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Efficiency of acid sulphate soils reclamation in coal mining areas 煤矿矿区酸性硫酸盐土壤复垦效率研究
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.31
N. Mitrakova, E. Khayrulina, S. Blinov, Anna Perevoshchikova
During the development of coal deposits, acid mine waters flowing to the surface cause the formation of acid sulphate soils. We study the effectiveness of soil reclamation by agrochemical and geochemical methods at the site of acid mine water discharge in the Kizel Coal Basin, carried out in 2005 using alkaline waste from soda production and activated sludge. A technosol with a stable phytocenosis was detected on the reclaimed site, and soddy-podzolic soil buried under the technogenic soil layer with no vegetation on the non-reclaimed site. The buried soddy-podzolic soil retains a strong acid рН concentration Н2О = 3. A high content of organic matter (8-1.5 %) is caused by carbonaceous particles; the presence of sulphide minerals reaches a depth of 40 cm. Technosol has a slightly acid pH reaction H2O = 5.5, the content of organic matter due to the use of activated sludge is 19-65 %, the presence of sulphide minerals reaches a depth of 20-40 cm. The total iron content in the upper layers of the technosol did not change (190-200 g/kg), the excess over the background reaches 15 times. There is no contamination with heavy metals and trace elements, single elevated concentrations of Li, Se, B and V are found.
在煤矿开发过程中,酸性矿井水向地表流动,形成了酸性硫酸盐土壤。本研究以2005年克则尔煤田酸性矿井排水场为研究对象,利用碱废水和活性污泥对土壤进行了农化和地球化学复垦。在复垦场地上发现了一种植物生长稳定的技术土壤,而在未复垦场地上,埋在技术土层下的钠灰化土没有植被。埋置的钠灰化土保持了强酸性рН浓度Н2О = 3。有机质含量高(8- 1.5%)是由碳质颗粒引起的;硫化物矿物的存在达到40厘米的深度。Technosol具有微酸性pH反应H2O = 5.5,因使用活性污泥而产生的有机物含量为19- 65%,硫化物矿物的存在深度达到20- 40cm。技术溶胶上层的总铁含量没有变化(190 ~ 200 g/kg),超过背景的量达到15倍。未发现重金属和微量元素污染,仅发现Li、Se、B、V单项浓度升高。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of the possibility of using iron-magnesium production waste for wastewater treatment from heavy metals (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) 铁镁生产废渣处理重金属(Cd2+、Zn2+、Co2+、Cu2+)废水的可行性评价
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.34
Natalya Antoninova, A. Sobenin, A. Usmanov, K. Shepel
Relevant problems associated with treatment of industrial wastewater from heavy metal ions are considered. Due to industrial development, the amount of wastewater increases as well as the risks of heavy metals getting into surface and groundwater, accumulating in water bodies and becoming aggressive environmental pollutants, which affect the animal and human organisms. To assess the possibility of extracting metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater and their further treatment, studies were carried out on redistribution of heavy metals in the “wastewater – waste” system using iron-magnesium production waste. Samples of the investigated waste weighing 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 g were taken for wastewater volume of 50 ml per each subsample. Contact time varied from 5 to 180 min, waste fraction was 1 mm. The interaction process showed that the waste efficiently removes metal ions (Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Cu2+) from industrial wastewater. The efficiency of removing a pollutant from the solution depends on the weight of the waste subsample, initial concentration of metal ions, and contact time.
