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Thermodynamical Foundations of Closed Discrete Non-Equilibrium Systems 封闭离散非平衡系统的热力学基础
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0064
W. Muschik
Abstract Some tools of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of closed discrete systems are considered: the non-equilibrium state space, the non-equilibrium entropy as a state function and its connection with the entropy production, Clausius’ inequality, equilibrium and accompanying processes. Why can the thermostatic temperature be used successfully in thermal engineering even in cases of non-equilibrium?
摘要考虑了闭离散系统非平衡热力学的一些工具:非平衡态空间、作为状态函数的非平衡熵及其与熵产生的联系、克劳修斯不等式、平衡及其伴随过程。为什么恒温温度即使在非平衡的情况下也能成功地应用于热工?
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引用次数: 1
Nonlinear Thermal Transport with Inertia in Thin Wires: Thermal Fronts and Steady States 细导线中具有惯性的非线性热输运:热锋和稳态
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0069
M. Sciacca, D. Jou
Abstract In a series of papers we have obtained results for nonlinear heat transport when thin wires exchange heat non-linearly with the surroundings, with particular attention to propagating solitons. Here we obtain and discuss new results related to the propagation of nonlinear heat fronts and some conceptual aspects referring to the application of the second principle of thermodynamics to some nonlinear steady states related to non-propagating solitons.
摘要在一系列论文中,我们获得了细线与周围环境非线性交换热量时的非线性热传输的结果,特别是传播孤子。在这里,我们获得并讨论了与非线性波前传播有关的新结果,以及将热力学第二原理应用于与非传播孤子有关的一些非线性稳态的一些概念方面。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2022-5003
V. Klika, M. Pavelka
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引用次数: 0
Thermotics As an Alternative Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach Suitable for Real Thermoanalytical Measurements: A Short Review 热力学作为一种适用于实际热分析测量的替代非平衡热力学方法:简评
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-03-30 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0074
J. Šesták, R. Černý
Abstract The general concept of temperature is thermodynamically defined in equilibrium somehow predictable even for non-equilibrium; however, it presents some still controversial aspects, as has been shown in a number of studies and reviews that have been published so far. Equilibrium concepts are often extrapolated to apply in micro-localized equilibrium and then appended to non-equilibrium in its entirety, which helps to define out-of-equilibrium temperature on both the macroscopic and microscopic bases. Unfortunately, these theoretical analyses do not provide any guidance on how to assess and understand temperature in practical measurements, such as for conventional thermal analysis. Insufficient use of alternative thermodynamic attitudes is evident especially in the field of thermophysical studies, which do not use static measurements, because they usually involve heating from an external source, i. e., the effect of thermal dynamics on the laboratory sample. This paper presents the applied nonequilibrium thermodynamic concept, historically known as thermotics. This approach takes into account the existence of gradients and heat fluxes, which it assesses from the point of view of the average user, and considers additional influences, going beyond the description of thermodynamics in traditional textbooks. The goal is to extend their validity, even to the state of constant first-time derivatives. At the same time, it points to changes in the temperature due to thermal inertia, which has long been ignored, suggesting that the heat spreads immediately. Moreover, special techniques enabling measurements during its extreme changes probably then require an alternative concept for temperature (tempericity). This opinion paper may provide stimuli for further discussion with regard to the practice of measurements done in the customary nonisothermal mode.
摘要温度的一般概念在热力学上是在平衡状态下定义的,即使在非平衡状态下也是可以预测的;然而,正如迄今为止发表的许多研究和评论所表明的那样,它提出了一些仍然有争议的方面。平衡概念通常被外推应用于微观局部平衡,然后被整体附加到非平衡,这有助于在宏观和微观基础上定义非平衡温度。不幸的是,这些理论分析并没有为如何在实际测量中评估和理解温度提供任何指导,例如传统的热分析。替代热力学态度的使用不足是显而易见的,尤其是在不使用静态测量的热物理研究领域,因为它们通常涉及来自外部来源的加热,即。 e.热动力学对实验室样品的影响。本文提出了应用的非平衡热力学概念,历史上称为热力学。这种方法考虑到了梯度和热通量的存在,它从普通用户的角度进行了评估,并考虑了额外的影响,超出了传统教科书中对热力学的描述。目标是扩展它们的有效性,甚至扩展到一阶导数不变的状态。同时,它指出了长期以来被忽视的热惯性导致的温度变化,这表明热量会立即传播。此外,在其极端变化期间进行测量的特殊技术可能需要温度(温度)的替代概念。这篇意见书可能会为进一步讨论在传统非等温模式下进行测量的实践提供激励。
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引用次数: 3
Thermal Shear Waves Induced in Mesoscopic Liquids at Low Frequency Mechanical Deformation 介观液体低频机械变形诱导的热剪切波
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-03-14 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0091
E. Kume, L. Noirez
Abstract We show that a confined viscous liquid emits a dynamic thermal response upon applying a low frequency (∼1 Hz) shear excitation. Hot and cold thermal waves are observed in situ at atmospheric pressure and room temperature, in a viscous liquid (polypropylene glycol) at various thicknesses ranging from 100 µm up to 340 µm, upon applying a mechanical oscillatory shear strain. The observed thermal effects, synchronous with the mechanical excitation, are inconsistent with a viscous behaviour. It indicates that mesoscopic liquids are able to (partly) convert mechanical shear energy in non-equilibrium thermodynamic states. This effect called thermo-elasticity is well known in solid materials. The observation of a thermal coupling to the mechanical shear deformation reinforces the assumption of elastically correlated liquid molecules. The amplitude of the thermo-elastic waves increases linearly by increasing the shear strain amplitude up to a transition to a non-linear thermal behavior, similar to a transition from an elastic to plastic regime. The thermo-elastic effects do not give rise to any change in stress measurements and thus the dynamic thermal analysis provides unique information about dynamic liquid properties.
