Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-26DOI: 10.1177/09677720241304740
Sunil K Pandya
Pranjivandas Manekchand Mehta (1889-1981), MD, MS, FCPS, also known as Dr P M Mehta, was an Indian physician and surgeon in Bombay, who then became the personal physician of the Maharajah Jamsaheb of the former Princely State of Nawanagar, Gujarat, British India. The Jamsaheb appointed Mehta as the Chief Medical Officer of Nawanagar, and with the guidance of the French radiologist, Jean Saidman, oversaw the construction of the first solarium in India. Mehta persuaded the Jamsaheb to fund an institution dedicated to Ayurvedic studies, named the Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, the precursor to the first Ayurveda college in India, and he became the Director of the Central Institute of Research on Indigenous Systems, which later came under the umbrella of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar. P M Mehta was instrumental in establishing a medical college in Nawanagar's capital, now known as the M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar. His work in Ayurvedic medicine and assembling a group of Sanskrit scholars led to a detailed translation of the ancient Sanskrit medical text Çaraka Samhita, also spelt Charaka Samhita, into English, Hindi and Gujarati, published in six volumes in 1949. In 2022, the World Health Organization and the Indian Government established the Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in India, and chose Jamnagar as its location, noting that that was where graduate-level Ayurvedic studies began. Mehta's efforts in Ayurvedic education and the Çaraka Samhita translations have largely been forgotten over several decades, and a recently issued reprint omits the mention of his name. The aim of this paper is to give some glimpses into Mehta's life and his role in the revival of Ayurveda in India, during the lead-up to and during the early years of independent India.
{"title":"Dr Pranjivandas Manekchand Mehta MD, MS, FCPS 1889-1981 and <i>Caraka Samhita</i> (1949).","authors":"Sunil K Pandya","doi":"10.1177/09677720241304740","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241304740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pranjivandas Manekchand Mehta (1889-1981), MD, MS, FCPS, also known as Dr P M Mehta, was an Indian physician and surgeon in Bombay, who then became the personal physician of the Maharajah Jamsaheb of the former Princely State of Nawanagar, Gujarat, British India. The Jamsaheb appointed Mehta as the Chief Medical Officer of Nawanagar, and with the guidance of the French radiologist, Jean Saidman, oversaw the construction of the first solarium in India. Mehta persuaded the Jamsaheb to fund an institution dedicated to Ayurvedic studies, named the Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, the precursor to the first Ayurveda college in India, and he became the Director of the Central Institute of Research on Indigenous Systems, which later came under the umbrella of the Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar. P M Mehta was instrumental in establishing a medical college in Nawanagar's capital, now known as the M. P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar. His work in Ayurvedic medicine and assembling a group of Sanskrit scholars led to a detailed translation of the ancient Sanskrit medical text <i>Çaraka Samhita</i>, also spelt <i>Charaka Samhita</i>, into English, Hindi and Gujarati, published in six volumes in 1949. In 2022, the World Health Organization and the Indian Government established the Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in India, and chose Jamnagar as its location, noting that that was where graduate-level Ayurvedic studies began. Mehta's efforts in Ayurvedic education and the <i>Çaraka Samhita</i> translations have largely been forgotten over several decades, and a recently issued reprint omits the mention of his name. The aim of this paper is to give some glimpses into Mehta's life and his role in the revival of Ayurveda in India, during the lead-up to and during the early years of independent India.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"25-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1177/09677720241307622
Matej Gogola
Vavro Šrobár was a prominent political figure in East-Central Europe. He played a pivotal role in the establishment and development of the First Czechoslovak Republic, which emerged following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the first Minister to exercise full administrative authority in overseeing the Provisional Government of Slovakia, and throughout his career, including until the end of his life, he held several significant political positions, such as Minister of Public Health and Physical Education, Minister of Unification, Minister of Education and National Enlightenment, and Minister of Finance. Among his numerous contributions, Šrobár was unquestionably one of the key figures behind the founding of the University in Bratislava. His name subsequently became closely associated with the first decades of the Bratislava Faculty of Medicine at Comenius University, founded in 1919. In the field of medicine, he is regarded as one of the founding figures of social medicine in Slovakia. This article will primarily examine Šrobár's medical accomplishments within the context of healthcare in present-day Slovakia during the first quarter of the 20th century and his work at the Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava. Additionally, we will explore the connection between his person and the early history of medicine in Slovakia.
