Pub Date : 2021-05-12DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93020
K. Preethi, Raju T.N, Shivappa H.A
An emerging class of new materials is being developed with carbon nanotubes as reinforcements for Al6061 matrix material resulting in CNT-MMC composite materials. To maximize tensile strength and electrical conductivity properties of CNT materials and for the MMCs to possess optimal properties, some synthetic techniques are developed. Care is taken to ensure that these techniques are economical in production, provide uniform reinforcement dispersion in the matrix and also realize strong coherence adhesion of the CNT reinforcements and Al-6061 matrix material. Aluminum reinforced with CNT via powder metallurgy (PM) technique can provide a very distinct advantage. The primary drive and distinct advantage in adopting aluminum is lightweight in comparison to metal and wood composites. Besides weight savings, non-corrosive, flexible, resistance to dent, low on maintenance cost and design flexibility are the highlights of aluminum. Aluminum has wide range of application in industries because of their low density, good workability and relatively low yield strength; whereas reinforcement adds rigidity and impedes crack propagation to a great extent. Thin fibers are used as reinforcement since they possess very high strength with improved overall properties, whereas CNT has a number of invaluable and unique properties in comparison to other fibers used as reinforcement. Due to the reinforcement of CNT in aluminum, the resultant composite possesses high strength to weight ratio. In this work, the CNTs used as reinforcement with varying weight % of 1, 1.5, 2 and Al6061 alloy as a matrix material. The composites were fabricated through powder metallurgy route. Ball milling was done to get homogeneous dispersion of CNT’s. Samples were prepared as per ASTM standards for various compositions and investigated for microstructure using scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties like hardness were evaluated by Micro Vickers hardness tester and compression strength by Universal Testing Machine. The expected improvements in micro hardness and compressive strength of the MMC s were achieved.
{"title":"Development and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminium-6061 Metal Matrix Composites","authors":"K. Preethi, Raju T.N, Shivappa H.A","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93020","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging class of new materials is being developed with carbon nanotubes as reinforcements for Al6061 matrix material resulting in CNT-MMC composite materials. To maximize tensile strength and electrical conductivity properties of CNT materials and for the MMCs to possess optimal properties, some synthetic techniques are developed. Care is taken to ensure that these techniques are economical in production, provide uniform reinforcement dispersion in the matrix and also realize strong coherence adhesion of the CNT reinforcements and Al-6061 matrix material. Aluminum reinforced with CNT via powder metallurgy (PM) technique can provide a very distinct advantage. The primary drive and distinct advantage in adopting aluminum is lightweight in comparison to metal and wood composites. Besides weight savings, non-corrosive, flexible, resistance to dent, low on maintenance cost and design flexibility are the highlights of aluminum. Aluminum has wide range of application in industries because of their low density, good workability and relatively low yield strength; whereas reinforcement adds rigidity and impedes crack propagation to a great extent. Thin fibers are used as reinforcement since they possess very high strength with improved overall properties, whereas CNT has a number of invaluable and unique properties in comparison to other fibers used as reinforcement. Due to the reinforcement of CNT in aluminum, the resultant composite possesses high strength to weight ratio. In this work, the CNTs used as reinforcement with varying weight % of 1, 1.5, 2 and Al6061 alloy as a matrix material. The composites were fabricated through powder metallurgy route. Ball milling was done to get homogeneous dispersion of CNT’s. Samples were prepared as per ASTM standards for various compositions and investigated for microstructure using scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties like hardness were evaluated by Micro Vickers hardness tester and compression strength by Universal Testing Machine. The expected improvements in micro hardness and compressive strength of the MMC s were achieved.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76878631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-12DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93019
T. Negeri
A hybrid process consisting of flotation and magnetic separation has been developed to concentrate multi-phase rare earth minerals associated with a carbonatite ore that contains a significant amount of niobium. The deposit is known to contain at least 15 different rare earth minerals identified as silicocarbonatite, magnesiocarbonatite, ferrocarbonatites, calciocarbonatite, REE/Nb ferrocarbonatite, phosphates and niobates. Although no collector exists to float all the different rare earth minerals, the hydroxamic acid-based collectors have shown adequate efficiency in floating most of these minerals. 92% recovery of total rare earth oxide (TREO) and niobium in 45% mass was possible at d80 of <65 microns grind size. It was also possible to reduce the mass pull to 28%, but TREO and Nb’s recovery dropped to 85%. Calcination of the concentrate followed by quenching and fine grinding to <25 μm allowed upgrading the flotation concentrate by magnetic separation. It was demonstrated that at least 87% TREO and 85% Nb could be recovered in 16% of the feed mass. The paper discusses the overall concept of the flowsheet and the experimental strategies that led to this process.