讨论了重金属离子工业废水处理的相关问题。由于工业的发展,废水的数量增加,重金属进入地表水和地下水,在水体中积累,成为具有侵略性的环境污染物,影响动物和人类的有机体。为了评估从工业废水中提取金属离子(Cd2+、Zn2+、Co2+、Cu2+)及其进一步处理的可能性,利用铁镁生产废水对重金属在“废水-废物”系统中的再分配进行了研究。被调查废物的样本重量为0.1;0.2;0.5;1;1.5;每个子样的废水量为50 ml,取2 g。接触时间为5 ~ 180min,废渣率为1mm。相互作用过程表明,废液能有效去除工业废水中的金属离子(Cd2+、Zn2+、Co2+、Cu2+)。从溶液中去除污染物的效率取决于废物亚样品的重量、金属离子的初始浓度和接触时间。
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引用次数: 1
The use of unmanned aerial photography for interpreting the technogenic transformation of the natural environment during the oilfield operation 利用无人机摄影技术解读油田作业过程中自然环境的技术改造
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.22
S. Buzmakov, P. Sannikov, L. Kuchin, Ekaterina Igoscheva, I. Abdulmanova
The traditional approach to monitoring observations of the technogenic processes development in oilfields, which consists in determining the concentration of marker pollutants in various natural environments, does not provide the necessary completeness of information and the efficiency of its receipt. The paper considers an example of expanding the range of observations due to unmanned aerial photography and a number of other methods. Interpretation signs (for panchromatic survey) were determined that register such consequences of technogenic transformation of the natural environment as mechanogenesis, bitumization, and halogenesis. Technogenic mechanogenesis is understood as a physical violation of the integrity of ecosystems, the movement of soils and grounds. Bitumization is expressed in the migration of petroleum hydrocarbons through soils, ground, surface, subsurface, and underground waters, and their destruction. Salt migration in these media is defined as halogenesis. The most reliable indicators are linearly elongated areas of dead forests, dark red spots in drying microdepressions and reservoirs. It was found out that the oilfield impact on the raised bog leads to anthropogenic eutrophication, the introduction of plant species, uncharacteristic coenotic groups, the replacement of subshrubs with grasses, and morphometric changes in forest pine. In the peat deposits of the disturbed area, an unusual interlayer of whitish, undecomposed moss was recorded. The moment of the beginning of a pronounced technogenic transformation was registered in the course of work with the archive of multispectral space images. Continuous remote sensing with the help of unmanned aerial photography and interpretation by sedimentological, geobotanical methods significantly expand the possibilities of studying the technogenic transformation of the natural environment. To ensure environmental safety, it is advisable to develop remote methods and technologies to include them in the environmental monitoring system.
监测油田技术过程发展情况的传统方法是确定各种自然环境中有标记的污染物的浓度,这种方法不能提供必要的信息的完整性和接收信息的效率。本文考虑了利用无人航空摄影和其他一些方法扩大观测范围的一个例子。解释标志(用于全色测量)被确定为记录自然环境的技术转化的后果,如机械作用、沥青化和卤化作用。技术机械发生被理解为对生态系统完整性、土壤和地面运动的物理破坏。沥青化表现为石油碳氢化合物通过土壤、地面、地表、地下和地下水的迁移以及对它们的破坏。盐在这些介质中的迁移被定义为卤化。最可靠的指标是线性延长的死林区域,干燥的微洼地和水库中的暗红色斑点。研究结果表明,油田对抬高沼泽的影响导致了人为的富营养化、植物物种的引入、非典型的群落类群、亚灌木被禾草取代以及森林松的形态变化。在受干扰地区的泥炭沉积物中,记录了一种不寻常的白色未分解苔藓夹层。在多光谱空间图像档案的工作过程中,一个明显的技术改造开始的时刻被记录下来。在无人驾驶航空摄影和沉积学、地球植物学方法解译的帮助下,连续遥感极大地扩展了研究自然环境技术转化的可能性。为了确保环境安全,建议开发远程方法和技术,将其纳入环境监测系统。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the efficiency of sorbents for accidental oil spill response in the Arctic waters 对北极水域意外溢油响应的吸附剂效率的评价
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.14
Janna Vasilyeva, Mikhail Vasekha, V. Tyulyaev
