Grain growth, mechanical properties, and fracture mechanism of nickel-based GH4099 superalloy are investigated using heat treatments, tensile tests, optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The OM observation shows that the matrix grains (γ-grains) undergo an apparent growth during the solution treatment. The grain size diameter increases from 100 to 174 μm when the solution temperature rises from 1100˚C to 1160˚C for 30 min. When the holding time increases from 15 to 60 min at 1140˚C, the grain size diameter increases from 140 to 176 μm, indicating that the γ-grain growth is more sensitive to temperature than time. Standard deviation, S v , and the grain size distribution are utilized to characterize the microstructural uniformity. To pre-dict the grain size more accurately, we develop the grain growth kinetics and find that the growth index is close to 5. The yield strength (R p0.2 ), tensile strength (R m ), and ductility (A f ) are also measured. It is found that the the γ-grain boundary during the slow cooling process, which is the main fac-tor yielding the complete brittle fracture. Finally, the optimal solution treatment scheme for the GH4099 superalloy is proposed—a temperature of 1140˚C for 30 min followed by air cooling.
{"title":"Effects of the Solution Treatment on Microstructural Evolution, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Mechanism of Nickel-Based GH4099 Superalloy","authors":"Guangsheng Xu, Chuan-Chi Wu, Zhenhua Liu, Yilong Wang, Zhanying Zhang, Yun Li, Ping Hu","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2021.96037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2021.96037","url":null,"abstract":"Grain growth, mechanical properties, and fracture mechanism of nickel-based GH4099 superalloy are investigated using heat treatments, tensile tests, optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The OM observation shows that the matrix grains (γ-grains) undergo an apparent growth during the solution treatment. The grain size diameter increases from 100 to 174 μm when the solution temperature rises from 1100˚C to 1160˚C for 30 min. When the holding time increases from 15 to 60 min at 1140˚C, the grain size diameter increases from 140 to 176 μm, indicating that the γ-grain growth is more sensitive to temperature than time. Standard deviation, S v , and the grain size distribution are utilized to characterize the microstructural uniformity. To pre-dict the grain size more accurately, we develop the grain growth kinetics and find that the growth index is close to 5. The yield strength (R p0.2 ), tensile strength (R m ), and ductility (A f ) are also measured. It is found that the the γ-grain boundary during the slow cooling process, which is the main fac-tor yielding the complete brittle fracture. Finally, the optimal solution treatment scheme for the GH4099 superalloy is proposed—a temperature of 1140˚C for 30 min followed by air cooling.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87627776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.91003
P. Asha, S. Murthy, C. P. Rao, V. Kumar, R. Kiran, C. Suresha
Hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmc) are found to be more superior than the conventional composite materials because of their improved mechanical properties, which can be suited for an extensive range of engineering applications. Automobile and aerospace industries widely make use of hybrid composites as they possess excellent corrosion, wear resistance, low density, and high strength. This paper displays the strategy to build the hybrid composite utilizing Stir casting Method. Present investigation includes the creation of composites utilizing boron carbide (2%, 4%, 6% volume) and Red mud (2% volume) as the reinforcements and Structural aluminium as the matrix. Experimental investigation of wear analysis of the composites was carried out according to the L9 Taguchi method. The designated number of experiments was accomplished to probe the impact of control factors on the specific wear rate (SWR) of the developed composites. ANOVA was carried out and Wt%. Reinforcement was found to be the decisive factor on the SWR of the developed hybrid composite. The Confirmatory test was successfully carried out and the computed error was found to be varying from 0.878% to 2.58%.
