This paper attempts to explore the effects of racism on sexual traumatic experiences of black women. Actually, the term racism incorporates negative brliefs about women and people belonging to third world countries. As it is suggested by Showalter (1986), Mohanty (2003), Spivak (1999) and Crowley (1991) that women are suffering from male prejdice and this male prejudice leads them towards mental trauma, in this situation, the racist attitudes of the white towards the black prove to be the prejudiceleading to last nail in the coffin. This paper seeks to explore the effects of racism on the traumatic experiences of women keeping in viewAngelou?s novel “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings”. The study is qualitative in nature and uses the framework of Post-Colonial Feminist writer Mohanty (2003) in order to analyze the text of the novel selected through purposive sampling technique. Moreover, the finding of the study revealed that the after-effects of both male prejudice and racism lead the black women towards resistance and courage against this process of „double colonializaation?. Through the framework of „Post-Colonial Feminism? many other issues such as displacement, segragation,sexual hes towards all women especially women of colour becauseheory approacharassment, rape and diaspora of non-western women besides the issue of identity crices can be explored by the future researchers.
{"title":"Effects of Racism on the Traumatic Experiences of Black Women: Maya Angelou’s “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings” in Focus","authors":"Haniya Munir, Asmat A. Sheikh","doi":"10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.8","url":null,"abstract":"This paper attempts to explore the effects of racism on sexual traumatic experiences of black women. Actually, the term racism incorporates negative brliefs about women and people belonging to third world countries. As it is suggested by Showalter (1986), Mohanty (2003), Spivak (1999) and Crowley (1991) that women are suffering from male prejdice and this male prejudice leads them towards mental trauma, in this situation, the racist attitudes of the white towards the black prove to be the prejudiceleading to last nail in the coffin. This paper seeks to explore the effects of racism on the traumatic experiences of women keeping in viewAngelou?s novel “I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings”. The study is qualitative in nature and uses the framework of Post-Colonial Feminist writer Mohanty (2003) in order to analyze the text of the novel selected through purposive sampling technique. Moreover, the finding of the study revealed that the after-effects of both male prejudice and racism lead the black women towards resistance and courage against this process of „double colonializaation?. Through the framework of „Post-Colonial Feminism? many other issues such as displacement, segragation,sexual hes towards all women especially women of colour becauseheory approacharassment, rape and diaspora of non-western women besides the issue of identity crices can be explored by the future researchers.","PeriodicalId":161767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Linguistics and Culture","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126438051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender stereotyping is an age old phenomenon used by patriarchal societies to maintain the hegemony of men over women. In this connection, literature serves as a powerful tool that the male society uses to promote sexism by representing woman as inferior Other of man. This research employs Mill’s feminist stylistic framework to determine how male and female authors differ in representations of women in their works. For this purpose, feminist stylistic analysis of Mueenuddin’s (2009) ‘Saleema’ and Shahraz’s (1998) ‘Zamindar’s Wife’ has been undertaken. Using qualitative method, the analysis has been done on the phrase/sentence level by adopting purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that sexism and gender bias against women dominate in Mueenuddin’s writing who has tried to maintain the male status quo unchallenged. In comparison, Shahraz has portrayed an unconventional and bold female character, yet her writing, too, is not totally free from gender stereotypes because escape from ‘internalized patriarchy’ is not easy. The study is significant as it validates and reinforces the previous studies that intervene on behalf of women by exposing and fighting the sexist attitude present against them in literary works. Future researchers can investigate the same data by analysing the text at the discourse level as proposed by Mills to further explore the issue.