{"title":"Flotation-Calcination-Magnetic Separation Hybrid Process for Concentration of Rare Earth Minerals Contained in a Carbonatite Ore","authors":"T. Negeri","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93019","url":null,"abstract":"A hybrid process consisting of flotation and magnetic separation has been developed to concentrate multi-phase rare earth minerals associated with a carbonatite ore that contains a significant amount of niobium. The deposit is known to contain at least 15 different rare earth minerals identified as silicocarbonatite, magnesiocarbonatite, ferrocarbonatites, calciocarbonatite, REE/Nb ferrocarbonatite, phosphates and niobates. Although no collector exists to float all the different rare earth minerals, the hydroxamic acid-based collectors have shown adequate efficiency in floating most of these minerals. 92% recovery of total rare earth oxide (TREO) and niobium in 45% mass was possible at d80 of <65 microns grind size. It was also possible to reduce the mass pull to 28%, but TREO and Nb’s recovery dropped to 85%. Calcination of the concentrate followed by quenching and fine grinding to <25 μm allowed upgrading the flotation concentrate by magnetic separation. It was demonstrated that at least 87% TREO and 85% Nb could be recovered in 16% of the feed mass. The paper discusses the overall concept of the flowsheet and the experimental strategies that led to this process.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"38 1","pages":"271-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90371322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-12DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93016
J. Kopp, J. Girardot
The influence of temperature on the resistance to rapid crack propagation of a semi-crystalline bio-based polymer was studied. The experimental results described in this study allow to initiate a first discussion on the role of viscosity and its link with the fracture behaviour and a heterogeneous microstructure such as the semi-crysalline polymer. Dynamic fracture tests on pipes were carried out. It would appear that a temperature decrease of approximately 40℃ relative to ambient has no significant influence on the average crack propagation velocity (≈0.6cR), fracture energy and surface roughness. On the contrary, crack propagation paths seem to vary with temperature. The difference in fracture behaviour between the amorphous and crystalline phase varies significantly as a function of temperature. The difference between the initiation resistance and the rapid propagation also varies. This difference seems to be significantly reduced by lowering the temperature. The mechanisms of cavitation damage and plastic flow are increasingly limited by the decrease in temperature (and therefore in macromolecular mobility). Crack propagation in the pipe is more extensive and therefore more critical. This is emphasised in particular by the probability of the material to be macro-branched as the temperature decreases.
{"title":"Dynamic Fracture of a Semi-Crystalline Bio-Based Polymer Pipe: Effect of Temperature","authors":"J. Kopp, J. Girardot","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.93016","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of temperature on the resistance to rapid crack propagation of a semi-crystalline bio-based polymer was studied. The experimental results described in this study allow to initiate a first discussion on the role of viscosity and its link with the fracture behaviour and a heterogeneous microstructure such as the semi-crysalline polymer. Dynamic fracture tests on pipes were carried out. It would appear that a temperature decrease of approximately 40℃ relative to ambient has no significant influence on the average crack propagation velocity (≈0.6cR), fracture energy and surface roughness. On the contrary, crack propagation paths seem to vary with temperature. The difference in fracture behaviour between the amorphous and crystalline phase varies significantly as a function of temperature. The difference between the initiation resistance and the rapid propagation also varies. This difference seems to be significantly reduced by lowering the temperature. The mechanisms of cavitation damage and plastic flow are increasingly limited by the decrease in temperature (and therefore in macromolecular mobility). Crack propagation in the pipe is more extensive and therefore more critical. This is emphasised in particular by the probability of the material to be macro-branched as the temperature decreases.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":"227-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82920630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-26DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92015
Marie Josette Ndengue, Merlin Zacharie Ayissi, Pierre Marcel Anicet Noah, F. B. Ebanda, A. Ateba
This study examines the implementation and characterization of a polymer matrix composite material reinforced by sugarcane residues. The aim of the study is to enhance the abundantly produced sugarcane bagasse in the form of residues in the processing plants of said sugar cane. The composite material developed takes into account the size parameters and mass load rate of the reinforcement, the variations of which are between 2.5 mm and 4 mm respectively for the first parameter and 10% to 25% for the second. The load on the test tube during the test has a random orientation. The composite is polyester matrix. The cold compression moulding technique was used in the production of the various samples. Physical properties such as the rate of water absorption and the density of the composite are assessed. The three-point bending tests are carried out with the aim of inducing Young’s modulus from the elaborate samples. Analysis of physical properties shows that water absorption increases with the rate of residue load. The average water absorption rate of bagasse fibres is estimated at 8% for the 2.5 mm fiber size and 12% for the 4 mm fiber size for all composites. Mechanical characterization by bending tests reveals a fragile behavior of the samples tested. Young’s modulus decreases when the load rate of fibrous residues increases regardless of the size of the fibers.