{"title":"Vavro Šrobár: Slovak politician and publicist as a medical doctor involved (also) in the history of medicine.","authors":"Matej Gogola","doi":"10.1177/09677720241307622","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241307622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vavro Šrobár was a prominent political figure in East-Central Europe. He played a pivotal role in the establishment and development of the First Czechoslovak Republic, which emerged following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the first Minister to exercise full administrative authority in overseeing the Provisional Government of Slovakia, and throughout his career, including until the end of his life, he held several significant political positions, such as Minister of Public Health and Physical Education, Minister of Unification, Minister of Education and National Enlightenment, and Minister of Finance. Among his numerous contributions, Šrobár was unquestionably one of the key figures behind the founding of the University in Bratislava. His name subsequently became closely associated with the first decades of the Bratislava Faculty of Medicine at Comenius University, founded in 1919. In the field of medicine, he is regarded as one of the founding figures of social medicine in Slovakia. This article will primarily examine Šrobár's medical accomplishments within the context of healthcare in present-day Slovakia during the first quarter of the 20th century and his work at the Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava. Additionally, we will explore the connection between his person and the early history of medicine in Slovakia.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142846768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-02-10DOI: 10.1177/09677720251317824
Firdevs Yıldız
Isaac al-Israelī (died early ninth century AD) was a Jewish physician. He is known for writing important works in many different fields such as medicine, philosophy, pharmacology, botany, and Jewish theology. He was a court physician as the chief physician during the rule of the Aghlebids and Fatimids in North Africa. He ensured the systematization and institutionalization of the first medical school established in Qayrawān under the name of Bayt al-Hikma. Israelī was considered an authority in the field of medicine in Qayrawān and is known for his major works in this field. Many of his works were translated into Latin, Hebrew, English and Spanish over time and were first translated into Latin by Constantinus Africanus (died 1082 AD) in 1082. Thanks to these translations, Israel's medical works reached Europe via Sicily and were used as textbooks in the medical school of Salerno (The Schola Medica Salernitana). Moreover, his works continued to be taught with interest in many European universities until the 17th century.In this study, the contributions of a Jewish scholar who continued his medical career in the Islamic development of medicine in North Africa, and in the establishment of a medical school there.
艾萨克·以色列(死于公元9世纪早期)是一位犹太医生。他因在医学、哲学、药理学、植物学和犹太神学等许多不同领域的重要著作而闻名。在北非阿格勒布德和法蒂玛王朝统治期间,他是一名宫廷医生,担任首席医生。他确保了以Bayt al-Hikma的名义在Qayrawān建立的第一所医学院的系统化和制度化。以色列被认为是Qayrawān医学领域的权威,并以其在该领域的主要作品而闻名。随着时间的推移,他的许多作品被翻译成拉丁语、希伯来语、英语和西班牙语,并于1082年由非洲君士坦丁(死于公元1082年)首次翻译成拉丁语。由于这些翻译,以色列的医学著作经由西西里岛传到欧洲,并被萨勒诺医学院(the Schola Medica Salernitana)用作教科书。此外,直到17世纪,他的作品还在许多欧洲大学里饶有兴趣地教授。在这项研究中,一位犹太学者继续他的医学生涯,为北非的伊斯兰医学发展做出了贡献,并在那里建立了一所医学院。
{"title":"The impact of a ninth-century Jewish physician on North African and European medical culture: Isaac al-Israelī.","authors":"Firdevs Yıldız","doi":"10.1177/09677720251317824","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720251317824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Isaac al-Israelī (died early ninth century AD) was a Jewish physician. He is known for writing important works in many different fields such as medicine, philosophy, pharmacology, botany, and Jewish theology. He was a court physician as the chief physician during the rule of the Aghlebids and Fatimids in North Africa. He ensured the systematization and institutionalization of the first medical school established in Qayrawān under the name of Bayt al-Hikma. Israelī was considered an authority in the field of medicine in Qayrawān and is known for his major works in this field. Many of his works were translated into Latin, Hebrew, English and Spanish over time and were first translated into Latin by Constantinus Africanus (died 1082 AD) in 1082. Thanks to these translations, Israel's medical works reached Europe via Sicily and were used as textbooks in the medical school of Salerno (The Schola Medica Salernitana). Moreover, his works continued to be taught with interest in many European universities until the 17th century.In this study, the contributions of a Jewish scholar who continued his medical career in the Islamic development of medicine in North Africa, and in the establishment of a medical school there.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"86-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143382682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-01-21DOI: 10.1177/09677720241306384
Savannah Newell
Annie Dodge Wauneka was an activist and public servant whose decades long career focused extensively on improving the welfare of the Navajo Community. She campaigned to increase education among those living on the Navajo Reservation through working on the Tribal Council, completing personal visits, and producing educational material to improve hygiene. Annie's biggest fight was against tuberculosis. By bridging old traditions with new medicine, Annie encouraged people to seek treatment from hospitals and remain there throughout treatment. This reduced mortality significantly while closing the health disparity that existed between Native populations and the United States collectively.