{"title":"Optimization of Wear Factors of Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites Using Taguchi Method","authors":"P. Asha, S. Murthy, C. P. Rao, V. Kumar, R. Kiran, C. Suresha","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.91003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.91003","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmc) are found to be more superior than the conventional composite materials because of their improved mechanical properties, which can be suited for an extensive range of engineering applications. Automobile and aerospace industries widely make use of hybrid composites as they possess excellent corrosion, wear resistance, low density, and high strength. This paper displays the strategy to build the hybrid composite utilizing Stir casting Method. Present investigation includes the creation of composites utilizing boron carbide (2%, 4%, 6% volume) and Red mud (2% volume) as the reinforcements and Structural aluminium as the matrix. Experimental investigation of wear analysis of the composites was carried out according to the L9 Taguchi method. The designated number of experiments was accomplished to probe the impact of control factors on the specific wear rate (SWR) of the developed composites. ANOVA was carried out and Wt%. Reinforcement was found to be the decisive factor on the SWR of the developed hybrid composite. The Confirmatory test was successfully carried out and the computed error was found to be varying from 0.878% to 2.58%.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84617226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.86026
Seick Omar Sore, A. Messan, E. Prud'Homme, G. Escadeillas, F. Tsobnang
This study specifically investigated the influence of the composition of aluminosilicate material i.e. the substitution of metakaolin by rice husk ash and the nature of alkaline activators (Na+/K+) on mineralogical, structural, physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer binders. This influence was evaluated based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM analyses, apparent density, water accessible porosity, compressive strength and thermal properties. Two types of geopolymer binder were synthesized according to the type of alkali activator used, the NaOH-based geopolymer and the KOH-based geopolymer. The results of characterization performed after 14 days of curing of geopolymer samples showed that the activation of the aluminosilicate powder using alkaline solution led to change in their microstructure. The highest compressive strength was obtained with the NaOH-based geopolymer.
{"title":"Comparative Study on Geopolymer Binders Based on Two Alkaline Solutions (NaOH and KOH)","authors":"Seick Omar Sore, A. Messan, E. Prud'Homme, G. Escadeillas, F. Tsobnang","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.86026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.86026","url":null,"abstract":"This \u0000study specifically investigated the influence of the composition of \u0000aluminosilicate material i.e. the substitution of metakaolin by rice husk ash and the nature \u0000of alkaline activators (Na+/K+) \u0000on mineralogical, structural, physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer \u0000binders. This influence was evaluated based on X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier \u0000Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM \u0000analyses, apparent density, water accessible porosity, compressive strength and \u0000thermal properties. Two types of geopolymer binder were synthesized according \u0000to the type of alkali activator used, the NaOH-based geopolymer and the \u0000KOH-based geopolymer. The results of characterization performed after 14 days \u0000of curing of geopolymer samples showed that the activation of the \u0000aluminosilicate powder using alkaline solution led to change in their microstructure. The highest compressive strength was \u0000obtained with the NaOH-based geopolymer.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"499 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76704692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.86027
H. Choudhary, C. Gupta, N. Tiwari, T. Kolge, R. Kapoor, Archana Sharma
Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed forming technology by which hollow profiles can be compressed or expanded. It is done with a pulsed magnetic field to apply Lorentz’ forces at electrically conductive material. Electromagnetic hollow tube expansion is limited by the fragmentation tendency. This work attempts to use a combination of analytical and computational approach to compute the net tangential stress during tube expansion. A simplified analytical framework to estimate the temporal evolution of plastic stresses present in aluminium alloy AA5052 at low and high applied magnetic pressures is developed based upon dynamic imaging. The time resolved images captured using current synchronised high speed camera record the overall dimensional changes of the tube that is validated by multi-physics simulation of expansion process. Imaging of hollow tube expansions at two selected peak currents has been carried out at various current levels in the range 76 - 160 kA. The direct visualisation of the increase in the tube diameter at two current levels provided a comparison of the developing net tangential stresses in the hollow tube during the undamaged and fragmented expansion. Imaging of tube expansion also facilitates the estimation of the strain rate experienced by the tube and was in the range of ~1700 s-1 to ~1200 s-1. The propensity of fragmentation was found to be due to the level and duration of generated tangential stresses above the yield stress during expansion of the aluminium tubes. Presented study provides a mean of exploiting the enhanced formability of aluminium alloys using electromagnetic forming.
