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PAKISTAN ENTERING THE EASTERN AXIS AND RIVALRY BETWEEN GREAT POWERS (USA, RUSSIA, AND CHINA) IN ASIA 巴基斯坦进入东部轴心与大国(美国、俄罗斯和中国)在亚洲的竞争
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue07-05
Javohir Makhmatkulov
This article analyzes relations with global powers like the USA, China, and Russia from the independence of Pakistan to today's year, and predicts the future policy of Pakistan. It mostly emphasizes rivalry between the USA and the Soviet (Russia) for hegemony in South and Central Asia. Besides that, most importantly China is also entering this competition with its today's huge economy and working with Russia in order to fight together in the future against the EU and USA. From this rivalry, Pakistan is developing according to its economy, military, and other fields.
本文分析了巴基斯坦从独立至今与美国、中国和俄罗斯等世界大国的关系,并预测了巴基斯坦未来的政策。文章主要强调了美国和苏联(俄罗斯)之间争夺南亚和中亚霸权的竞争。除此以外,最重要的是,中国也凭借其当今的巨大经济实力加入了这场竞争,并与俄罗斯合作,以便在未来共同对抗欧盟和美国。在这场竞争中,巴基斯坦在经济、军事和其他领域都得到了发展。
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引用次数: 0
CHANGES IN PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ENTRY OF US TROOPS INTO AFGHANISTAN 美国军队进入阿富汗背景下巴基斯坦外交政策的变化
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue07-03
Ikram Khudayberdiyev
In this article, the entry of US troops into Afghanistan and as a result the change of Pakistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan, the change of Pakistan's position on the international scale, the beneficial and harmful aspects for Pakistan are shown. Also, the increasing role of the US government between the governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan and its consequences are mentioned.
本文介绍了美军进入阿富汗后,巴基斯坦对阿富汗外交政策的变化、巴基斯坦在国际上地位的变化、对巴基斯坦有利和不利的方面。此外,文章还提到了美国政府在阿富汗政府和巴基斯坦政府之间日益增强的作用及其后果。
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引用次数: 0
EVOLUTION OF AFGHAN-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY 20 世纪上半叶阿富汗与土耳其关系的演变
Pub Date : 2024-07-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue07-04
Aziz Fayzullaev
The initiatives of Atatürk and Amonullah Khan, the first charismatic leaders of these countries, played a major role in the establishment of hundred-year-old warm relations between Afghanistan and Turkey. This article shows the importance of the Turkish model in the modernization of Afghanistan, the role of Turkish specialists in the development of the education, health and military sectors in Afghanistan. Turkey's participation and initiatives in Afghanistan's membership of international agreements are highlighted.
阿塔图尔克和阿莫努拉-汗是这两个国家富有魅力的首任领导人,他们的倡议在阿富汗和土耳其之间建立长达百年的友好关系中发挥了重要作用。本文阐述了土耳其模式在阿富汗现代化进程中的重要性,以及土耳其专家在阿富汗教育、卫生和军事部门发展中的作用。文章强调了土耳其在阿富汗加入国际协定方面的参与和举措。
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引用次数: 0
CONFLICTS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN THE POST-COMMUNIST SPACE (IN THE CASE OF POST-COMMUNIST UZBEKISTAN) 后共产主义时期民族身份形成的冲突(以后共产主义时期的乌兹别克斯坦为例)
Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue06-02
Anvar Kadyrov
Because of national independence, post-colonial, post-communist Central Asian values, such as democracy, pluralism, human rights and freedoms, entered the region. Such an important historical event occurred in 1991 after the collapse of the totalitarian, violent communist political regime called the USSR. The violent political system and its ideology disappeared, but its social psychology and mentality remained to a certain extent in the life of society and came into conflict with the values of the new, democratic thought. This was observed in the field of national identity, national self-awareness. The article analyzes the conflicts between the new, democratic values and the national perception inherited from the past in the field of social consciousness after national independence in the post-communist space, on the example of Uzbekistan, one of the leading countries of the Central Asian region, which is building a democratic society.
