A field experiment was conducted in Raya Alamata district, northern Ethiopia to investigate the effect of sole and combined application of FYM and gypsum on saline sodic soils on yield of sorghum by supplying different rates of farmyard manure (FYM) and/or gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) application alone or both mixtures using a randomized complete block design for three consecutive years. The treatment used included: control, three FYM rates alone, two gypsum rates alone and six combination of FYM and gypsum with a total of 12 treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times to yield 36 experimental plots. The result indicated that, there was no significant difference between treatments in the first and second year of cropping season. However, the effect the amendments were shown in the third year of the cropping season, and hence, the treatment effect of the combined application of FYM and gypsum were more effective and improved soil properties and increased the yield of sorghum. In addition, compared to all other treatments, the combined application of 4 tha FYM + 100% GR followed by 8 tha FYM + 100% GR resulted the highest grain yield of sorghum and reduced the sodium induced hazards than all other treatments. Hence, it is recommended as the best treatment in the improvement of saline sodic soils of the district.
{"title":"Effect of Application of Farmyard Manure and Gypsum on Saline Sodic Soils of Raya Alamata District, Northern Ethiopia","authors":"Birhane Hailu, Hagos Mehari","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-22-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-22-02","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted in Raya Alamata district, northern Ethiopia to investigate the effect of sole and combined application of FYM and gypsum on saline sodic soils on yield of sorghum by supplying different rates of farmyard manure (FYM) and/or gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) application alone or both mixtures using a randomized complete block design for three consecutive years. The treatment used included: control, three FYM rates alone, two gypsum rates alone and six combination of FYM and gypsum with a total of 12 treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times to yield 36 experimental plots. The result indicated that, there was no significant difference between treatments in the first and second year of cropping season. However, the effect the amendments were shown in the third year of the cropping season, and hence, the treatment effect of the combined application of FYM and gypsum were more effective and improved soil properties and increased the yield of sorghum. In addition, compared to all other treatments, the combined application of 4 tha FYM + 100% GR followed by 8 tha FYM + 100% GR resulted the highest grain yield of sorghum and reduced the sodium induced hazards than all other treatments. Hence, it is recommended as the best treatment in the improvement of saline sodic soils of the district.","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82453519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The experiment was conducted in laboratory in April 2016 at Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia .The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of different packaging materials on post harvest quality of avocado fruit and to identify the best packaging materials. The treatment was contain four packaging materials viz, control (floor), dried banana leaf, carton plus newspaper and plastic polyethylene. The experiment was laid out in complete block design with three replications. Data were recorded on post harvest qualiy parameters such as total soluble sugar, total weight loss, decay percentage, titratable acidity and shelf life assessment and analyzed by using statistical software. The result showed that there were a significant difference among all used packaging materials on total soluble sugar and decay percentage, while there were no significant difference among carton plus newspaper and dried banana leaf on total weight loss, titratable acidity and shelf life assessment. Avocado fruit packed in plastic polyethylene has the most long shelf life (14days) than packed in cardboard plus newspaper (10days), dried banana leaf (9days) and floor (control)(6).It can be concluded that avocado fruit stored in plastic polyethene bag prolong the shelf life of avocado than other packaging materials. so, plastic polyethylene bag was recommended. Due to the limitation of our laboratory materials we have used only four treatments; it would be advisable to repeat the experiment by using additional packaging materials to come up a comprehensive recommendation .