{"title":"Implementation and Evaluation of Certain Properties of a Polymer Matrix Composite Material Reinforced by Fibrous Residues of Saccharum officinarum in View of an Applicability Orientation","authors":"Marie Josette Ndengue, Merlin Zacharie Ayissi, Pierre Marcel Anicet Noah, F. B. Ebanda, A. Ateba","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92015","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the implementation and characterization of a polymer matrix composite material reinforced by sugarcane residues. The aim of the study is to enhance the abundantly produced sugarcane bagasse in the form of residues in the processing plants of said sugar cane. The composite material developed takes into account the size parameters and mass load rate of the reinforcement, the variations of which are between 2.5 mm and 4 mm respectively for the first parameter and 10% to 25% for the second. The load on the test tube during the test has a random orientation. The composite is polyester matrix. The cold compression moulding technique was used in the production of the various samples. Physical properties such as the rate of water absorption and the density of the composite are assessed. The three-point bending tests are carried out with the aim of inducing Young’s modulus from the elaborate samples. Analysis of physical properties shows that water absorption increases with the rate of residue load. The average water absorption rate of bagasse fibres is estimated at 8% for the 2.5 mm fiber size and 12% for the 4 mm fiber size for all composites. Mechanical characterization by bending tests reveals a fragile behavior of the samples tested. Young’s modulus decreases when the load rate of fibrous residues increases regardless of the size of the fibers.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"14 1","pages":"206-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85404023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92014
Jeremia Kalenga, J. M. Akande
A quantitative technique was conducted at Rosh Pinah Zinc mine, Namibia with its main purpose to determine airways resistance which is a function of the parameters; roughness of the airways and the friction factor. The 32 branch points (i.e. a-ag) that stand for ventilation circuit have been selected. Data collected includes, length and width of airways, air velocity; air density, and roughness of the airways which were used to determine coefficient of frictions, friction factors and airway resistances. A ventilation model was developed. In order to improve the current ventilation model, airways resistance of the mine was determined and simulated in a modified model using VentSimTM software. An average total airways resistance of 0.32027 Ns2/m8 has been achieved for Rosh Pinah mine. It should be pointed out that, as the mine advances its production faces deeper, this value would increases suddenly. Simulation revealed that as much as 34.4 m3/s of air can be received at the production faces, compared to the measured received amount of 19.3 m3/s. Therefore, volumetric efficiency of the mine was improved from 29.3% to 68.3%. It was also noticed that after importing the resistance values into the model together with other parameters, the model was greatly improved and no cause for concern.