{"title":"Electromagnetic Expansion and Fragmentation of Hollow Aluminium 5052 Tube","authors":"H. Choudhary, C. Gupta, N. Tiwari, T. Kolge, R. Kapoor, Archana Sharma","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.86027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.86027","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed forming \u0000technology by which hollow profiles can be compressed or expanded. It is done \u0000with a pulsed magnetic field to apply Lorentz’ forces at electrically conductive \u0000material. Electromagnetic hollow tube expansion is limited by the fragmentation \u0000tendency. This work attempts to use a combination of analytical and \u0000computational approach to compute the net tangential stress during tube \u0000expansion. A simplified analytical framework to estimate the temporal evolution \u0000of plastic stresses present in aluminium alloy AA5052 at low and high applied \u0000magnetic pressures is developed based upon dynamic imaging. The time resolved \u0000images captured using current synchronised high speed camera record the overall \u0000dimensional changes of the tube that is validated by multi-physics simulation \u0000of expansion process. Imaging of hollow tube expansions at two selected peak \u0000currents has been carried out at various current levels in the range 76 - 160 \u0000kA. The direct visualisation of the increase in the tube diameter at two \u0000current levels provided a comparison of the developing net tangential stresses \u0000in the hollow tube during the undamaged and fragmented expansion. Imaging of \u0000tube expansion also facilitates the estimation of the strain rate experienced \u0000by the tube and was in the range of ~1700 s-1 to ~1200 s-1. \u0000The propensity of fragmentation was found to be due to the level and duration \u0000of generated tangential stresses above the yield stress during expansion of the \u0000aluminium tubes. Presented study provides a mean of exploiting the enhanced \u0000formability of aluminium alloys using electromagnetic forming.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90030367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.86029
N. Saikumari, S. Dev, S. Dev
Environmental sustainability apart from spoken at different levels needs to investigate the management of industrial activities in terms of eco-friendliness. It is well known that effluents from various industries become a major source of environmental degradation in particular water pollution. Thus water analysis report turns to be more significant, to determine the quality and standard of life maintained in a typical ecosystem. This study includes the analysis of physico-chemical factors of raw as well as treated water samples from Korattur Lake employing nano sized adsorbents like titania with tuned structural and morphological properties through organic plant extract. The XRD analysis, BET analysis, DRS-UV analysis, SEM and TEM analysis have been carried out and reported. The marked influence of leaf extract as a template is reflected in reduced crystallite size (12.4 nm) with maximum surface area 105 m2/g along with bathochromic shift of absorption edge. The usual indicators of contamination level at a given source namely Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD-85%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD-94.5%), Dissolved Oxygen (88%), Total Suspended Solids (TSS-75.6%), Electrical Conductivity (74.5%), Chloride (89%), Nitrate and Phosphate contents etc. were used to ascertain the efficiency of contaminants removal using tea leaf extract mediated nano titania. The reliability factor of the treatment process was found to be less than 1, revealed the effectiveness and reliability of nano material.
{"title":"Biotemplate Assisted Nano Titania and Its Environmental Performance","authors":"N. Saikumari, S. Dev, S. Dev","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.86029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.86029","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental sustainability apart from spoken at different levels needs to investigate the management of industrial \u0000activities in terms of eco-friendliness. \u0000It is well known that effluents from various industries become a major source \u0000of environmental degradation in particular water pollution. Thus water analysis \u0000report turns to be more significant, to determine the quality and standard of \u0000life maintained in a typical ecosystem. This study includes the analysis of \u0000physico-chemical factors of raw as well as treated water samples from Korattur \u0000Lake employing nano sized adsorbents like titania with tuned structural and \u0000morphological properties through organic plant extract. The XRD analysis, BET \u0000analysis, DRS-UV analysis, SEM and TEM analysis have been carried out and \u0000reported. The marked influence of leaf extract as a template is reflected in \u0000reduced crystallite size (12.4 nm) with maximum surface area 105 m2/g \u0000along with bathochromic shift of absorption edge. The usual indicators of \u0000contamination level at a given source namely Biological Oxygen Demand \u0000(BOD-85%), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD-94.5%), Dissolved Oxygen (88%), Total \u0000Suspended Solids (TSS-75.6%), Electrical Conductivity (74.5%), Chloride (89%), \u0000Nitrate and Phosphate contents etc. were used to ascertain the efficiency of \u0000contaminants removal using tea leaf extract mediated nano titania. The \u0000reliability factor of the treatment process was found to be less than 1, \u0000revealed the effectiveness and reliability of nano material.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"84 1","pages":"459-471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83869173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-21DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.86028
C. P. Rao, V. Kumar, D. R. Kumar, P. Chandra, M. Vedavyasa, M. S. Rajagopal
A metal matrix composite constitutes a continuous metallic matrix and a discontinuous phase known as reinforcement. The hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmcs) have been used to manufacture drive shafts, disc brake rotors, brake drums, connecting rods pistons, engine block cylinder liners for automotive and rail vehicle applications. The Hmmcs castings of diameter 120 mm and length 300 mm were prepared through sand mould technique following stir casting methodology. The cast components further subjected to evaluation of physical properties and machining tests using two grades of coated inserts and PCD inserts. The experiments were carried out following ISO 3685 standards. The coating thickness of the TiN coated and TiAlN coated inserts were measured using Kalo testing method; the results of the test show that the interface of the substrate and coating was free from the porosity, and the coating thickness of TiN coating was 4.84 microns and TiAlN coating was measured 4.6 microns. The results of the experiments show that performance of the PCD insert was better than coated inserts at 0.1 mm/rev feed; however at 0.2 mm/revolution feed PCD insert failed by micro chipping of cutting edge while machining Hmmcs. When TiAlN coated inserts were used to machine Hmmcs the coated inserts failed by gradual wear and BUE formation.