{"title":"Effect of Packaging Materials on Post Harvest Quality of Avocado (Persea Americana) at Wolaita Sodo University in , Ethiopia","authors":"Gebre Garmame","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-22-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-22-01","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted in laboratory in April 2016 at Wolaita Sodo University, Ethiopia .The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effect of different packaging materials on post harvest quality of avocado fruit and to identify the best packaging materials. The treatment was contain four packaging materials viz, control (floor), dried banana leaf, carton plus newspaper and plastic polyethylene. The experiment was laid out in complete block design with three replications. Data were recorded on post harvest qualiy parameters such as total soluble sugar, total weight loss, decay percentage, titratable acidity and shelf life assessment and analyzed by using statistical software. The result showed that there were a significant difference among all used packaging materials on total soluble sugar and decay percentage, while there were no significant difference among carton plus newspaper and dried banana leaf on total weight loss, titratable acidity and shelf life assessment. Avocado fruit packed in plastic polyethylene has the most long shelf life (14days) than packed in cardboard plus newspaper (10days), dried banana leaf (9days) and floor (control)(6).It can be concluded that avocado fruit stored in plastic polyethene bag prolong the shelf life of avocado than other packaging materials. so, plastic polyethylene bag was recommended. Due to the limitation of our laboratory materials we have used only four treatments; it would be advisable to repeat the experiment by using additional packaging materials to come up a comprehensive recommendation .","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82879592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigeria ranks 2 nd amongst top 10 ginger producers in the world with a production of 691,239 tonnes and its ginger is among the best, with its aroma, pungency and high oil and oleoresin content as distinct features. The most important form of ginger commercially is the dried form because it can be further processed in the industry to ginger powder, ginger oil and ginger oleoresin. There is an increasing international demand for ginger oleoresins, especially for the production of alcoholic beverages, ginger ale and gingerbread. The global ginger oil market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.41 % from 2020 to 2025 to reach a total market size of US$189.431 million by 2025, increasing from US$110.435 million. Nigeria, with the volume of ginger production and distinctive features of its ginger, should tap into this market demand. However, ginger is exported from Nigeria in the split-dried form while value-added products such as ginger powder, essential oils and oleoresin are imported at high cost. According to the Nigeria Customs Service data, 700,891 kg of resinoids and mixtures of odoriferous substances were imported to Nigeria from 2016 to 2019 at a value of ₦1.24 billion. To take advantage of the ever expanding global oleoresin market, formation of farmers clusters/cooperatives, development of farmers-processors linkages, quality assurance through Good Agricultural Practices, technology development, Public-Private Partnerships, development of Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS) for oleoresins and import restrictions on ginger oleoresin are recommended. There is need for synergy amongst government agencies to harmonize and integrate various development plans and strategies for ginger value chain. proper coordination is also recommended to harmonize all the activities in the sector for greater impact.
{"title":"Promoting Ginger Oleoresin Production in Nigeria for Economic Growth and Sustainable Supply to User Industries","authors":"I. C. Olife","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-22-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-22-03","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria ranks 2 nd amongst top 10 ginger producers in the world with a production of 691,239 tonnes and its ginger is among the best, with its aroma, pungency and high oil and oleoresin content as distinct features. The most important form of ginger commercially is the dried form because it can be further processed in the industry to ginger powder, ginger oil and ginger oleoresin. There is an increasing international demand for ginger oleoresins, especially for the production of alcoholic beverages, ginger ale and gingerbread. The global ginger oil market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.41 % from 2020 to 2025 to reach a total market size of US$189.431 million by 2025, increasing from US$110.435 million. Nigeria, with the volume of ginger production and distinctive features of its ginger, should tap into this market demand. However, ginger