{"title":"Representations of Women in Daniyal Mueenuddin’s Saleema and Qaisra Shahraz’s Zamindar’s Wife: A Feminist Stylistic Study","authors":"A. Afzal, Asmat A. Sheikh","doi":"10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Gender stereotyping is an age old phenomenon used by patriarchal societies to maintain the hegemony of men over women. In this connection, literature serves as a powerful tool that the male society uses to promote sexism by representing woman as inferior Other of man. This research employs Mill’s feminist stylistic framework to determine how male and female authors differ in representations of women in their works. For this purpose, feminist stylistic analysis of Mueenuddin’s (2009) ‘Saleema’ and Shahraz’s (1998) ‘Zamindar’s Wife’ has been undertaken. Using qualitative method, the analysis has been done on the phrase/sentence level by adopting purposive sampling technique. The results indicate that sexism and gender bias against women dominate in Mueenuddin’s writing who has tried to maintain the male status quo unchallenged. In comparison, Shahraz has portrayed an unconventional and bold female character, yet her writing, too, is not totally free from gender stereotypes because escape from ‘internalized patriarchy’ is not easy. The study is significant as it validates and reinforces the previous studies that intervene on behalf of women by exposing and fighting the sexist attitude present against them in literary works. Future researchers can investigate the same data by analysing the text at the discourse level as proposed by Mills to further explore the issue.","PeriodicalId":161767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Linguistics and Culture","volume":"10 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114021930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The following study aims at evaluating the level of English language speaking fluency in tertiary level students of public sector universities in Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. The study has theoretical underpinnings in Hymes’ (1967) and Canale and Swain’s (1980) idea of communicative competence, which encompasses the linguistic as well as the social aspect of language competence. The data is collected from the learners and their teachers through questionnaire and interviews following mixed method approach allowing the corroboration of findings from one type of research through the other type. The population consisted of 100 tertiary level students majoring in English and their teachers. The findings of the data revealed that the learners lacked the ability to communicate effectively in the target language. Major barriers in successful language learning and communication were found to be poor educational and economic background, and lack of communicative language teaching (CLT) strategies in classroom. Future researchers can conduct studies on higher-level students to evaluate their communicative competence.
{"title":"An Empirical Study of Communicative Competence in Tertiary Level Students of Public Sector institutions in Pakistan","authors":"Aniqua Munawar, M. Khan","doi":"10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"The following study aims at evaluating the level of English language speaking fluency in tertiary level students of public sector universities in Southern Punjab region of Pakistan. The study has theoretical underpinnings in Hymes’ (1967) and Canale and Swain’s (1980) idea of communicative competence, which encompasses the linguistic as well as the social aspect of language competence. The data is collected from the learners and their teachers through questionnaire and interviews following mixed method approach allowing the corroboration of findings from one type of research through the other type. The population consisted of 100 tertiary level students majoring in English and their teachers. The findings of the data revealed that the learners lacked the ability to communicate effectively in the target language. Major barriers in successful language learning and communication were found to be poor educational and economic background, and lack of communicative language teaching (CLT) strategies in classroom. Future researchers can conduct studies on higher-level students to evaluate their communicative competence.","PeriodicalId":161767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Linguistics and Culture","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123867163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the role of patriarchy in the marginalization of women and as a result turning them into subalterns who can’t speak for themselves and have no voice of their own. Tagore as an Indian writer is one of the strongest voices for women as his writings depict that he wants to emancipate women and to make them aware of who they are and also that education is important for both genders either male or female. For this purpose in this paper three stories have been selected from the short story collection of Rabindaranath Tagore; Subha, The living and the dead and the Exercise-book to depict the plight of the suppressed and weak women in the patriarchal Indian society and how they got manipulated by their husbands and also by their society. This study is qualitative in nature and it employs the Subaltern Theory by Spivak (1988) for the analysis of selected data. Through the analysis it has been concluded that the three protagonists of the selected stories are subalterns as the society they are living in exploits their rights of being a human being because they are women and weak. Their silence depicts their miserable lives in a patriarchal society. For the further studies, it is suggested that the analysis of male and female subalterns can be done and also the comparative study of subalterns in the male and female writers would further help in the understanding of the theory.