{"title":"Annie Dodge Wauneka: Legendary Mother of the Navajo people.","authors":"Savannah Newell","doi":"10.1177/09677720241306384","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241306384","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Annie Dodge Wauneka was an activist and public servant whose decades long career focused extensively on improving the welfare of the Navajo Community. She campaigned to increase education among those living on the Navajo Reservation through working on the Tribal Council, completing personal visits, and producing educational material to improve hygiene. Annie's biggest fight was against tuberculosis. By bridging old traditions with new medicine, Annie encouraged people to seek treatment from hospitals and remain there throughout treatment. This reduced mortality significantly while closing the health disparity that existed between Native populations and the United States collectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"72-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143006851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-01-08DOI: 10.1177/09677720241307620
Roberto F Nicosia
Marcello Malpighi is widely recognized as the founder of microscopic anatomy. His seminal discoveries of the pulmonary alveoli, blood capillaries, and renal glomeruli revolutionized existing medical knowledge, earning him fame and international recognition. He discovered the respiratory system of insects and described, for the first time, their excretory apparatus. He laid the foundations of modern embryology by characterizing the early stages of organ development in the chick embryo and was among the first to study the anatomy and biology of plants. Malpighi also faced family challenges, including his younger brother's involvement in a homicide, and relentless attacks by followers of traditional medicine. The purpose of this paper is to revisit Malpighi's extraordinary life and works, focusing on his struggles with detractors, who questioned the usefulness of his microscopic observations and resisted the new ideas of modern medicine.
{"title":"Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694): His life, discoveries and struggles with the detractors of microscopic anatomy.","authors":"Roberto F Nicosia","doi":"10.1177/09677720241307620","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241307620","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Marcello Malpighi is widely recognized as the founder of microscopic anatomy. His seminal discoveries of the pulmonary alveoli, blood capillaries, and renal glomeruli revolutionized existing medical knowledge, earning him fame and international recognition. He discovered the respiratory system of insects and described, for the first time, their excretory apparatus. He laid the foundations of modern embryology by characterizing the early stages of organ development in the chick embryo and was among the first to study the anatomy and biology of plants. Malpighi also faced family challenges, including his younger brother's involvement in a homicide, and relentless attacks by followers of traditional medicine. The purpose of this paper is to revisit Malpighi's extraordinary life and works, focusing on his struggles with detractors, who questioned the usefulness of his microscopic observations and resisted the new ideas of modern medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"34-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142950239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1177/09677720241307877
Halil Tekiner, Eileen S Yale, Steven H Yale
Eugène Hertoghe (1860-1928), a Belgian internist and former vice-president of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium, made significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of chronic hypothyroidism. He provided a detailed clinical description of the condition, emphasizing its multisystemic manifestations and hereditary aspects. Hertoghe also documented the therapeutic use of thyroid extract, reporting its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of hypothyroidism. Among his contributions, he described the "Hertoghe sign," a rare clinical feature characterized by the loss of the outer third of the eyebrows, commonly associated with myxoedema, as well as with cases of toxic poisoning, infections, and atopic dermatitis.