The development and operation of new oil fields on the Arctic shelf increases the risks of oil spills, which require the use of oil spill response tools and materials that are efficient in harsh climatic conditions. The question of actual efficiency of sorbents for reducing the level of oil pollution in the conditions of the Arctic and subarctic waters is relevant. The work is aimed at a comparative study of the efficiency of sorbents of mineral and organic origin used by coastal enterprises in the Kola Bay as well as a sorbent based on chitin in model systems simulating real conditions in sea waters. The characteristics of sorption agents were determined applying ASTM F716-18 procedure. Sorption capacity was evaluated in respect of ARCO grade oil, diesel fuel and marine oil. The efficiency of sorbents was estimated in model systems “sea water – oil” at water temperature corresponding to the average annual surface temperature in the Barents Sea. Actual data on sorption capacity of commercial sorbents “Lessorb”, “Novosorb”, a sorbent based on vermiculite and chitin sorbent in relation to potential pollutants of waters were obtained. The dynamics of sea water saturation with oil products at –0.5 (±1) and 10 (±1) °С was determined. It is shown that at higher temperature the concentration of oil products in sea water column (in the presence of an oil film on the surface) is on average four times higher than at low temperature. Kinetic dependences were obtained that describe the content of oil products in water column and near-surface layer of sea water in the presence of the studied sorbents at 5 (±1) °C, corresponding to the average annual temperature in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea. A method is proposed for evaluating the efficiency of sorbents from the values of regression coefficients characterizing the dependence of oil products content in sea water on the character of sorbent and duration of its action.
北极大陆架新油田的开发和运营增加了石油泄漏的风险,这需要使用在恶劣气候条件下有效的溢油应对工具和材料。在北极和亚北极水域的条件下,吸附剂在减少石油污染水平方面的实际效率问题是相关的。这项工作旨在比较科拉湾沿海企业使用的矿物和有机吸附剂以及基于几丁质的吸附剂在模拟海水真实条件的模型系统中的效率。采用ASTM F716-18程序测定吸附剂的特性。对ARCO级油、柴油和船用油的吸附能力进行了评价。在与巴伦支海年平均表面温度相对应的水温下,估算了“海水-油”模式系统中吸附剂的效率。获得了商用吸附剂“Lessorb”、“Novosorb”、蛭石吸附剂和几丁质吸附剂对水中潜在污染物的吸附能力的实际数据。测定了油品在-0.5(±1)°和10(±1)°С下海水饱和度的动态变化。结果表明,在较高温度下,海水柱(表面有油膜)中油品的浓度平均比低温时高4倍。在与巴伦支海科拉湾年平均温度相对应的5(±1)℃条件下,得到了描述吸附剂存在时水柱和近表层海水中油品含量的动力学依赖关系。根据海水中油品含量与吸附剂性质和作用时间关系的回归系数值,提出了一种评价吸附剂效果的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Electric steelmaking dust as a raw material for coagulant production 电炉炼钢粉尘作为混凝剂生产的原料
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-22 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.23
S. Sverguzova, Zh.A. Sapronova, O. Zubkova, A. Svyatchenko, Karina Shaikhieva, Y. Voronina
The paper describes the issues associated with waste generated during steel production and processing, in particular the dust from electric arc furnaces (EAF). An effective solution for the disposal of such waste is its involvement in processing to obtain valuable products. This paper studies the physical and chemical properties of EAF dust produced during the smelting of metallized pellets and captured by the dust and gas cleaning system of the steel-smelting shop at the Oskol Electrometallurgical Combine, Belgorod Region. The results obtained in the study of the chemical and disperse compositions of dust, the microstructure of the surface made it possible to propose the use of dust as a raw material for coagulant production. The conditions of acid-thermal treatment of dust are determined, contributing to the partial dissolution of iron (II), (III), and aluminium compounds, which ensure the coagulation processes during wastewater treatment. Model solutions show high efficiency (> 95 %) of water treatment from heavy metal ions by modified EAF dust.