is exported from Nigeria in the split-dried form while value-added products such as ginger powder, essential oils and oleoresin are imported at high cost. According to the Nigeria Customs Service data, 700,891 kg of resinoids and mixtures of odoriferous substances were imported to Nigeria from 2016 to 2019 at a value of ₦1.24 billion. To take advantage of the ever expanding global oleoresin market, formation of farmers clusters/cooperatives, development of farmers-processors linkages, quality assurance through Good Agricultural Practices, technology development, Public-Private Partnerships, development of Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS) for oleoresins and import restrictions on ginger oleoresin are recommended. There is need for synergy amongst government agencies to harmonize and integrate various development plans and strategies for ginger value chain. proper coordination is also recommended to harmonize all the activities in the sector for greater impact.","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84617041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria is majorly caused by Plasmodium falciparum resulting in thousands of deaths every year. In Africa, it is a key contributor to the disease burden notable in the disability adjusted life years (DALYs). About 243 million individuals are at a risk of contracting the disease and a higher rate of deaths are observed in children under the age of five. Conventional drugs are available at a subsidized rate but the rising problem is the resistance of the plasmodium parasite to these drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of new and alternative therapeutics for treatment of malaria. In some regions in Kenya, parts of locally available plants are harvested and used for treating malaria. It is estimated that locally, 30% of the population relies on traditional medicine for treating various ailments due to the lack of infrastructure and accessible medical facilities especially in the rural areas. Warbugia ugandensis , Maytenus senegalensis and Corymbia citriodora are amongst the plants used in herbal medicine for the treatment of malaria. However, their combinatorial antimalarial efficacy and safety is yet to be determined hence the aim of this study. The plants were harvested from their natural habitats and transported to the Centre of Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR) at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi. Antimalarial properties of single and combined extracts were analyzed against Plasmodium berghei in vivo . Cytotoxic properties of the plants were carried out against the vero cell-lines in vitro by the MTT assay. Acute oral toxicity was conducted according to the OECD protocol. Effective concentration (ED 50 ), cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) and median lethal dose (LD50) were derived. The result indicated that the combination of M. senegalensis: W. ugandensis (1:1) had the most antimalarial activity at ED 50 of 1.05mg/kg whereas among the single plants W. ugandensis had the highest antimalarial activity (ED 50 of 3.3mg/kg). The combinations of C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (1:1:1), C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (1:0.5:1) and C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (0.5:1:0.5) showed cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) of 101.47±3.17 µg/ml, 213.55±3.47 µg/ml and 575.80±31.40 µg/ml respectively. A ll the plants combinations showed no cytotoxic effects. The synergistic antimalarial properties of combined C. citriodora : M. senegalensis , C. citriodora : W. ugandensis and M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis were confirmed as the extracts showed SFIC indexes of 0.67, 0.83 and 0.28 respectively. All the plant extracts demonstrated LD 50 above 2000 mg/kg with no adverse effects hence recognized as safe. This study confirms the safety and antimalarial activities of these plants and justify their use in herbal medicine practices. The results of this study sets the precedence for the development of an antimalarial herbal formulation that is less toxic and more af
{"title":"Anti-Malarial Activity and Toxicological Effect of Combined Corymbia Citriodora, Maytenus Senegalensis and Warbugia Ugandensis as Used in Traditional Medicine in Kenya","authors":"Sarah Atambo, P. Njenga, F. Tolo","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-22-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-22-04","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is majorly caused by Plasmodium falciparum resulting in thousands of deaths every year. In Africa, it is a key contributor to the disease burden notable in the disability adjusted life years (DALYs). About 243 million individuals are at a risk of contracting the disease and a higher rate of deaths are observed in children under the age of five. Conventional drugs are available at a subsidized rate but the rising problem is the resistance of the plasmodium parasite