{"title":"Eugene Hertoghe (1860-1928): Pioneer in endocrinology and the treatment of hypothyroidism.","authors":"Halil Tekiner, Eileen S Yale, Steven H Yale","doi":"10.1177/09677720241307877","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241307877","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eugène Hertoghe (1860-1928), a Belgian internist and former vice-president of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium, made significant contributions to the understanding and treatment of chronic hypothyroidism. He provided a detailed clinical description of the condition, emphasizing its multisystemic manifestations and hereditary aspects. Hertoghe also documented the therapeutic use of thyroid extract, reporting its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of hypothyroidism. Among his contributions, he described the \"Hertoghe sign,\" a rare clinical feature characterized by the loss of the outer third of the eyebrows, commonly associated with myxoedema, as well as with cases of toxic poisoning, infections, and atopic dermatitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":"34 1","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1177/09677720241304653
Zeynep İskefiyeli, Fikrettin Yavuz
This article explores the life and work of Dr Caroline F. Hamilton, one of the pioneering female physicians sent from the USA to the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century. Over a career spanning three decades, Hamilton provided critical medical care, especially to women, at the Azariah Smith Memorial Hospital in Aintab, overcoming legal, cultural, and political obstacles to become one of the first women licensed to practise medicine in the region. Her contributions, particularly in treating Muslim women who had limited access to male doctors, were significant in advancing healthcare in a conservative society. Hamilton's role extended beyond direct patient care, she also trained local health workers, contributing to long-term improvements in healthcare. Her efforts during times of war, epidemics, and humanitarian crises exemplified her resilience and dedication. This article highlights Hamilton's broader legacy, examining how her work reflects the intersection of gender, medicine, and missionary activity in a complex geopolitical context while also contributing to the introduction of Western medical practices in the Ottoman Empire.
本文探讨了卡罗琳·f·汉密尔顿医生的生活和工作,她是19世纪末美国派往奥斯曼帝国的女医生先驱之一。在长达30年的职业生涯中,汉密尔顿在艾因塔布的阿扎利亚·史密斯纪念医院(Azariah Smith Memorial Hospital)提供关键的医疗服务,特别是为妇女提供医疗服务,克服了法律、文化和政治障碍,成为该地区首批获得行医执照的妇女之一。她的贡献,特别是在治疗接触男医生机会有限的穆斯林妇女方面,对促进保守社会的医疗保健具有重要意义。汉密尔顿的角色不仅仅是直接照顾病人,她还培训了当地的卫生工作者,为医疗保健的长期改善做出了贡献。她在战争、流行病和人道主义危机期间的努力体现了她的韧性和奉献精神。本文重点介绍了汉密尔顿更广泛的遗产,研究了她的作品如何反映了复杂地缘政治背景下性别、医学和传教活动的交集,同时也为奥斯曼帝国引入西方医学实践做出了贡献。
{"title":"A medical trailblazer in the Ottoman Empire: The legacy of Dr Caroline Frances Hamilton (1861-1944).","authors":"Zeynep İskefiyeli, Fikrettin Yavuz","doi":"10.1177/09677720241304653","DOIUrl":"10.1177/09677720241304653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article explores the life and work of Dr Caroline F. Hamilton, one of the pioneering female physicians sent from the USA to the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th century. Over a career spanning three decades, Hamilton provided critical medical care, especially to women, at the Azariah Smith Memorial Hospital in Aintab, overcoming legal, cultural, and political obstacles to become one of the first women licensed to practise medicine in the region. Her contributions, particularly in treating Muslim women who had limited access to male doctors, were significant in advancing healthcare in a conservative society. Hamilton's role extended beyond direct patient care, she also trained local health workers, contributing to long-term improvements in healthcare. Her efforts during times of war, epidemics, and humanitarian crises exemplified her resilience and dedication. This article highlights Hamilton's broader legacy, examining how her work reflects the intersection of gender, medicine, and missionary activity in a complex geopolitical context while also contributing to the introduction of Western medical practices in the Ottoman Empire.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":"34 1","pages":"59-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-26DOI: 10.1177/09677720251415482
Max Cooper, Sarah Cooper