本文介绍了钢铁生产和加工过程中产生的废物,特别是电弧炉产生的粉尘的相关问题。处理这类废物的有效办法是使其参与加工,以获得有价值的产品。本文研究了别尔哥罗德地区Oskol电冶联合公司炼钢车间粉尘和气体净化系统捕获的金属化球团冶炼过程中产生的电炉粉尘的物理化学性质。通过对粉尘的化学成分、分散成分、表面微观结构的研究,提出了利用粉尘作为混凝剂生产原料的设想。确定了粉尘酸热处理的条件,有助于铁(II), (III)和铝化合物的部分溶解,这保证了废水处理过程中的混凝过程。模型溶液表明,改性电炉粉尘对重金属离子的水处理效率高(> 95%)。
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引用次数: 1
Substantiation and selection of the design parameters of the hydroficated equipment complex for obtaining backfill mixtures from current enrichment tailings 从当前富集尾矿中提取充填料的加氢设备组合设计参数的确定与选择
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2022.68
V. Alexandrov, A. Vatlina, P. Makharatkin
The issue of the influence of the concentration of the solid phase on the reduction of energy costs and specific energy consumption during pulp transportation is considered. The procedure for preparing slurry from the current enrichment tailings is shown. A scheme is given and the operation of a hydroficated unit for thickening and hydraulic transport of backfill mixtures is described. A diagram of the movement of solid particles in one of the units of the complex – a lamellar thickener is shown. The summary table shows the main design parameters and characteristics of the lamellar thickener. A general view of the laboratory setup used for experimental studies with slurry at various concentrations is given. An example of calculating productivity, density and specific load is presented. The dependence of the shear stress on the velocity gradient was determined for various pulp concentrations. Experimental studies of the process of thickening the production of slurry from the current enrichment tailings have been carried out. It was found that the geometric dimensions of the thickener depend on the concentration of the solid phase in the transported mixture. It is concluded that the flow rate of the slurry and the head loss are functions of the rheological characteristics of the viscoplastic slurry and can be calculated from the derived calculated dependencies.
研究了浆料输送过程中固相浓度对降低能量成本和比能耗的影响。介绍了从当前富集尾矿中制备矿浆的工艺流程。给出了一种方案,并介绍了充填料加氢浓缩和水力输送装置的运行情况。图中显示了固体颗粒在复合单元之一-层状增稠器中的运动。汇总表给出了层状增稠机的主要设计参数和特点。给出了用于不同浓度浆料实验研究的实验室设置的一般视图。给出了计算生产率、密度和比荷载的实例。测定了不同矿浆浓度下剪切应力与速度梯度的关系。对当前尾矿浓缩制浆工艺进行了试验研究。研究发现,增稠器的几何尺寸取决于输送混合物中固相的浓度。结果表明,浆体的流量和水头损失是粘塑性浆体流变特性的函数,可以根据推导出的计算依赖关系进行计算。
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引用次数: 0
Strategy of mine ventilation control in optimal mode using fuzzy logic controllers 基于模糊控制器的矿井通风最优控制策略
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2022.75
A. Kashnikov, Yu. M. Kruglov
The issues related to improving the efficiency of automatic ventilation control systems of mines that regulate the air supply to the mine in accordance with the need are considered. During the tests of such a system in the 3RU mine of OAO Belaruskali, the shortcomings of its existing, implementation, associated with the incorrect choice of the most difficult-to-ventilate direction, were revealed. The possibilities of implementing a control strategy, in which the system automatically determines the optimal configuration of the operating modes of fans and regulators, are demonstrated. As an alternative to the implemented algorithms, it is proposed to use a fuzzy control device to account for the nonlinearity of the dependence of the input and output parameters of ventilation equipment and to set the conditions for the optimal operating mode of the system in a declarative form. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the data of simulation modeling of the current ventilation mode and the transition from one ventilation mode to another are analyzed with comparison with the actual data of the system operation. The simulation results show that the use of an upgraded control scheme for the main ventilation fan based on fuzzy logic in the implementation of automatic ventilation control systems makes it possible to eliminate the possibility of a shortage of fresh air in the regulated directions of its movement, as well as excessive power consumption of the main ventilation fan.