to these drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need for the development of new and alternative therapeutics for treatment of malaria. In some regions in Kenya, parts of locally available plants are harvested and used for treating malaria. It is estimated that locally, 30% of the population relies on traditional medicine for treating various ailments due to the lack of infrastructure and accessible medical facilities especially in the rural areas. Warbugia ugandensis , Maytenus senegalensis and Corymbia citriodora are amongst the plants used in herbal medicine for the treatment of malaria. However, their combinatorial antimalarial efficacy and safety is yet to be determined hence the aim of this study. The plants were harvested from their natural habitats and transported to the Centre of Traditional Medicine and Drug Research (CTMDR) at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi. Antimalarial properties of single and combined extracts were analyzed against Plasmodium berghei in vivo . Cytotoxic properties of the plants were carried out against the vero cell-lines in vitro by the MTT assay. Acute oral toxicity was conducted according to the OECD protocol. Effective concentration (ED 50 ), cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) and median lethal dose (LD50) were derived. The result indicated that the combination of M. senegalensis: W. ugandensis (1:1) had the most antimalarial activity at ED 50 of 1.05mg/kg whereas among the single plants W. ugandensis had the highest antimalarial activity (ED 50 of 3.3mg/kg). The combinations of C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (1:1:1), C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (1:0.5:1) and C. citriodora : M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis (0.5:1:0.5) showed cytotoxicity concentration (CC 50 ) of 101.47±3.17 µg/ml, 213.55±3.47 µg/ml and 575.80±31.40 µg/ml respectively. A ll the plants combinations showed no cytotoxic effects. The synergistic antimalarial properties of combined C. citriodora : M. senegalensis , C. citriodora : W. ugandensis and M. senegalensis : W. ugandensis were confirmed as the extracts showed SFIC indexes of 0.67, 0.83 and 0.28 respectively. All the plant extracts demonstrated LD 50 above 2000 mg/kg with no adverse effects hence recognized as safe. This study confirms the safety and antimalarial activities of these plants and justify their use in herbal medicine practices. The results of this study sets the precedence for the development of an antimalarial herbal formulation that is less toxic and more af","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77290970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the major cereal crop in Ethiopia and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. However, its productivity is constrained by a number of problems, among which use of high or low plant population and poor soil fertility management are the most critical once. Therefore, a field experiment was undertaken to determine the optimal NPSB fertilizer rate and plant population for maize at Bako. The experiment was laid out in split plot design distributing three levels of plant population [53,333 plants ha -1 (25 x75 cm), 66,666 plants ha -1 (60x25cm) and 76923 plants ha -1 (65x20cm)] in the main plots and five levels of NPSB fertilizer rates (0,100,150,200 and 250 kg NPSB ha -1 ) and recommended NP rates as sub-plots. The interaction of plant population and NPSB rates influenced significantly (P<5 %) leaf area index, number of cobs plot -1 , number of kernel cob -1 , dry biomass and thousand kernel weight. The highest leaf area index 6.661 was recorded on the combination of 66,666 plants ha -1 with 200 kg NPSB fertilizer rate. The highest number of cob plot -1 (115.3) and dry biomass yield 28,299 kg ha -1 were recorded from 66,666 plant ha -1 with 150 kg NPSB ha -1 , and 53,333 plant ha -1 with standard check 92/69 kg NP ha -1 , respectively. The highest grain yield 9954 kg ha -1 with net profit of 76,038 Birr with marginal rate of return 598% was obtained from 150 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66666 plants ha -1 (60 cmx25 cm). Therefore, application of 150 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66666 plants ha -1 for farmers in the study area and with similar agro-ecology can use and can improve maize productivity. However, the experiment need to be further verified in multi-locations for better usage at different agro-ecologies. The analysis of variance that to silking by different NPSB fertilizer rates (P<0.05). The longest number of days to silking (89 days) was recorded on the treatment of control. All treatments that with different level of fertilizer the silking of maize and all were statistically par that about 85-86 days. These results are in agreement ha plant ha ha -1 fertilizer ha -1 plants -1 92/69 NP ha -1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 150 kg NPSB ha - 1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 200 kg NPSB ha -1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 100 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66,666plants ha -1 , 250kg NPSB ha -1 with 66,666 plants ha -1 , 200 kg NPSB ha -1 with 76,923 plants ha -1 and kg NPSB ha -1 with 76,923 plants ha -1 and gave 9409 kg ha -1 , 9167 kg ha -1 , ha -1 , ha -1 , ha -1 , 9037 kg ha -1 and 9660 kg ha -1 , respectively. The plots received 76,923 plant ha -1 with 92/69 kg NP ha -1 and 76,923 plant ha -1 with 100 kg NPSB ha -1 also produced statistically similar grain yields 9803 kg ha -1 and 9908 kg ha -1 , respectively. This study indicated that maize grain yield depends on the plant and NPSB fertilizer applied per unit