摘要我们表明,在施加低频(~1)时,受限粘性液体会发出动态热响应 Hz)剪切激励。在大气压和室温下,在粘性液体(聚丙二醇)中原位观察到热和冷热浪,其厚度范围为100 µm至340 µm,在施加机械振荡剪切应变时。观察到的与机械激励同步的热效应与粘性行为不一致。这表明介观液体能够(部分)转换非平衡热力学状态下的机械剪切能。这种称为热弹性的效应在固体材料中是众所周知的。对机械剪切变形的热耦合的观察加强了弹性相关液体分子的假设。热弹性波的振幅通过增加剪切应变振幅而线性增加,直到转变为非线性热行为,类似于从弹性状态到塑性状态的转变。热弹性效应不会引起应力测量的任何变化,因此动态热分析提供了关于动态液体性质的独特信息。
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引用次数: 3
Shock Wave in van der Waals Gas 范德华气体中的冲击波
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0099
A. Avramenko, I. V. Shevchuk, N. Dmitrenko
Abstract In this work, an analytical analysis of the dynamics of a van der Waals gas flow passing through a direct shock wave was performed. For this purpose, modified Rankine-Hugoniot conditions were used. The influence of parameters α and β of the van der Waals model and the pressure jump in the shock adiabat was analyzed. Relations for the velocity jump in flow were obtained, and the influence of parameters α and β on the velocity jump was revealed. Calculations made it possible to estimate the limits of applicability of the van der Waals model, within which it adequately describes the physics of the process under consideration.
摘要本文对范德华气体流通过直接激波时的动力学进行了解析分析。为此,采用了改进的Rankine-Hugoniot条件。分析了范德华模型参数α和β对激波绝热板压力跳变的影响。得到了流动中速度跳变的关系,揭示了参数α和β对速度跳变的影响。计算使估计范德华模型的适用范围成为可能,在这个范围内,范德华模型充分地描述了所考虑的过程的物理性质。
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引用次数: 4
Variational Approach to Fluid-Structure Interaction via GENERIC 流固耦合的泛型变分方法
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-02-11 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0081
D. Peschka, Andrea Zafferi, L. Heltai, Marita Thomas
Abstract We present a framework to systematically derive variational formulations for fluid-structure interaction problems based on thermodynamical driving functionals and geometric structures in different coordinate systems by suitable transformations within this formulation. Our approach provides a promising basis to construct structure-preserving discretization strategies.
摘要我们提出了一个框架,通过在不同坐标系中进行适当的变换,系统地导出基于热力学驱动泛函和几何结构的流体-结构相互作用问题的变分公式。我们的方法为构造保持结构的离散化策略提供了一个很有前途的基础。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of Cross-Sectional Geometry on Hydrothermal Behavior of Microchannel Heat Sink 截面几何形状对微通道散热器水热行为的影响
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0067
Faraz Ahmad, F. Ahmed, H. Ali, Zabdur Rehman, Muhammad Suleman, Izaz Raouf
Abstract The aim of this paper is to numerically analyze the hydrothermal behavior of different cross-sectional geometries of microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) and conduct a comparative analysis of traditional and non-traditional designs using ANSYS Fluent. It is expected that the proposed design discussed in this paper will improve the performance of MCHSs by maximizing the cooling capability and minimizing the thermal resistance and entropy generation rate, thus leading to better energy efficiency. The channel designs include a rectangular microchannel (RMC), a circular microchannel (CMC), an elliptical microchannel (EMC), a trapezoidal microchannel (TMC), a hexagonal microchannel (HMC), and a new microchannel (NMC) which has a plus-like shape. The discussed geometry of the NMC is designed in such a way that it maximizes the cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter of the channel, keeping the hydraulic diameter constant ( D h = 412{D_{h}}=412 µm). The performance of various channels is compared on the basis of pressure drop, wall temperature, thermal enhancement factor, thermal resistance, thermal transport efficiency, and entropy generation rates. It has been observed that the NMC is capable of cooling effectively and it can achieve a minimum wall temperature of 305 K, thus offering the lowest thermal resistance ( R th {R_{mathrm{th}}}), irreversible heat loss, and entropy generation rate. Moreover, the NMC has achieved the highest value of the thermal enhancement factor, i. e., 1.13, at Re = 1 , 000mathrm{Re}=1,000. Similarly, it has the highest thermal transport efficiency of almost 97 % at Re = 1 , 000mathrm{Re}=1,000, followed by the TMC and the RMC. Overall, the NMC has achieved the best performance in all aspects, followed by the RMC and TMC. The performance of the EMC, the CMC, and the HMC was found to be the worst in this study.