{"title":"Determination of Airways Resistance, Volumetric Efficiency and Development of Ventilation Model of Rosh Pinah Zinc Mine Namibia","authors":"Jeremia Kalenga, J. M. Akande","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92014","url":null,"abstract":"A quantitative technique was conducted at Rosh Pinah Zinc mine, Namibia with its main purpose to determine airways resistance which is a function of the parameters; roughness of the airways and the friction factor. The 32 branch points (i.e. a-ag) that stand for ventilation circuit have been selected. Data collected includes, length and width of airways, air velocity; air density, and roughness of the airways which were used to determine coefficient of frictions, friction factors and airway resistances. A ventilation model was developed. In order to improve the current ventilation model, airways resistance of the mine was determined and simulated in a modified model using VentSimTM software. An average total airways resistance of 0.32027 Ns2/m8 has been achieved for Rosh Pinah mine. It should be pointed out that, as the mine advances its production faces deeper, this value would increases suddenly. Simulation revealed that as much as 34.4 m3/s of air can be received at the production faces, compared to the measured received amount of 19.3 m3/s. Therefore, volumetric efficiency of the mine was improved from 29.3% to 68.3%. It was also noticed that after importing the resistance values into the model together with other parameters, the model was greatly improved and no cause for concern.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"143 1","pages":"194-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86018561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92012
M. Abdullaeva, B. Murzubraimov, D. Altybaeva, Zh.D. Abdullaeva, G. Kalykova, Aishakan Suiunbekova, A. Osmonova
This article is investigating analysis and chemical composition of ceramic pegmatite minerals obtained from the Terek deposit in Toktogul district of Kyrgyzstan. Several methods such as mineralogical studies, magnetic and gravitational enrichments, silicate and chemical analyses of ceramic pegmatite minerals, quartz-feldspathic concentrate and sludge removal have been performed for determination of pegmatite mineral applicability for production of porcelain and earthenware.
{"title":"Investigation of Pegmatite Mineral Applicability from the Terek Ceramic Deposit in Kyrgyzstan for Production of Porcelain and Earthenware","authors":"M. Abdullaeva, B. Murzubraimov, D. Altybaeva, Zh.D. Abdullaeva, G. Kalykova, Aishakan Suiunbekova, A. Osmonova","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92012","url":null,"abstract":"This article is investigating analysis and chemical composition of ceramic pegmatite minerals obtained from the Terek deposit in Toktogul district of Kyrgyzstan. Several methods such as mineralogical studies, magnetic and gravitational enrichments, silicate and chemical analyses of ceramic pegmatite minerals, quartz-feldspathic concentrate and sludge removal have been performed for determination of pegmatite mineral applicability for production of porcelain and earthenware.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"169-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83381614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92011
He-fei Zhang, T. Husain
The fly ash generated from local pulp and paper industries was transformed into activated carbon (AC) through physical activation process in a high temperature tube furnace in this study. Effects of two factors including activation temperature and activation time were investigated. Iodine number (IN), methylene blue value (MBV), and surface microstructure were all analyzed to assess the adsorption capacity of different carbon samples. The surface area of the carbon sample increased significantly from 486.44 m2/g to 847.26 m2/g before and after activation. The jar tests revealed that the use of 0.5 g (AC)/L (water) has the highest adsorption effectiveness. Meanwhile, the column filtration experiment indicated more than 60% of the organic matter can be removed by the carbon barrier within 2 hours filtration. The follow-up chlorination experiment illustrated that the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) could be considerably prevented after filtration. Above all, the cost-effective carbon filtration technology developed in this study can potentially be applied as a pre-treatment technology for intake source waters for local communities.