{"title":"Feminist Analysis of Tagore’s Selected Short Stories: A Subaltern Study","authors":"Huda Tufail, Asmat A. Sheikh","doi":"10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the role of patriarchy in the marginalization of women and as a result turning them into subalterns who can’t speak for themselves and have no voice of their own. Tagore as an Indian writer is one of the strongest voices for women as his writings depict that he wants to emancipate women and to make them aware of who they are and also that education is important for both genders either male or female. For this purpose in this paper three stories have been selected from the short story collection of Rabindaranath Tagore; Subha, The living and the dead and the Exercise-book to depict the plight of the suppressed and weak women in the patriarchal Indian society and how they got manipulated by their husbands and also by their society. This study is qualitative in nature and it employs the Subaltern Theory by Spivak (1988) for the analysis of selected data. Through the analysis it has been concluded that the three protagonists of the selected stories are subalterns as the society they are living in exploits their rights of being a human being because they are women and weak. Their silence depicts their miserable lives in a patriarchal society. For the further studies, it is suggested that the analysis of male and female subalterns can be done and also the comparative study of subalterns in the male and female writers would further help in the understanding of the theory.","PeriodicalId":161767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Linguistics and Culture","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128181514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Khan, Dr. Masror Sibtain, Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Qasim
The present study focuses on analyzing the categories of thought presentation (TP) in the novel by adopting the model of Leech and Short (2007). This model stipulates that there are five categories of TP: a) direct thought DT, b) indirect thought IT, c) free direct thought FDT, d) free indirect thought FIT and e) narrative report of thought act NRTA. The study, as such, aimed to identify the thought presentation devices employed specifically in „the novel and to find out how these devices help to disclose characters? state of consciousness. Following the pragmatic lens, the textual data have been collected through non random sampling techniques to meet the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that the FDT is the most frequently used technique which definitely increases reader?s involvement in the novel. Moreover, the ratio of FIT is higher than that of IT. The writer of the novel has also employed the narrative mode of thinking in order to reveal detailed information about the characters and the plot but its use is limited. The realistic narration and character portrayal have been made possible by the use of these techniques. The study endeavors to illustrate how linguistic choices help a reader explore the consciousness of the major characters and author?s view point thus enhancing the understanding in literature of protest.
本研究采用Leech and Short(2007)的模型对小说中的思想呈现(TP)类别进行分析。该模型规定TP有五类:a)直接思维DT, b)间接思维IT, c)自由直接思维FDT, d)自由间接思维FIT, e)思维行为叙事报告NRTA。因此，这项研究旨在确定“小说”中具体使用的思想呈现手段，并找出这些手段如何帮助揭示人物?意识状态。遵循语用学的视角，通过非随机抽样技术收集文本数据，以满足研究目标。研究结果显示，FDT是最常用的技术，这无疑增加了读者的兴趣。她参与了这部小说。而且，FIT的比例高于IT。小说作者也运用了叙事思维方式来揭示人物和情节的细节信息，但其运用有限。这些手法的运用使小说的写实叙事和人物刻画成为可能。本研究试图说明语言选择如何帮助读者探索主要人物和作者的意识。从而增进了对抗议文学的理解。
{"title":"A Study of Thought Presentation in “The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoir: A Stylistic Perspective","authors":"M. Khan, Dr. Masror Sibtain, Dr. Muhammad Hafiz Qasim","doi":"10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52700/ijlc.v1i1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The present study focuses on analyzing the categories of thought presentation (TP) in the novel by adopting the model of Leech and Short (2007). This model stipulates that there are five categories of TP: a) direct thought DT, b) indirect thought IT, c) free direct thought FDT, d) free indirect thought FIT and e) narrative report of thought act NRTA. The study, as such, aimed to identify the thought presentation devices employed specifically in „the novel and to find out how these devices help to disclose characters? state of consciousness. Following the pragmatic lens, the textual data have been collected through non random sampling techniques to meet the objectives of the study. Findings revealed that the FDT is the most frequently used technique which definitely increases reader?s involvement in the novel. Moreover, the ratio of FIT is higher than that of IT. The writer of the novel has also employed the narrative mode of thinking in order to reveal detailed information about the characters and the plot but its use is limited. The realistic narration and character portrayal have been made possible by the use of these techniques. The study endeavors to illustrate how linguistic choices help a reader explore the consciousness of the major characters and author?s view point thus enhancing the understanding in literature of protest.","PeriodicalId":161767,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Linguistics and Culture","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127139172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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