{"title":"Influence of Machining Parameter on Tool Life While Machining Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites","authors":"C. P. Rao, V. Kumar, D. R. Kumar, P. Chandra, M. Vedavyasa, M. S. Rajagopal","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.86028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.86028","url":null,"abstract":"A metal matrix composite constitutes a continuous metallic matrix and a discontinuous phase known as reinforcement. The \u0000hybrid metal matrix composites (Hmmcs) have been used to manufacture \u0000drive shafts, disc brake rotors, brake drums, connecting rods pistons, engine \u0000block cylinder liners for automotive and rail vehicle applications. The Hmmcs \u0000castings of diameter 120 mm and length 300 mm were prepared through sand mould \u0000technique following stir casting methodology. The cast components further \u0000subjected to evaluation of physical properties and machining tests using two \u0000grades of coated inserts and PCD inserts. The experiments were carried out \u0000following ISO 3685 standards. The coating thickness of the TiN coated and TiAlN \u0000coated inserts were measured using Kalo testing method; the results of the test show that the interface of \u0000the substrate and coating was free from the porosity, and the coating thickness \u0000of TiN coating was 4.84 microns and TiAlN coating was measured 4.6 microns. The \u0000results of the experiments show that performance of the PCD insert was better \u0000than coated inserts at 0.1 mm/rev feed; however at 0.2 mm/revolution feed PCD insert failed \u0000by micro chipping of cutting edge while machining Hmmcs. When TiAlN coated \u0000inserts were used to machine Hmmcs the coated inserts failed by gradual wear \u0000and BUE formation.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88381723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.85024
Ndoumou Belinga Rémy Legrand, M. Lucien, Ouagne Pierre, Betene Ebanda Fabien, N. Marcel, Atangana Ateba Jean
In this research work, fiber extracted from the bark of Cola lepidota (CL) plant, grown in the flora of Southern part of Cameroon, was investigated for composites reinforcement. The investigation was carried via evaluation of water absorption capacity, moisture content, real density, porosity, chemical composition, chemical structure and thermal behaviour. It was discovered that the new fiber has relatively low moisture content and water absorption capacity similar to those of other investigated natural fibers such as flax, sisal, coconut, hemp and jute. Its porosity was found appropriate for composite production and the fiber was found to be thermally stable up to 230°C, with maximum degradation temperature of 325°C. The main constituents of the fibre include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In conclusion, based on the properties investigated, this fiber is considered suitable for composite manufacture.