本研究以当地制浆造纸工业产生的粉煤灰为原料，在高温管式炉中通过物理活化工艺转化为活性炭(AC)。考察了活化温度和活化时间两个因素的影响。通过分析碘值(IN)、亚甲基蓝值(MBV)和表面微观结构来评价不同碳样品的吸附能力。活化前后碳样的表面积由486.44 m2/g显著增加到847.26 m2/g。罐子试验表明，使用0.5 g (AC)/L(水)的吸附效果最高。同时，柱过滤实验表明，在2小时的过滤时间内，碳屏障的有机物去除率可达60%以上。后续的氯化实验表明，过滤后可有效防止三卤甲烷(THMs)和卤乙酸(HAAs)的生成。最重要的是，本研究开发的具有成本效益的碳过滤技术可以作为当地社区取水水源的预处理技术。
{"title":"Affordable Water Filtration Technology for Disinfection By-Product Control for Small Rural Communities by Using Carbon Extracted from Local Fly Ash","authors":"He-fei Zhang, T. Husain","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92011","url":null,"abstract":"The fly ash generated from local pulp and paper industries was transformed into activated carbon (AC) through physical activation process in a high temperature tube furnace in this study. Effects of two factors including activation temperature and activation time were investigated. Iodine number (IN), methylene blue value (MBV), and surface microstructure were all analyzed to assess the adsorption capacity of different carbon samples. The surface area of the carbon sample increased significantly from 486.44 m2/g to 847.26 m2/g before and after activation. The jar tests revealed that the use of 0.5 g (AC)/L (water) has the highest adsorption effectiveness. Meanwhile, the column filtration experiment indicated more than 60% of the organic matter can be removed by the carbon barrier within 2 hours filtration. The follow-up chlorination experiment illustrated that the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) could be considerably prevented after filtration. Above all, the cost-effective carbon filtration technology developed in this study can potentially be applied as a pre-treatment technology for intake source waters for local communities.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"43 1","pages":"148-168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89401678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92010
D. O. Folorunso, A. Akinwande
The scarcity of housing increases as population continues to rise all over the world. Despite government efforts at providing houses, yearly demand keeps on exceeding available houses and hence the hike in rent, the cost of erecting houses and the cost of building materials. This ultimately calls for a decisive solution. This study therefore applied compliance to cost ratio (C-CR) analysis in evaluating the optimum properties of fired ceramic bricks. The optimum mix proportions of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) in fired bricks, that will be suitable for housing constructions were hence determined. Fired clay brick samples which contained varied proportions of WG and WSD were examined for physical, mechanical and thermal properties in line with standard procedures. The results were compared with existing standards and property evaluation index, compliance level and C-CR were applied in analyzing the results obtained. It was observed that with increasing WG content, compliance level increased. Also, cost ratio and experimental cost of each brick sample trended upward. Sample with mix proportion; 20 wt% WG, 5 wt% WSD and 75 wt% clay had compliance level of 94% and C-CR index of 7.81, hence chosen as optimum mix proportion for masonry bricks.
{"title":"Applications of Compliance to Cost Ratio (C-CR) Analysis in the Determination of Optimum Mix of Insulating Bricks in Masonry","authors":"D. O. Folorunso, A. Akinwande","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92010","url":null,"abstract":"The scarcity of housing increases as population continues to rise all over the world. Despite government efforts at providing houses, yearly demand keeps on exceeding available houses and hence the hike in rent, the cost of erecting houses and the cost of building materials. This ultimately calls for a decisive solution. This study therefore applied compliance to cost ratio (C-CR) analysis in evaluating the optimum properties of fired ceramic bricks. The optimum mix proportions of waste glass (WG) and wood saw dust (WSD) in fired bricks, that will be suitable for housing constructions were hence determined. Fired clay brick samples which contained varied proportions of WG and WSD were examined for physical, mechanical and thermal properties in line with standard procedures. The results were compared with existing standards and property evaluation index, compliance level and C-CR were applied in analyzing the results obtained. It was observed that with increasing WG content, compliance level increased. Also, cost ratio and experimental cost of each brick sample trended upward. Sample with mix proportion; 20 wt% WG, 5 wt% WSD and 75 wt% clay had compliance level of 94% and C-CR index of 7.81, hence chosen as optimum mix proportion for masonry bricks.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"50 1","pages":"134-147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78252935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92013
L. Santi, D. H. Goenadi, D. N. Kalbuadi, I. P. Sari, nbsp, Sulastri
This study deals with the pre-treatment of coal fly ash (CFA) by using alkaline substance to improve water solubility of Si which in turn readily available to the plants. Selected weight ratios of CFA/NaOH (s:s) were tested and the highest H4SiO4 yield ratio was selected for further study. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to confirm the evidence of structural changes of the CFA upon alkaline treatment. To improve SiO2 dissolution, seven Si-solubilizing fungi, i.e., Aspergillus niger BCC194, A. niger K0909, A. niger A1601, Trichoderma polysporum, T. viride, T. pseudokoningii, and Trichoderma spp, were each inoculated onto pre-treated ash. The results indicated that the relationships between ratio of CFA/NaOH and total and soluble Si were linier (R2 = 0.97** and 0.96**, respectively). Total SiO2 values range from 10.43% to 13.02%, whereas soluble Si contents were 2.30% - 2.64% improved about 300 times compared to un-treated CFA. Both XRD and SEM analyses indicated that alkaline treatment to CFA caused particle damages resulting in increasing soluble Si. Inoculation of pre-treated CFA by T. polysporum up to twelve days of incubation yielded the highest soluble Si. Each fungal species grown on Bunt & Rovira solid media enriched with CFA as Si-source expressed significantly different ability in solubilizing Si from CFA. Citric acid was shown to be stronger compared to acetic and oxalic acids in solubilizing Si from CFA.
