Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408069970
C. Kok, A. Rudin
Abstract Numerous theories of polymer solution behavior have been advanced. Some make use of the techniques of statistical mechanics [1] and are unfortunately burdened with tedious mathematical manipulations, Recent years have seen the emergence of the socalled scaling laws of de Gennes [2]. These are mainly of theoretical interest and are strictly applicable to polymers with very high molecular weight in good solvents, While these theories are important as steps toward a fundamental understanding of polymer solutions, they are not easy to understand or apply to practical calculations of polymer solution properties.
{"title":"An Engineering Approach to Polymer Solution Properties","authors":"C. Kok, A. Rudin","doi":"10.1080/07366578408069970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408069970","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Numerous theories of polymer solution behavior have been advanced. Some make use of the techniques of statistical mechanics [1] and are unfortunately burdened with tedious mathematical manipulations, Recent years have seen the emergence of the socalled scaling laws of de Gennes [2]. These are mainly of theoretical interest and are strictly applicable to polymers with very high molecular weight in good solvents, While these theories are important as steps toward a fundamental understanding of polymer solutions, they are not easy to understand or apply to practical calculations of polymer solution properties.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"27 1","pages":"49-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81223487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079452
C. Dumas, C. Hsu
Abstract Since the development of supported propylene polymerization catalysts, a great deal of information has appeared in the patent literature. A detailed summary of the patents granted up to 1981 was reported by Ray and his associates [28], and a general review of historical development of both supported and unsupported catalysts for propylene polymerization was given by Pino and Mulhaupt [22]. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the scientific literature. Investigations into the fundamentals of this type of polymerization are still at the pioneer stage. However, from the limited number of scientific publications available, some consensus has emerged regarding certain basic features of this polymerization system. In this paper the characteristics of the supported catalysts of propylene polymerization and its kinetics are reviewed.
{"title":"Supported Propylene Polymerization Catalyst","authors":"C. Dumas, C. Hsu","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079452","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since the development of supported propylene polymerization catalysts, a great deal of information has appeared in the patent literature. A detailed summary of the patents granted up to 1981 was reported by Ray and his associates [28], and a general review of historical development of both supported and unsupported catalysts for propylene polymerization was given by Pino and Mulhaupt [22]. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about the scientific literature. Investigations into the fundamentals of this type of polymerization are still at the pioneer stage. However, from the limited number of scientific publications available, some consensus has emerged regarding certain basic features of this polymerization system. In this paper the characteristics of the supported catalysts of propylene polymerization and its kinetics are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"18 1","pages":"355-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80982642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079451
G. S. Misra, U. Bajpai, J. Trekoval
Abstract The use of organic and inorganic compounds belonging to the class of peroxides in the initiation of addition polymerization is well known. It has been found that the addition of small amounts of additives brings about the initiation of the polymerization of vinyl monomers with ease. Such polymerizations have been termed reduction-oxidation or redox. An example of such a reaction is the formation of hydroxy free radicals in the well-known reaction
{"title":"Role of Thiourea in Redox Polymerization","authors":"G. S. Misra, U. Bajpai, J. Trekoval","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079451","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of organic and inorganic compounds belonging to the class of peroxides in the initiation of addition polymerization is well known. It has been found that the addition of small amounts of additives brings about the initiation of the polymerization of vinyl monomers with ease. Such polymerizations have been termed reduction-oxidation or redox. An example of such a reaction is the formation of hydroxy free radicals in the well-known reaction","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"10 3","pages":"335-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91427938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079454
Daewoo Ihm, J. Cuculo
Abstract For the past several years the production of high-modulus, high-strength polymeric materials has received increasing attention by many researchers. Generally, in the commercial processes for converting polymers to fibers, the modulus and the strength of fibers produced is very low; for example, 1/50 to 1/100 of the corresponding theoretical values [1, 2]. The presence of defects and chain folds leads to stress concentration on relatively few tie chains. This stress concentration has limited the attainment of high modulus [3]. Therefore, if a high-modulus fiber is to be achieved, an oriented extended-chain-type crystal structure relatively free from folds must be obtained [4].
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Two Methods for Forming Highly Ordered Polyethylene Terephtnalate) Fibers: High-Speed Spinning and Flow Crystallization","authors":"Daewoo Ihm, J. Cuculo","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079454","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract For the past several years the production of high-modulus, high-strength polymeric materials has received increasing attention by many researchers. Generally, in the commercial processes for converting polymers to fibers, the modulus and the strength of fibers produced is very low; for example, 1/50 to 1/100 of the corresponding theoretical values [1, 2]. The presence of defects and chain folds leads to stress concentration on relatively few tie chains. This stress concentration has limited the attainment of high modulus [3]. Therefore, if a high-modulus fiber is to be achieved, an oriented extended-chain-type crystal structure relatively free from folds must be obtained [4].","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"10 1","pages":"419-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78302886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079447
Y. Lipatov, V. Tsukruk, V. Shilov
Abstract Liquid crystals are widespread in nature and are synthesized in large amounts for various practical applications which are associated with the unique properties inherent in these compounds. These include the following: practically instant change of the macroproperties (color, light transmission, etc.) under the action of small gradients of stress, electric, magnetic, and thermal fields, and also with a change of chemical composition of the environment [1-7]. A suitable form of visual response to external actions, high sensitivity, and a wide range of “memory” times ensure practically unlimited fields of application for liquid crystal (LC) compounds. There are optical memory; light filters; fast-response optoelectronic gates; polarizers (nematic and smectic LC); temperature, stress, pressure, and chemical composition indicators; TV receivers; displays, and light panels (cholesteric and smectic LC). Due to such diverse fields of application, LC systems should meet a number of design requirements. F...