对矿井自动通风控制系统根据需要调节矿井送风的效率进行了研究。在OAO Belaruskali的3RU矿山对这种系统进行测试期间,暴露了其现有实施的缺点,与最难以通风方向的错误选择有关。演示了实现控制策略的可能性,其中系统自动确定风扇和调节器的操作模式的最佳配置。作为已实现算法的替代方案,建议使用模糊控制装置来考虑通风设备输入和输出参数依赖关系的非线性,并以声明的形式设置系统最佳运行模式的条件。为了评估所提出方法的有效性,对当前通风方式的仿真建模数据和从一种通风方式过渡到另一种通风方式的数据进行了分析,并与系统运行的实际数据进行了对比。仿真结果表明,在自动通风控制系统的实现中,采用基于模糊逻辑的主通风机升级控制方案,可以消除主通风机在被调节的运动方向上新风不足的可能性,以及主通风机功耗过大的问题。
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引用次数: 1
Environmental geotechnology for low-grade ore mining with the creation of conditions for the concurrent disposal of mining waste 低品位矿石开采环境岩土技术,为矿山废弃物的同步处置创造条件
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.21
I. Sokolov, Y. Antipin, A. Rozhkov, Yu.M. Solomein
Due to the constantly deteriorating environmental situation in the regions with mining enterprises, the article considers the topical issue of disposing the maximum possible volume of waste from the mining and processing of low-grade ferrous ores through the creation of an effective underground environmental geotechnology. Traditional procedure with descending mining of reserves with a caving system does not allow waste to be disposed of in a gob. The idea is to use geotechnology based on the ascending order of mining the ore body, room excavation, leaving truncated pillars, and staggered arrangement of adjacent rooms in height, which makes it possible to form containers for waste disposal in the form of a cementless backfill. The main characteristics of the proposed procedure are investigated and compared with the traditional procedure of low-grade iron ores mining. It was established that from the point of view of the complete extraction of reserves and the unit costs for the preparatory-development operations, the processes are comparable, while in terms of the mining quality, the proposed option is much more efficient. Evaluation of environmental geotechnology by the criterion of waste disposal, performed according to the proposed methodology, showed that the combination of these technical solutions ensures the placement in the formed gob from 80 to 140% of all waste generated during the mining and beneficiation of low-grade iron ores.
由于矿山企业所在地区的环境状况不断恶化,本文考虑了通过创建有效的地下环境岩土技术来处理低品位铁矿石开采和加工过程中产生的尽可能多的废物。利用崩落法开采储量的传统方法不允许在采空区处理废物。这个想法是使用基于开采矿体的上升顺序的岩土技术,挖掘房间,留下截短的柱子,并在高度上错开相邻的房间,这使得形成以无水泥回填形式处理废物的容器成为可能。研究了该工艺的主要特点,并与传统的低品位铁矿开采工艺进行了比较。从完全开采储量和筹备开发业务的单位费用的角度来看,这两个过程是可比较的,而就采矿质量而言,拟议的备选办法效率要高得多。根据提出的方法,通过废物处理标准对环境土工技术进行评价,表明这些技术解决方案的组合确保在低品位铁矿石开采和选矿过程中产生的所有废物的80%至140%放置在形成的采空区。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogeoecological conditions of technogenic groundwater in waste disposal sites 垃圾处理场人工地下水水文地质条件研究
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.24
A. Semyachkov, Viktoria Pochechun, K. Semyachkov
The specific hydrogeoecological conditions of aquifers of some technogenic formations, mainly iron ore skarn-magnetite and titanium-magnetite formations, are considered. The resulting wastes, which are stored in waste disposal sites during development of deposits, due to the impact of a number of factors (natural and technogenic) form technogenic waters. Waste disposal facilities are complex engineering structures (dumps and sludge storages), which in turn create their own hydrogeoecological conditions, which must be investigated in order to prevent and minimize environmental and economic damage caused by these objects to the aquatic environment. The paper presents long-term field and laboratory studies of the aquatic environment under the influence of a waste disposal facility in the Middle Urals – one of the largest tailings, representing a potential environmental and frшman-made hazard. This tailing dump contains tens of tons of waste – enrichment tailings and creates specific hydrogeoecological conditions on the territory. Based on many years of monitoring studies, an analysis of these conditions was carried out – the quality of groundwater affected by the tailings was assessed. It is shown that groundwater is of technogenic nature, i.e. are man-made waters that have a significant impact on the surface and underground hydrospheres of the territory.
