graft copolymerization is a process of copolymerization of one kind of monomer in its polymeric state with another polymer which may be either synthetic or natural. So a graft copolymer is a high polymer whose molecule consists of two or more polymeric parts of different composition, chemically united together. Graft copolymerization onto textile fibers is a challenging field of research with unlimited future prospects [1-10]. This is attractive to chemists as a means of modifying macromolecules since, in general, degradation is minimized. The desirable properties of the polymer are retained, and copolymerization Drovides additional properties throuerh the added polymer.
{"title":"GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF VINYL MONOMERS ONTO JUTE FIBERS","authors":"A. Mohanty","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078823","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among the various types of copolymerization, graft copolym-erization has attracted considerable attention among applied polymer chemists. Graft copolymerization is a process of copolymerization of one kind of monomer in its polymeric state with another polymer which may be either synthetic or natural. So a graft copolymer is a high polymer whose molecule consists of two or more polymeric parts of different composition, chemically united together. Graft copolymerization onto textile fibers is a challenging field of research with unlimited future prospects [1-10]. This is attractive to chemists as a means of modifying macromolecules since, in general, degradation is minimized. The desirable properties of the polymer are retained, and copolymerization Drovides additional properties throuerh the added polymer.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"593-639"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82498697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708078820
T. Aminabhavi, P. Cassidy, N. S. Biradar
Abstract Knowledge of polymer composites goes back to antiquity, yet their most spectacular boom, from a scientific point of view, began during the 1960s when their microstructure was studied as it relates to their properties. Modern technology demands newer materials in place of conventional engineering materials. Although concrete is an excellent building material, its use is subject to certain limitations. These include its relatively low tensile strength, a tendency to crack with changes in temperature coupled with moisture absorption, and deterioration due to chemical and physical attack under various environmental conditions. Polymer composites, on the other hand, have outstanding strength and durability which offer several advantages over those of conventional materials.
{"title":"Versatile Lightweight Polymer Composites","authors":"T. Aminabhavi, P. Cassidy, N. S. Biradar","doi":"10.1080/07366578708078820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708078820","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Knowledge of polymer composites goes back to antiquity, yet their most spectacular boom, from a scientific point of view, began during the 1960s when their microstructure was studied as it relates to their properties. Modern technology demands newer materials in place of conventional engineering materials. Although concrete is an excellent building material, its use is subject to certain limitations. These include its relatively low tensile strength, a tendency to crack with changes in temperature coupled with moisture absorption, and deterioration due to chemical and physical attack under various environmental conditions. Polymer composites, on the other hand, have outstanding strength and durability which offer several advantages over those of conventional materials.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"16 1","pages":"459-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86542806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578708081915
P. Bajaj, S. Kumari
Abstract Among the vinyl monomers, acrylonitrile is the only monomer used for the production of synthetic fibers. Other vinyl monomers lack cohesive forces between the molecular chains of their polymers and, hence, can not compete with acrylonitrile [1]. Acrylic fiber has replaced wool in many major applications, particularly in hand knitting and hosiery garments. The majority of knitting yarns are usually bulky yarns which go into the manufacture of pullovers, sweaters, socks, etc. Acrylic fiber has been able to replace wool considerably in these applications. Blankets and carpets are other applications where acrylic fiber competes with wool [2] because of its high elasticity, color brilliancy, volumenosity, easy shampooing, resistance to pilling, good light and colorfastness values, etc.
{"title":"Modification of Acrylic Fibers: An Overview","authors":"P. Bajaj, S. Kumari","doi":"10.1080/07366578708081915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578708081915","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among the vinyl monomers, acrylonitrile is the only monomer used for the production of synthetic fibers. Other vinyl monomers lack cohesive forces between the molecular chains of their polymers and, hence, can not compete with acrylonitrile [1]. Acrylic fiber has replaced wool in many major applications, particularly in hand knitting and hosiery garments. The majority of knitting yarns are usually bulky yarns which go into the manufacture of pullovers, sweaters, socks, etc. Acrylic fiber has been able to replace wool considerably in these applications. Blankets and carpets are other applications where acrylic fiber competes with wool [2] because of its high elasticity, color brilliancy, volumenosity, easy shampooing, resistance to pilling, good light and colorfastness values, etc.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"181-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73015827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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