摘要本文的目的是数值分析微通道散热器(MCHS)不同截面几何形状的水热行为,并使用ANSYS Fluent对传统和非传统设计进行比较分析。预计本文所讨论的设计将通过最大化冷却能力、最小化热阻和熵产生率来提高MCHS的性能,从而提高能效。通道设计包括矩形微通道(RMC)、圆形微通道(CMC)、椭圆形微通道(EMC)、梯形微通道(TMC)、六边形微通道(HMC)和具有加号形状的新微通道(NMC)。所讨论的NMC的几何形状设计为使通道的横截面积和润湿周长最大化,同时保持水力直径恒定(D h=412{D_{h}}=412 µm)。根据压降、壁温、热增强因子、热阻、热传输效率和熵产生率对各种通道的性能进行了比较。据观察,NMC能够有效冷却,其最低壁温可达305 K、 从而提供最低的热阻(Rth{R_{mathrm{th}})、不可逆热损失和熵产生率。此外,NMC实现了热增强因子i的最高值。 e.,1.13,当Re=1000时。同样,它的热传输效率最高,几乎达到97 % 在Re=1000mathrm{Re}=1000,然后是TMC和RMC。总体而言,NMC在各个方面都取得了最佳性能,其次是RMC和TMC。在本研究中,EMC、CMC和HMC的性能最差。
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引用次数: 4
Sources of Finite Speed Temperature Propagation 有限速度温度传播的来源
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0078
P. M. Mariano, M. Spadini
Abstract The relation between heat flux and temperature gradient has been considered as a constitutive structure or as a balance law in different approaches. Both views may allow a description of heat conduction characterized by finite speed propagation of temperature disturbances. Such a result, which overcomes Fourier’s drawback of infinite speed propagation, can be obtained also by considering insufficient the representation of a conductor, even when it is considered to be rigid, rather than the sole relation between heat flux and temperature gradient. We comment this last view and describe the intersection with previous proposals. Eventually, we show how under Fourier’s law we can have traveling-wave-type temperature propagation when thermal microstructures are accounted for.
热通量与温度梯度的关系在不同的方法中被认为是一个本构结构或一个平衡定律。这两种观点都可以描述以温度扰动的有限速度传播为特征的热传导。这样的结果,克服了傅里叶无限速度传播的缺点,也可以通过不充分考虑导体的表示来获得,即使它被认为是刚性的,而不是热通量和温度梯度之间的唯一关系。我们评论了最后一个视图,并描述了它与之前的建议的交集。最后,我们展示了如何在傅里叶定律下,当考虑到热微观结构时,我们可以有行波型温度传播。
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引用次数: 4
Optimizing the Piston Paths of Stirling Cycle Cryocoolers 斯特林循环低温冷却器活塞路径的优化
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2022-02-09 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2021-0073
R. Paul, K. Hoffmann
Abstract The ideal Stirling cycle provides a clear control strategy for the piston paths of ideal representations of Stirling cycle machines. For non-equilibrium Stirling cycle machines however, piston paths aiming to emulate the ideal cycle’s four strokes will not necessarily yield best performance. In this contribution, we ask the question: What are the COP-optimal piston paths for specific non-equilibrium Stirling cryocoolers? To this end, we consider a low-effort Stirling cryocooler model that consists of a set of coupled ordinary differential equations and takes several loss phenomena into account. For this model and an exemplary parameter set, piston path optimizations are done with an indirect iterative gradient method based on optimal control theory. The optimizations are repeated for two different kinds of volume constraints for the working spaces: one representing an alpha-Stirling configuration, the other a beta-Stirling configuration. Compared to harmonic piston paths, the optimal piston paths lead to significant improvements in COP of ca. 88 % for the alpha-Stirling and ca. 117 % for the beta-Stirling at the maximum-COP operational frequency. Additionally—and even though the optimizations were performed for maximum COP—cooling power was increased with even lager ratios.
理想斯特林循环为斯特林循环机的活塞路径提供了一种明确的控制策略。然而,对于非平衡斯特林循环机,旨在模拟理想循环的四冲程的活塞路径不一定会产生最佳性能。在这篇文章中,我们提出了一个问题:对于特定的非平衡斯特林制冷机,cop最佳活塞路径是什么?为此,我们考虑了一个低功耗的斯特林制冷机模型,该模型由一组耦合的常微分方程组成,并考虑了几种损耗现象。针对该模型和示例参数集,采用基于最优控制理论的间接迭代梯度法对活塞路径进行优化。对工作空间的两种不同类型的体积约束进行了重复优化:一种代表α -斯特林构型,另一种代表β -斯特林构型。与谐波活塞路径相比,在最大COP工作频率下,最佳活塞路径使α -斯特林的COP显著提高约88%,β -斯特林的COP显著提高约117%。此外,尽管优化是针对最大cop进行的,但冷却功率以更大的比率增加。
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引用次数: 35
期刊
Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
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