{"title":"Recent Successes in Structural Studies of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers","authors":"Y. Lipatov, V. Tsukruk, V. Shilov","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079447","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Liquid crystals are widespread in nature and are synthesized in large amounts for various practical applications which are associated with the unique properties inherent in these compounds. These include the following: practically instant change of the macroproperties (color, light transmission, etc.) under the action of small gradients of stress, electric, magnetic, and thermal fields, and also with a change of chemical composition of the environment [1-7]. A suitable form of visual response to external actions, high sensitivity, and a wide range of “memory” times ensure practically unlimited fields of application for liquid crystal (LC) compounds. There are optical memory; light filters; fast-response optoelectronic gates; polarizers (nematic and smectic LC); temperature, stress, pressure, and chemical composition indicators; TV receivers; displays, and light panels (cholesteric and smectic LC). Due to such diverse fields of application, LC systems should meet a number of design requirements. F...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"19 1","pages":"173-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85091662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408069972
S. Mestan, C. Morris
Abstract This review covers the literature in the field of chromatographic analysis of epoxy resins and epoxy resin formulations from about 1970 to the present. Although exhaustive reviews of general chromatographic techniques have recently been published [1–9], and size exclusion chromatography has received additional coverage in journals and monographs on polymers [5–7], no reviews specifically devoted to the application of chromatographic techniques to epoxy resins have appeared.
{"title":"Chromatography of Epoxy Resins","authors":"S. Mestan, C. Morris","doi":"10.1080/07366578408069972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408069972","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This review covers the literature in the field of chromatographic analysis of epoxy resins and epoxy resin formulations from about 1970 to the present. Although exhaustive reviews of general chromatographic techniques have recently been published [1–9], and size exclusion chromatography has received additional coverage in journals and monographs on polymers [5–7], no reviews specifically devoted to the application of chromatographic techniques to epoxy resins have appeared.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"11 1","pages":"117-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90154951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408069971
N. K. Jha, A. Misra, P. Bajaj
Abstract The increased use of plastics in present day life has resulted in a growing awareness of flammability problems associated with these materials. Since polyolefins, and especially polypropylene, are involved in a wide range of applications, the development of flame retardants suitable for polypropylene has become an important area of research.
{"title":"Flame-Retardant Additives for Polypropylene","authors":"N. K. Jha, A. Misra, P. Bajaj","doi":"10.1080/07366578408069971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408069971","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The increased use of plastics in present day life has resulted in a growing awareness of flammability problems associated with these materials. Since polyolefins, and especially polypropylene, are involved in a wide range of applications, the development of flame retardants suitable for polypropylene has become an important area of research.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"72 1","pages":"69-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72929992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578408079449
C. Papaspyrides
Abstract Unsaturated polyester resins are widely used in the field of chemical process equipment [1-4] because of their handling properties. For example, large structures of complex shape can be fabricated with simple tools, frequently on the site. In general, unsaturated polyesters do not show an outstanding resistance to strong solutions of corrosive chemicals in contrast with other plastics. Nevertheless, as the chemistry of the unsaturated polyesters developed, special resins were made with excellent resistance to chemicals while maintaining important handling properties.
{"title":"The Influence of Structural Features on the Chemical Resistance of Unsaturated Polyester Resins","authors":"C. Papaspyrides","doi":"10.1080/07366578408079449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578408079449","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unsaturated polyester resins are widely used in the field of chemical process equipment [1-4] because of their handling properties. For example, large structures of complex shape can be fabricated with simple tools, frequently on the site. In general, unsaturated polyesters do not show an outstanding resistance to strong solutions of corrosive chemicals in contrast with other plastics. Nevertheless, as the chemistry of the unsaturated polyesters developed, special resins were made with excellent resistance to chemicals while maintaining important handling properties.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"26 1","pages":"325-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89572357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578308079439
R. Langer, N. Peppas
Abstract In a controlled release system a drug, pesticide, or other bio-active agent is incorporated into a carrier, generally a polymeric material. The rate of release of the substance is determined by the properties of the polymer itself and is only weakly dependent on environmental factors (such as the pH of bodily fluids). Controlled release systems are capable of delivering substances slowly and continuously for up to several years.
{"title":"Chemical and Physical Structure of Polymers as Carriers for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents: A Review","authors":"R. Langer, N. Peppas","doi":"10.1080/07366578308079439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578308079439","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In a controlled release system a drug, pesticide, or other bio-active agent is incorporated into a carrier, generally a polymeric material. The rate of release of the substance is determined by the properties of the polymer itself and is only weakly dependent on environmental factors (such as the pH of bodily fluids). Controlled release systems are capable of delivering substances slowly and continuously for up to several years.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":"61-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75452633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578308079443
D. Clark, A. Fowler, P. J. Stephenson
Abstract Despite contemporary inroads made into the textile market by synthetic fibers, cellulose remains one of the world's most important textile materials. This can be rationalized in terms of several factors, the most important of which is the ready availability and continuing supply of this naturally occurring fiber. It has been estimated that vegetation produces about 100 billion tons of cellulose a year [1], and it is partly due to this fact that cellulose has maintained its position and competitive price in world markets.
{"title":"Application of Modern Analytical Techniques to the Investigation of Cellulose Nitrates","authors":"D. Clark, A. Fowler, P. J. Stephenson","doi":"10.1080/07366578308079443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578308079443","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite contemporary inroads made into the textile market by synthetic fibers, cellulose remains one of the world's most important textile materials. This can be rationalized in terms of several factors, the most important of which is the ready availability and continuing supply of this naturally occurring fiber. It has been estimated that vegetation produces about 100 billion tons of cellulose a year [1], and it is partly due to this fact that cellulose has maintained its position and competitive price in world markets.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"49 1","pages":"217-246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82696720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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