{"title":"Alkaline Pre-Treatment of Coal Fly Ash as Bio-Silica Fertilizer","authors":"L. Santi, D. H. Goenadi, D. N. Kalbuadi, I. P. Sari, nbsp, Sulastri","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92013","url":null,"abstract":"This study deals with the pre-treatment of coal fly ash (CFA) by using alkaline substance to improve water solubility of Si which in turn readily available to the plants. Selected weight ratios of CFA/NaOH (s:s) were tested and the highest H4SiO4 yield ratio was selected for further study. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to confirm the evidence of structural changes of the CFA upon alkaline treatment. To improve SiO2 dissolution, seven Si-solubilizing fungi, i.e., Aspergillus niger BCC194, A. niger K0909, A. niger A1601, Trichoderma polysporum, T. viride, T. pseudokoningii, and Trichoderma spp, were each inoculated onto pre-treated ash. The results indicated that the relationships between ratio of CFA/NaOH and total and soluble Si were linier (R2 = 0.97** and 0.96**, respectively). Total SiO2 values range from 10.43% to 13.02%, whereas soluble Si contents were 2.30% - 2.64% improved about 300 times compared to un-treated CFA. Both XRD and SEM analyses indicated that alkaline treatment to CFA caused particle damages resulting in increasing soluble Si. Inoculation of pre-treated CFA by T. polysporum up to twelve days of incubation yielded the highest soluble Si. Each fungal species grown on Bunt & Rovira solid media enriched with CFA as Si-source expressed significantly different ability in solubilizing Si from CFA. Citric acid was shown to be stronger compared to acetic and oxalic acids in solubilizing Si from CFA.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"111 1","pages":"180-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85773192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92009
Roger Makosso Voula, Flora Zita Mpissi Diamouangana, J. Moutou, Vivien Igore Banzouzi Samba, Mozalin Paul Foutou, Julien Placide Ngoma
In order to characterize and enhance clay collected in Londela-kayes in the Republic of Congo, in this work, it was a question of proceeding to the mineralogical, physico-chemical, thermal and geotechnical characterization of this clay. Next, determine the technological properties of fired bricks. For this, various methods were used in particular: X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis, dilatometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, specific surface and analysis chemical. It appears that, for the mineralogical characterization, kaolinite is the most abundant mineral of this clay. The results of dilatometric analysis have shown that this clay can be fired at low temperatures. The geotechnical characterization showed that it is plastic clay thus exhibiting a high shrinkage. The results of the technological properties of LON1 bricks have shown that this clay cannot be used in the manufacture of fired bricks. The geotechnical properties must be improved by adding additives in order to improve the technological properties of the fired bricks.
{"title":"Characterization and Valuation of a Clay Soil Sampled in Londéla-Kayes in the Republic of Congo","authors":"Roger Makosso Voula, Flora Zita Mpissi Diamouangana, J. Moutou, Vivien Igore Banzouzi Samba, Mozalin Paul Foutou, Julien Placide Ngoma","doi":"10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/JMMCE.2021.92009","url":null,"abstract":"In order to characterize and enhance clay collected in Londela-kayes in the Republic of Congo, in this work, it was a question of proceeding to the mineralogical, physico-chemical, thermal and geotechnical characterization of this clay. Next, determine the technological properties of fired bricks. For this, various methods were used in particular: X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, gravimetric thermal analysis and differential thermal analysis, dilatometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, specific surface and analysis chemical. It appears that, for the mineralogical characterization, kaolinite is the most abundant mineral of this clay. The results of dilatometric analysis have shown that this clay can be fired at low temperatures. The geotechnical characterization showed that it is plastic clay thus exhibiting a high shrinkage. The results of the technological properties of LON1 bricks have shown that this clay cannot be used in the manufacture of fired bricks. The geotechnical properties must be improved by adding additives in order to improve the technological properties of the fired bricks.","PeriodicalId":16488,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77435668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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