玉米(Zea mays L.)是埃塞俄比亚的主要谷类作物，在确保粮食安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，其生产力受到许多问题的制约，其中最关键的是利用过高或过低的植物种群和土壤肥力管理不善。为此，进行了田间试验，以确定Bako玉米的最佳NPSB施肥量和植株种群。试验采用分块设计，在主小区设置3个水平的植物种群[53333株ha -1 (25 × 75 cm)、66666株ha -1 (60 × 25cm)和76923株ha -1 (65 × 20cm)]，在子小区设置5个水平的NPSB施肥量(0,100、150、200和250 kg NPSB ha -1)和推荐的NP施肥量。种群与NPSB率的交互作用显著影响(P< 5%)叶片面积指数、穗轴数-1、核穗轴数-1、干生物量和千粒重。200 kg氮磷肥配施66,666株ha -1时，叶面积指数最高，为6.661。采用150 kg NPSB ha -1的66,666株ha -1和标准检查92/69 kg NP ha -1的53,333株ha -1分别记录了最高的穗轴数(115.3)和干生物量产量28,299 kg ha -1。以150公斤NPSB / 1、66666株/ 1 (60 cmx25 cm)为条件，籽粒最高产量9954 kg / ha -1，纯利润76038 Birr，边际收益率598%。因此，在研究区和具有类似农业生态的农民中，施用150公斤NPSB, 66666株/公顷，可以利用并提高玉米产量。然而，该实验需要在多个地点进一步验证，以便在不同的农业生态中更好地利用。不同NPSB施肥量对成丝的方差分析(P<0.05)。对照处理的出丝天数最长，为89 d。在85 ~ 86天左右，不同施肥水平处理的玉米出丝率均有统计学差异。这些结果一致哈植物哈哈1肥料哈1植物1 92/69 NP哈1植物有53333公顷,150公斤NPSB ha - 1 1 53333株公顷,200公斤NPSB公顷1 1 53333株公顷,100公斤NPSB公顷1 1 66666株公顷,250公斤NPSB公顷1 1 66666株公顷,200公斤NPSB公顷1植物有76923公顷1公斤NPSB公顷1和76923株哈,给9409公斤公顷1,9167公斤ha ha 1公顷1公顷1,9037公斤哈1和9660公斤哈。使用92/69 kg NP和使用100 kg NPSB分别获得76,923公顷-1和76,923公顷-1的地块，产量在统计上相似，分别为9803公顷-1和9908公顷-1。本研究表明，玉米籽粒产量取决于植株和单位施用NPSB肥
{"title":"Effect of Blended (NPSB) Fertilizer Rates and Plant Population on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) at Bako, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"F. Anbessa, T. Abraham, H. Ashagre","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-21-04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-21-04","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) is the major cereal crop in Ethiopia and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. However, its productivity is constrained by a number of problems, among which use of high or low plant population and poor soil fertility management are the most critical once. Therefore, a field experiment was undertaken to determine the optimal NPSB fertilizer rate and plant population for maize at Bako. The experiment was laid out in split plot design distributing three levels of plant population [53,333 plants ha -1 (25 x75 cm), 66,666 plants ha -1 (60x25cm) and 76923 plants ha -1 (65x20cm)] in the main plots and five levels of NPSB fertilizer rates (0,100,150,200 and 250 kg NPSB ha -1 ) and recommended NP rates as sub-plots. The interaction of plant population and NPSB rates influenced significantly (P<5 %) leaf area index, number of cobs plot -1 , number of kernel cob -1 , dry biomass and thousand kernel weight. The highest leaf area index 6.661 was recorded on the combination of 66,666 plants ha -1 with 200 kg NPSB fertilizer rate. The highest number of cob plot -1 (115.3) and dry biomass yield 28,299 kg ha -1 were recorded from 66,666 plant ha -1 with 150 kg NPSB ha -1 , and 53,333 plant ha -1 with standard check 92/69 kg NP ha -1 , respectively. The highest grain yield 9954 kg ha -1 with net profit of 76,038 Birr with marginal rate of return 598% was obtained from 150 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66666 plants ha -1 (60 cmx25 cm). Therefore, application of 150 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66666 plants ha -1 for farmers in the study area and with similar agro-ecology can use and can improve maize productivity. However, the experiment need to be further verified in multi-locations for better usage at different agro-ecologies. The analysis of variance that to silking by different NPSB fertilizer rates (P<0.05). The longest number of days to silking (89 days) was recorded on the treatment of control. All treatments that with different level of fertilizer the silking of maize and all were statistically par that about 85-86 days. These results are in agreement ha plant ha ha -1 fertilizer ha -1 plants -1 92/69 NP ha -1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 150 kg NPSB ha - 1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 200 kg NPSB ha -1 with 53,333 plants ha -1 , 100 kg NPSB ha -1 with 66,666plants ha -1 , 250kg NPSB ha -1 with 66,666 plants ha -1 , 200 kg NPSB ha -1 with 76,923 plants ha -1 and kg NPSB ha -1 with 76,923 plants ha -1 and gave 9409 kg ha -1 , 9167 kg ha -1 , ha -1 , ha -1 , ha -1 , 9037 kg ha -1 and 9660 kg ha -1 , respectively. The plots received 76,923 plant ha -1 with 92/69 kg NP ha -1 and 76,923 plant ha -1 with 100 kg NPSB ha -1 also produced statistically similar grain yields 9803 kg ha -1 and 9908 kg ha -1 , respectively. This study indicated that maize grain yield depends on the plant and NPSB fertilizer applied per unit","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76167268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Livestock reproductive performance is a prerequisite for any successful livestock production program and it is depends up on the factors viz. parturition interval, ovarian activity, days open, fertility and age at first parturition, litter size and annual reproductive rate. However, the above mentioned factors are influenced directly or indirectly by the occurrence of freemartin animal within the flock or farm. The objective of this review was to organize the condensed information about the causes for the occurrence of freemartin, development and way of examining a freemartin animal and its influence on livestock reproductive performance. A freemartin is genetically female, but has many characteristics of a male. The ovaries of the freemartin do not develop correctly, and they remain very small, also the ovaries do not produce the hormones necessary to induce the behavioral signs of heat. The external vulvar region can range from a very normal looking female to a female that appears to be male. Usually, the vulva is normal except that in some animals an enlarged clitoris and large tufts of vulvar hair exist. It can be diagnosed in a number of ways ranging from simple examination of the placental membranes to chromosomal analysis. Understanding about the freemartin syndrome is important to take measure by the livestock keepers, farm managers or veterinarian to cull the heifer at her early age or keep it as a teaser bull and/or as draft animal.
{"title":"Cause for the Occurrence of Freemartin and Its Influence on Livestock Reproductive Performance","authors":"Alemitu Adisu, W. Zewdu, Tesfaye Moreda","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-21-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-21-03","url":null,"abstract":"Livestock reproductive performance is a prerequisite for any successful livestock production program and it is depends up on the factors viz. parturition interval, ovarian activity, days open, fertility and age at first parturition, litter size and annual reproductive rate. However, the above mentioned factors are influenced directly or indirectly by the occurrence of freemartin animal within the flock or farm. The objective of this review was to organize the condensed information about the causes for the occurrence of freemartin, development and way of examining a freemartin animal and its influence on livestock reproductive performance. A freemartin is genetically female, but has many characteristics of a male. The ovaries of the freemartin do not develop correctly, and they remain very small, also the ovaries do not produce the hormones necessary to induce the behavioral signs of heat. The external vulvar region can range from a very normal looking female to a female that appears to be male. Usually, the vulva is normal except that in some animals an enlarged clitoris and large tufts of vulvar hair exist. It can be diagnosed in a number of ways ranging from simple examination of the placental membranes to chromosomal analysis. Understanding about the freemartin syndrome is important to take measure by the livestock keepers, farm managers or veterinarian to cull the heifer at her early age or keep it as a teaser bull and/or as draft animal.","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88942909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Different Grade NPS Fertilizers on Agronomic Performance of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Nitisol of Central Ethiopian Highland","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-19-02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-19-02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86623624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sero Survey of Salmonellosis in Broiler at Sylhet City of Bangladesh","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-20-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-20-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87545340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Gender Analysis of Fish Production in Gambela Region, Ethiopia","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-19-03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-19-03","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75211908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Validation of Different Post-Emergence Herbicides for Controlling Wild Oat (Avena fatua L.) and Other Grass Weeds in Wheat (Triticum spp) at Western Oromia","authors":"","doi":"10.7176/jnsr/12-19-01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7176/jnsr/12-19-01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Natural Sciences Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77309823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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