{"title":"Physico-Chemical and Thermal Characterization of a Lignocellulosic Fiber, Extracted from the Bast of Cola lepidota Stem","authors":"Ndoumou Belinga Rémy Legrand, M. Lucien, Ouagne Pierre, Betene Ebanda Fabien, N. Marcel, Atangana Ateba Jean","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.85024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.85024","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, fiber extracted from the bark of Cola lepidota (CL) plant, grown in the flora of Southern \u0000part of Cameroon, was investigated for composites reinforcement. The \u0000investigation was carried via evaluation of water \u0000absorption capacity, moisture content, real density, porosity, chemical \u0000composition, chemical structure and thermal behaviour. It was discovered that \u0000the new fiber has relatively low moisture content and water absorption capacity \u0000similar to those of other investigated natural fibers such as flax, sisal, \u0000coconut, hemp and jute. Its porosity was found appropriate for composite \u0000production and the fiber was found to be thermally stable up to 230°C, with \u0000maximum degradation temperature of 325°C. The main constituents of the fibre \u0000include cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In conclusion, based on the \u0000properties investigated, this fiber is considered suitable for composite \u0000manufacture.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84814820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.85025
F. D. L. Rosa, Roal Torres Sánchez, J. Holguín-Momaca, C. D. Ríos, A. Elguezabal
This study presents a simple process to deposit a hardfacing coating on a steel substrate, based on the sintering of metallic powder applied by tape casting (by a slurry of metallic powder suspension onto a steel substrate) thus avoiding the use of traditional welding processes and their variants. The effect of the cooling of hardfacing after the sintering process, by air at room temperature or by quenching in water, was studied. This new method ensures a good metallurgical bonding between the substrate steel and the hardfacing layer and shows mechanical property improvement on coated pieces, similar to those exhibited by hardfacing coatings produced by several kinds of welding processes. The characterization of the hardfacing coatings was made by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and wear resistance according to the ASTM G65 standard. The characterization results show that the presented faces are: M7C3, M3C, MC, M2B and M23B6; there are three different phases in the micrograph glass phase, eutectic phase and hard phase with a volumetric fraction of 0.14, 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for the air cooled and 0.15, 0.16 and 0.69 when quenched in water. The average microhardness value for the parts cooled in air was 832.5 HV and for that cooled in water was 958.9 HV, and the wear resistance was a mass loss of 0.219 and 0.128 g for parts cooled in air and water, respectively. These results show that the hardfacing coating could have twice the hardness and wear resistance than that observed for the boron steel used as a substrate.
{"title":"Sintering and Wear Behavior of a FeCrCB Hardfacing Alloy Applied by Tape Casting: A Study of Cooling Rate Effect","authors":"F. D. L. Rosa, Roal Torres Sánchez, J. Holguín-Momaca, C. D. Ríos, A. Elguezabal","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.85025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.85025","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a simple process to deposit a hardfacing coating on a \u0000steel substrate, based on the sintering of metallic powder applied by tape \u0000casting (by a slurry of metallic powder suspension onto a steel substrate) thus \u0000avoiding the use of traditional welding processes and their variants. The \u0000effect of the cooling of hardfacing after the sintering process, by air at room \u0000temperature or by quenching in water, was studied. This new method ensures a \u0000good metallurgical bonding between the substrate steel and the hardfacing layer \u0000and shows mechanical property improvement on coated pieces, similar to those \u0000exhibited by hardfacing coatings produced by several kinds of welding \u0000processes. The characterization of the hardfacing coatings was made by X-ray diffraction, \u0000optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and wear \u0000resistance according to the ASTM G65 standard. The characterization results show that the presented faces are: M7C3, \u0000M3C, MC, M2B and M23B6; there are \u0000three different phases in the micrograph glass phase, eutectic phase and hard \u0000phase with a volumetric fraction of 0.14, 0.20 and 0.66, respectively, for the \u0000air cooled and 0.15, 0.16 and 0.69 when quenched in water. The average \u0000microhardness value for the parts cooled in air was 832.5 HV and for that \u0000cooled in water was 958.9 HV, and the wear resistance was a mass loss of 0.219 \u0000and 0.128 g for parts cooled in air and water, respectively. These results show \u0000that the hardfacing coating could have twice the hardness and wear resistance \u0000than that observed for the boron steel used as a substrate.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73028101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.85022
Njimbouombouo Mouliom Soualiou, Etone Macka Alexandre Dodo, Ondoua Abondo Ebengue Yannick, C. R. Nangah, Njoya André, Mouncherou Oumar Farouk, N. Billong
This study focuses on the mineralogical, geochemical and petrographic characterization of three granite rock samples (LTP, LTS and LTMB) from Foumban, West Region of Cameroon. Fusibility tests were carried out on the samples containing the highest amount of alkali to assess the potential of these materials as fluxing admixture for ceramics. The results show that the granite consists of alkaline feldspars, notably orthoclase and microcline of perthitic micro-texture, plagioclases (in particular albite) and also mafic minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene. The quantity of alkali in the samples is quite high (16.83% for LTS, 17.08% for LTMB and 18.87% for LTP) compared to standard data. Fusibility tests carried out on the samples having the highest alkali content (LTMB and LTP) showed that the vitreous phase appears between 1050°C and 1100°C in these samples when they were heated. The Fe2O3 and TiO2 content of LTMB (3.01% and 1.49% respectively) led to a brown colour of its fired product. Therefore, based on their composition, these materials can be used as feldspathic fluxes for the formulation of ceramic products.
