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Investigation of non-equilibrium separation time on the partitioning of cephalexin in an aqueous two-phase system composed of glucose and acetonitrile 非平衡分离时间对头孢氨苄在葡萄糖-乙腈双水相体系中分配的影响
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-0028
Parsa Movahedi, Ali Jalali Qush Qayeh, Javad Rahbar Shahrouzi
Abstract In order to commercialize aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs), not only the equilibrium data is essential, but also the knowledge of separation mechanisms, kinetics, settling time, and operational conditions are needed. Mixing duration and settling time are the most critical factors affecting separation and biomolecule partitioning in terms of economic aspects. This research aimed to find the desired conditions for separating cephalexin in an ATPS consisting of acetonitrile, glucose, and water. Firstly, the evolution of the interphase region was observed. Hereafter, to examine the effect of time on the experimental tie-lines and partition coefficient in non-equilibrium states, the settling time was varied from 2 min to 24 h. In addition, centrifugation was applied to help the separation at different time intervals and rotational speeds. The results of tie-lines slope and partitioning coefficients showed that the system approaches equilibrium after 5 h. However, using the centrifuge separation at 4000 rpm improved the separation time to 45 min, reaching 80 % of the actual partition coefficient. It can be concluded that with an acceptable tolerance in the partition coefficient, a remarkably diminished settling time is available for economic productivity in industrial units.
摘要为了使双水相系统(ATPSs)商业化,不仅平衡数据是必不可少的,而且还需要分离机理、动力学、沉降时间和操作条件的知识。从经济角度来看,混合持续时间和沉降时间是影响分离和生物分子分配的最关键因素。本研究旨在寻找在由乙腈、葡萄糖和水组成的ATPS中分离头孢氨苄的理想条件。首先,观察了界面区的演化。此后,为了检验时间对非平衡状态下实验联络线和分配系数的影响,沉降时间从2 最小 至24 h.此外,在不同的时间间隔和转速下应用离心来帮助分离。联络线斜率和分配系数的结果表明,系统在5 h.然而,使用4000的离心机分离 rpm将分离时间提高到45 分钟,达到80 % 实际分配系数。可以得出结论,在分配系数具有可接受的公差的情况下,工业单元的经济生产力可以显著缩短沉降时间。
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引用次数: 0
Uncovering enzymatic structural adaptations from energy dissipation 从能量耗散中揭示酶的结构适应性
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-07-07 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-0044
A. Arango-Restrepo, D. Barragán, J. Rubí
Abstract While genetic mutations, natural selection and environmental pressures are well-known drivers of enzyme evolution, we show that their structural adaptations are significantly influenced by energy dissipation. Enzymes use chemical energy to do work, which results in a loss of free energy due to the irreversible nature of the process. By assuming that the catalytic process occurs along a potential barrier, we describe the kinetics of the conversion of enzyme-substrate complexes to enzyme-product complexes and calculate the energy dissipation. We show that the behaviour of the dissipated energy is a non-monotonic function of the energy of the intermediate state. This finding supports our main result that enzyme configurations evolve to minimise energy dissipation and simultaneously improve kinetic and thermodynamic efficiencies. Our study provides a novel insight into the complex process of enzyme evolution and highlights the crucial role of energy dissipation in shaping structural adaptations.
摘要虽然基因突变、自然选择和环境压力是酶进化的众所周知的驱动因素,但我们发现它们的结构适应受到能量耗散的显著影响。酶利用化学能做功,由于过程的不可逆性,这会导致自由能的损失。通过假设催化过程沿着势垒发生,我们描述了酶-底物复合物转化为酶-产物复合物的动力学,并计算了能量耗散。我们证明了耗散能量的行为是中间态能量的非单调函数。这一发现支持了我们的主要结果,即酶构型的进化可以最大限度地减少能量耗散,同时提高动力学和热力学效率。我们的研究为酶进化的复杂过程提供了新的见解,并强调了能量耗散在形成结构适应中的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-frontmatter3
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引用次数: 0
Relations between timescales of stochastic thermodynamic observables 随机热力学可观测度的时间尺度关系
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2022-0104
Erez Aghion, Jason R. Green
Abstract Any real physical process that produces entropy, dissipates energy as heat, or generates mechanical work must do so on a finite timescale. Recently derived thermodynamic speed limits place bounds on these observables using intrinsic timescales of the process. Here, we derive relationships for the thermodynamic speeds for any composite stochastic observable in terms of the timescales of its individual components. From these speed limits, we find bounds on thermal efficiency of stochastic processes exchanging energy as heat and work and bound the rate of entropy change in a system with entropy production and flow. Using the time set by an external clock, we find bounds on the first time to reach any value for the entropy production. As an illustration, we compute these bounds for Brownian particles diffusing in space subject to a constant-temperature heat bath and a time-dependent external force.