考虑了以铁矿矽卡磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿为主的一些技术成因地层含水层的特殊水文地质条件。在矿床开发过程中,由于许多因素(自然因素和技术因素)的影响,产生的废物被储存在废物处理场,形成了技术水。垃圾处理设施是复杂的工程结构(排土场和污泥库),它们反过来又产生了自己的水文地质生态条件,必须对这些条件进行调查,以防止和尽量减少这些物体对水生环境造成的环境和经济损害。本文介绍了乌拉尔中部一个废物处理设施对水生环境影响的长期实地和实验室研究,该设施是最大的尾矿之一,代表了潜在的环境和frшman-made危害。该尾矿库含有数十吨富集废物的尾矿,在境内形成了特定的水文地质生态条件。在多年监测研究的基础上,对尾矿对地下水水质的影响进行了分析。研究表明,地下水具有技术性质,即是对领土地表和地下水圈有重大影响的人造水。
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引用次数: 2
A complex model of a drilling rig rotor with adjustable electric drive 钻机转子可调电驱动的复杂模型
IF 2 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.31897/pmi.2023.20
M. Ershov, Аleksandr Komkov, E. Feoktistov
A modified mathematical model of an asynchronous electric drive of the rotor – a drill string – a bit – a rock is considered and implemented, which develops and generalizes the results of previously performed studies. The model includes the following subsystems: a model of an asynchronous drive with vector control; a model of formation of the resistance moment at the bottom of the bit, taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction between the bit and the rock; a model of a multi-mass mechanical part that takes into account the deformation of the drill string; subsystem for the  drilling rig energy-technological parameters formation. The integrated model makes it possible to calculate and evaluate the selected drilling modes, taking into account their electro-mechanical, energy and technological efficiency and the dynamics of drilling processes. The performed computer simulation of drilling modes confirmed the possibility of a stick-slip effect accompanied by high-frequency vibrations during bit stops, which may change the direction of rotation of the bit, its accelerated wear and unscrewing of the drilling tool. Long bit stops lead to a significant decrease in the average bit rotation speed, which can explain the decrease in the ROP and increase in energy consumption when drilling in the zone of unstable bit rotation. The model can be used as a base for further improvement of rotary drilling control systems.
考虑并实现了转子-钻柱-钻头-岩石的异步电驱动的修正数学模型,它发展和推广了以前的研究结果。该模型包括以下子系统:具有矢量控制的异步驱动器模型;考虑钻头与岩石之间相互作用特性的钻头底部阻力矩形成模型;考虑钻柱变形的多质量机械部件模型;子系统用于钻机能源工艺参数的生成。综合模型使计算和评价所选钻井模式成为可能,考虑到它们的机电、能源和技术效率以及钻井过程的动力学。对钻井模式进行的计算机模拟证实,在钻头停止时,可能会出现粘滑效应,并伴有高频振动,这可能会改变钻头的旋转方向,加速钻头的磨损和旋脱。长时间的停钻导致平均钻头转速显著降低,这可以解释在钻头旋转不稳定区域钻井时ROP下降和能耗增加的原因。该模型可作为进一步改进旋转钻井控制系统的基础。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Mining Institute
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