{"title":"Potential of Some Granites from Foumban (West Region of Cameroon) as Fluxing Materials for Ceramics","authors":"Njimbouombouo Mouliom Soualiou, Etone Macka Alexandre Dodo, Ondoua Abondo Ebengue Yannick, C. R. Nangah, Njoya André, Mouncherou Oumar Farouk, N. Billong","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.85022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.85022","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the mineralogical, geochemical \u0000and petrographic characterization of three granite rock samples (LTP, LTS and \u0000LTMB) from Foumban, West Region of Cameroon. Fusibility tests were carried out \u0000on the samples containing the highest amount of alkali to assess the potential \u0000of these materials as fluxing admixture for ceramics. The results show that the \u0000granite consists of alkaline feldspars, notably orthoclase and microcline of \u0000perthitic micro-texture, plagioclases (in particular albite) and also mafic \u0000minerals such as amphibole and pyroxene. The quantity of alkali in the samples is quite high (16.83% for LTS, \u000017.08% for LTMB and 18.87% for LTP) compared to standard data. Fusibility tests \u0000carried out on the samples having the highest alkali content (LTMB and LTP) \u0000showed that the vitreous phase appears between 1050°C and 1100°C in these samples when they \u0000were heated. The Fe2O3 and TiO2 content of \u0000LTMB (3.01% and 1.49% respectively) led \u0000to a brown colour of its fired product. Therefore, based on their composition, \u0000these materials can be used as feldspathic fluxes for the formulation of \u0000ceramic products.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73867240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-04DOI: 10.4236/jmmce.2020.85021
Ze Eric Parfait, N. Marcel, Nnomo Elobi Didine, Nfor Clins Wiryikfu, Betene Ebanda Fabien, Ngahiyi Abbé Claude Valery, A. Ateba
In this work we determine the physical and mechanical properties of local composites reinforced with papaya trunk fibers (FTP) on one hand and particles of the hulls of the kernels of the garlic (PCNFA) in the other hand. The samples are produced according to BSI 2782 standards; by combining fibers and untreated to polyester matrix following the contact molding method. We notice that the long fibers of papaya trunks improve the tensile/compression characteristics of composites by 45.44% compared to pure polyester; while the short fibers improve the flexural strength of composites by 62.30% compared to pure polyester. Furthermore, adding fibers decreases the density of the final composite material and the rate of water absorption increases with the size of the fibers. As regards composite materials with particle reinforcement from the cores of the winged fruits, the particle size (fine ≤ 800 μm and large ≤ 1.6 mm) has no influence on the Young’s modulus and on the rate of water absorption. On the other hand, fine particles improve the flexural strength of composite materials by 53.08% compared to pure polyester; fine particles increase the density by 19% compared to the density of pure polyester.
{"title":"Elaboration and Characterization of Composite Materials Reinforced by Papaya Trunk Fibers (Carica papaya) and Particles of the Hulls of the Kernels of the Winged Fruits (Canarium schweinfurthii) with Polyester Matrix","authors":"Ze Eric Parfait, N. Marcel, Nnomo Elobi Didine, Nfor Clins Wiryikfu, Betene Ebanda Fabien, Ngahiyi Abbé Claude Valery, A. Ateba","doi":"10.4236/jmmce.2020.85021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2020.85021","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we determine the physical and mechanical properties of local \u0000composites reinforced with papaya trunk fibers (FTP) on one hand and particles \u0000of the hulls of the kernels of the garlic (PCNFA) in the other hand. The \u0000samples are produced according to BSI 2782 standards; by combining fibers and \u0000untreated to polyester matrix following the contact molding method. We notice \u0000that the long fibers of papaya trunks improve the tensile/compression \u0000characteristics of composites by 45.44% compared to pure polyester; while the \u0000short fibers improve the flexural strength of composites by 62.30% compared to \u0000pure polyester. Furthermore, adding fibers decreases the density of the final \u0000composite material and the rate of water absorption increases with the size of \u0000the fibers. As regards composite materials with particle reinforcement from the \u0000cores of the winged fruits, the particle size (fine ≤ 800 μm and large ≤ 1.6 \u0000mm) has no influence on the Young’s modulus and on the rate of water \u0000absorption. On the other hand, fine particles improve the flexural strength of \u0000composite materials by 53.08% compared to pure polyester; fine particles \u0000increase the density by 19% compared to the density of pure polyester.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"77 1","pages":"341-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86883540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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