摘要任何产生熵、以热的形式耗散能量或产生机械功的真实物理过程都必须在有限的时间尺度上进行。最近导出的热力学速度限制使用过程的内在时间尺度对这些可观测值进行了限制。在这里,我们导出了任何复合随机可观测的热力学速度在其单个分量的时间尺度方面的关系。从这些速度极限中,我们找到了以热和功交换能量的随机过程的热效率的边界,并约束了具有熵产生和熵流动的系统中的熵变化率。使用外部时钟设置的时间,我们找到第一次达到熵产生任何值的时间的界限。举例来说,我们计算了布朗粒子在恒温水浴和时间相关外力作用下在空间中扩散的这些边界。
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引用次数: 0
Concepts of phenomenological irreversible quantum thermodynamics II: time dependent statistical ensembles of bipartite systems 唯象不可逆量子热力学的概念Ⅱ:二分系统的时间相关统计系综
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-0023
W. Muschik
Abstract The wide-spread opinion is that original quantum mechanics is a reversible theory, but this statement is only true for undecomposed systems that are those systems for which sub-systems are out of consideration. Taking sub-systems into account, as it is by definition necessary for decomposed systems, the interaction Hamiltonians –which are absent in undecomposed systems– can be a source of irreversibility in decomposed systems. Thus, the following two-stage task arises: How to modify von Neumann’s equation of undecomposed systems so that irreversibility appears, and how this modification affects decomposed systems? The first step was already done in Muschik (“Concepts of phenomenological irreversible quantum thermodynamics: closed undecomposed Schottky systems in semi-classical description,” J. Non-Equilibrium Thermodyn., vol. 44, pp. 1–13, 2019) and is repeated below, whereas the second step to formulate a quantum thermodynamics of decomposed systems is performed here by modifying the von Neumann equations of the sub-systems by a procedure wich is similar to that of Lindblad’s equation (G. Lindblad, “On the generators of quantum dynamical semigroups,” Commun. Math. Phys., vol. 48, p. 119130, 1976), but different because the sub-systems interact with one another through partitions.
摘要广泛的观点是,原始量子力学是一种可逆理论,但这一说法只适用于未分解的系统,即不考虑子系统的系统。考虑到子系统,正如分解系统所必需的那样,相互作用哈密顿量——在未分解系统中不存在——可能是分解系统不可逆性的来源。因此,出现了以下两个阶段的任务:如何修改冯·诺依曼的未分解系统方程,使其出现不可逆性,以及这种修改如何影响分解系统?第一步已经在Muschik中完成(“现象学不可逆量子热力学的概念:半经典描述中的封闭未分解肖特基系统”,J.Non Balancement Thermodyn.,第44卷,第1-132019页),并在下面重复,而公式化分解系统的量子热力学的第二步在这里通过用类似于Lindblad方程的程序修改子系统的von Neumann方程来执行(G.Lindblad,“关于量子动力学半群的生成子”,Commun.Math.Phys.,vol.48,p.1191301976),但是不同之处在于子系统通过分区相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic analysis of the effect of rotation on gas adsorption 旋转对气体吸附影响的热力学分析
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2022-0086
R. Kosheleva, T. Karapantsios, M. Kostoglou, A. Mitropoulos
Abstract This study examines the effect of a short term rotation on a system of constant volume. Adsorption of CO2 is performed on Activated Carbon (AC) at 281, 293 and 298 K with a special designed device that allows rotation. The adsorption isotherms were conducted up to 10 bar for both No Rotational (NoROT) and Rotational (ROT) cases. The ROT case refers to 60 s of rotation at 5000 rpm. The experimental results were fitted to Langmuir as well as to Dubinin–Astakhov (D–A) models with the latter presenting the best fit. A detailed thermodynamic analysis is performed in order to quantify the overall contribution of the rotation on gas adsorption compared to static case. For the ROT case, the maximum amount adsorbed (q max) is by 12 % higher than the NoROT counterpart, while a decrease in chemical potential as surface loading is increased, indicates that the process after rotation is entropy driven. The outcome of this work suggests that rotation enables gas molecules to access previously inaccessible sites, thus gaining more vacancies due to better rearrangement of the adsorbed CO2 molecules.