{"title":"William Woodville's experiment on smallpox inoculation using case selection by alternation (c1795).","authors":"Max Cooper, Sarah Cooper","doi":"10.1177/09677720251415482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09677720251415482","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"9677720251415482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146052559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1177/09677720261415770
Francisco José Appiani
{"title":"Bertrand Russell's interpretation of Socrates' behavior fits.","authors":"Francisco José Appiani","doi":"10.1177/09677720261415770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09677720261415770","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"9677720261415770"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146029890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-18DOI: 10.1177/09677720251413138
Max Cooper, Sarah Cooper
IntroductionPeter Shaw (1694-1763) was an English physician who practised in London and Scarborough, Yorkshire. He was appointed physician to Kings George II and III. Shaw published many medical texts as well as translations of Lord Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle.MethodHistorical examination of Shaw's text A Treatise of Incurable Diseases (1723).ResultsShaw states that 'incurable' conditions offer an opportunity to examine the cause of disease and its treatment. He proposes a model for a comparative trial of 'antidote' for hydrophobia (rabies) in one of two dogs and - if successful - in humans.ConclusionShaw's proposal is an early model for translational medical research from animals to humans to ensure effectiveness and safety. The evidence suggests that Shaw's was an inspiration for Hauksbee the Younger's 1743 proposed 'experimentum crucis' of venereal disease treatments. That is because in 1731 they co-authored 'An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory'. Furthermore, Hauksbee reveals that Shaw was actively involved in early enquiries into the efficacy of his venereal medication. Due to shared roots in Lichfield and an interest in spa water treatment, the authors conjecture that Shaw's comparative approach might have roots in Sir John Floyer's 1702 controlled trial of cold-water on athleticism.
彼得·肖(1694-1763)是一位在伦敦和约克郡斯卡伯勒执业的英国医生。他被任命为乔治二世和三世国王的御医。肖出版了许多医学著作,也翻译了弗朗西斯·培根和罗伯特·波义耳的作品。方法对萧伯纳的《绝症论》(1723)文本进行历史考察。肖指出,“无法治愈”的情况提供了一个检查疾病原因和治疗方法的机会。他提出了一个模型,在两只狗中的一只身上进行治疗恐水症(狂犬病)的“解毒剂”的比较试验,如果成功的话,将在人类身上进行试验。shaw的建议是一个早期的模型,从动物到人类的转化医学研究,以确保有效性和安全性。有证据表明,肖的病是小豪克斯比1743年提出的性病治疗“十字架实验”的灵感来源。这是因为他们在1731年共同撰写了《关于引进便携式实验室的论文》。此外,豪斯比还透露,肖积极参与了对他的性病药物疗效的早期调查。由于两人都来自利奇菲尔德(Lichfield),而且都对水疗疗法感兴趣,两位作者推测,肖的比较方法可能源于约翰•弗洛耶爵士(Sir John Floyer) 1702年用冷水对运动能力进行的对照试验。
{"title":"'This noble method in physic': Peter Shaw's proposal for a controlled trial of an 'antidote' for rabies (1723).","authors":"Max Cooper, Sarah Cooper","doi":"10.1177/09677720251413138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09677720251413138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>IntroductionPeter Shaw (1694-1763) was an English physician who practised in London and Scarborough, Yorkshire. He was appointed physician to Kings George II and III. Shaw published many medical texts as well as translations of Lord Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle.MethodHistorical examination of Shaw's text <i>A Treatise of Incurable Diseases</i> (1723).ResultsShaw states that 'incurable' conditions offer an opportunity to examine the cause of disease and its treatment. He proposes a model for a comparative trial of 'antidote' for hydrophobia (rabies) in one of two dogs and - if successful - in humans.ConclusionShaw's proposal is an early model for translational medical research from animals to humans to ensure effectiveness and safety. The evidence suggests that Shaw's was an inspiration for Hauksbee the Younger's 1743 proposed 'experimentum crucis' of venereal disease treatments. That is because in 1731 they co-authored 'An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory'. Furthermore, Hauksbee reveals that Shaw was actively involved in early enquiries into the efficacy of his venereal medication. Due to shared roots in Lichfield and an interest in spa water treatment, the authors conjecture that Shaw's comparative approach might have roots in Sir John Floyer's 1702 controlled trial of cold-water on athleticism.</p>","PeriodicalId":16217,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Biography","volume":" ","pages":"9677720251413138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145998346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}