摘要:本研究考察了短期旋转对恒体积系统的影响。二氧化碳吸附在活性炭(AC)上进行281,293和298 K与一个特殊设计的装置,允许旋转。无旋转(NoROT)和旋转(ROT)两种情况下的吸附等温线均达到10 bar。ROT情况是指在5000 rpm下旋转60 秒。实验结果拟合Langmuir模型和Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A)模型,后者拟合最佳。进行了详细的热力学分析,以便与静态情况相比,量化旋转对气体吸附的总体贡献。对于ROT情况,最大吸附量(q max)比NoROT情况高12%,而化学势随着表面负载的增加而降低,表明旋转后的过程是熵驱动的。这项工作的结果表明,旋转使气体分子能够进入以前无法进入的位置,从而由于吸附的二氧化碳分子的更好重排而获得更多的空位。
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引用次数: 0
Oblique shock wave in turbulent flow 紊流中的斜激波
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2022-0093
A. Avramenko, A. I. Tyrinov, I. V. Shevchuk, Nataliya P. Dmitrenko
Abstract The main attention is paid to the analytical analysis of an oblique shock wave in a turbulent adiabatic gas flow. For this purpose, a modified Rankine–Hugoniot model was obtained. On its basis, a solution was derived for the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions for a gas flow with various degrees of turbulence, as well as the equation of the modified Hugoniot adiabat. The behavior of the velocity of an adiabatic turbulent gas flow during its passage through an oblique shock wave at different levels of turbulence is demonstrated. A modification of Prandtl’s law for the velocity coefficients was obtained. The shock polar was also analyzed. The relationship between the angular gas flow and the angle of the shock wave was derived. Finally, the condition for the appearance of an outgoing bow shock wave was obtained.
摘要本文主要研究了紊流绝热气体流动中斜激波的解析分析。为此,得到了一个修正的Rankine-Hugoniot模型。在此基础上,导出了不同湍流度气体流动的rankne - Hugoniot条件的解,以及改进的Hugoniot绝热方程。研究了不同湍流水平下绝热湍流气流通过斜激波时的速度变化规律。对速度系数的普朗特定律进行了修正。并对激波极性进行了分析。推导了激波角度与气体角流动的关系。最后,得到了出船首激波产生的条件。
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引用次数: 0
Frontmatter 头版头条
3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-03-31 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-frontmatter2
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引用次数: 0
The entropy production paradox for fractional diffusion 分数扩散的熵产悖论
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-0020
K. Hoffmann, C. Essex, J. Prehl, K. Kulmus
Abstract Dispersive diffusion and wave propagation seem to be unconnected and fundamentally different evolution equations. In the context of anomalous diffusion however modeling approaches based on fractional diffusion equations have been presented, which allow to build a continuous bridge between the two regimes. The transition from irreversible dispersive diffusion to reversible wave propagation shows an unexpected increase in entropy production. This seemingly paradoxical behavior of fractional diffusion is reviewed and compared to the behavior of a tree-based diffusion model.
色散扩散和波的传播似乎是不相连的、根本不同的演化方程。然而,在异常扩散的背景下,已经提出了基于分数扩散方程的建模方法,该方法允许在两种状态之间建立连续的桥梁。从不可逆色散扩散到可逆波传播的转变显示出熵产生的意外增加。回顾了分数扩散的这种看似矛盾的行为,并将其与基于树的扩散模型的行为进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 社论
IF 6.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 Physics and Astronomy Pub Date : 2023-03-17 DOI: 10.1515/jnet-2023-2001
H. Struchtrup
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
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