由于民族独立,民主、多元化、人权和自由等后殖民、后共产主义的中亚价值观进入了该地区。这一重要历史事件发生在 1991 年苏联极权暴力共产主义政权解体之后。暴力政治制度及其意识形态消失了,但其社会心理和思维方式在一定程度上仍然存在于社会生活中,并与新的民主思想价值观发生冲突。这一点在民族认同、民族自我意识领域可以观察到。本文以正在建设民主社会的中亚地区主要国家之一乌兹别克斯坦为例,分析了后共产主义国家独立后在社会意识领域新的民主价值观与过去遗留下来的民族观念之间的冲突。
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引用次数: 0
THE REPERCUSSIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CRISIS ON THE FUTURE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM 俄罗斯-乌克兰危机对国际体系未来的影响
Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue05-05
Wisam Jamal Hussein
Beginning with Ukraine's announcement on February 24th that Moscow would start a military operation in its territory, this study examines the current crisis in Ukraine from the perspectives of its causes and the consequences it will have on the future of the current international system. Moscow took a step to raise world concern and fear on February 24th when Kyiv announced that Moscow had begun military operations with a ground invasion of its lands. The previous day, the presidents of Donetsk and Luhansk had asked the Russian president to intervene and protect them from Ukrainian forces. Russia and NATO have been exchanging remarks and threats for some time, and now a confrontation in Ukraine is a distinct possibility. Following this unexpected move, there were analyses and guesses regarding the future of the international system and, by extension, the entire planet. Considering Russia's history of nuclear threats, including the most recent remark by the Russian president that alerts the country's nuclear deterrent forces, this is particularly true. As of this writing, the situation has not been resolved, and it occasionally shows signs of quiet before escalating again
本研究以乌克兰 2 月 24 日宣布莫斯科将在其领土上展开军事行动为开端,从乌克兰危机的起因及其对当前国际体系的未来所产生的后果的角度对乌克兰当前的危机进行了研究。2 月 24 日,当基辅宣布莫斯科已开始对其领土进行地面入侵的军事行动时,莫斯科迈出了引起世界关注和恐惧的一步。前一天,顿涅茨克和卢甘斯克的总统请求俄罗斯总统进行干预,保护他们免受乌克兰军队的攻击。一段时间以来,俄罗斯和北约一直在交锋和威胁,现在在乌克兰发生冲突的可能性非常大。在这一出人意料的举动之后,人们对国际体系乃至整个地球的未来进行了分析和猜测。考虑到俄罗斯核威胁的历史,包括最近俄罗斯总统警告该国核威慑力量的言论,这一点尤为真实。截至本文撰写之时,局势仍未得到解决,偶尔会出现平静的迹象,然后再次升级
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引用次数: 0
EXAMINING PRESIDENTIAL IMMUNITY: THE JANUARY 6 RIOT, TRUMP, AND THE 14TH AMENDMENT - AN IMPERATIVE CONSIDERATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 审查总统豁免权:1 月 6 日骚乱、特朗普和第 14 修正案--对宪法的必要思考
Pub Date : 2024-04-23 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue04-03
Pelekeh H. Tapang
The work critically engulfs the events surrounding the January 6 riot, interactions, Trump’s alleged involvement, and the application of the 14th Amendment’s Section 3. The central question of the study puzzles on whether the said Amendment grants States jurisprudence to determine or alter presidential immunity. Drawing on Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers - a natural pillar of Federalism that was fundamental in drafting the US Constitution, the work embarks on an exploration that investigates the intersections of States prerogatives on Federal institutions. Building on these constructions, the work delves into intricate legal debates interlocking constitutional interpretation, and emphasizing its potential ramifications. The study employs comparative methodology; incorporating the ten Southern-States that barred Abraham Lincoln, and the case of USA vs Nixon. The approach illuminates political materialism, an enduring theme in American politics, thus, producing a better understanding of the state of the art, through the intrinsic corollaries of federalism in the ever evolving extensive milieus of political constitutionalism and legal canons.
这部作品批判性地探讨了 1 月 6 日骚乱的相关事件、互动、特朗普涉嫌参与以及第 14 修正案第 3 条的适用。研究的核心问题在于上述修正案是否赋予了国家决定或改变总统豁免权的法理。孟德斯鸠的三权分立理论是联邦主义的天然支柱,在起草美国宪法时发挥了根本性作用,本著作借鉴这一理论,开始探索各州特权与联邦机构之间的交集。在这些构建的基础上,作品深入探讨了与宪法解释相互交织的错综复杂的法律辩论,并强调了其潜在的影响。研究采用了比较方法,将禁止亚伯拉罕-林肯的十个南方州和美国诉尼克松案纳入其中。这种方法揭示了政治唯物主义这一美国政治中经久不衰的主题,从而通过联邦制在不断发展的政治宪法和法律规范的广泛环境中的内在必然结果,更好地理解了艺术的现状。
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引用次数: 0
"ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL PECULIARITIES OF CARICC ACTIVITY IN THE SPHERE OF COMBATING DRUG TRAFFICKING IN CENTRAL ASIA" "中亚打击贩毒委员会在打击中亚贩毒领域活动的组织和法律特殊性"。
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue04-04
Erkaboev A.
The article is devoted to organizational and legal peculiarities of activity of the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Center for Combating Illicit Trafficking of Narcotic Drugs, Psychotropic Substances and their Precursors (CARICC) as an interstate body designed to assist regional cooperation in combating illicit drug trafficking through exchange and analysis of operational information, organization and coordination of joint operations. The author of the article notes the importance of multilateral format of cooperation in Central Asia in the field of combating drug trafficking and search for joint responses to the drug threat. It is suggested to use CARICC analytical materials in terms of strategic analysis of the situation related to drug production in Afghanistan, assessment of potential risks and threats to Central Asian states from drug trafficking. In recent years, Uzbekistan's role in the world arena has been growing, and the country's positive influence on international processes has been increasing due to the pragmatic and active foreign policy pursued by the country's leadership. In this context, the country's active participation in multilateral cooperation institutions - international and regional organizations, including the CARICC format - plays an important role.
文章专门介绍了中亚地区打击非法贩运麻醉药品、精神药物及其前体信息和协调中心(CARICC)活动的组织和法律特点,该中心是一个国家间机构,旨在通过交流和分析行动信息、组织和协调联合行动,协助打击非法贩毒的区域合作。文章作者指出了中亚地区在打击贩毒领域开展多边合作形式和寻求联合应对毒品威胁的重要性。文章建议利用中亚区域信息和协调中心的分析材料,对阿富汗的毒品生产形势进行战略分析,评估贩毒对中亚国家的潜在风险和威胁。近年来,乌兹别克斯坦在世界舞台上的作用不断增强,由于国家领导层奉行务实、积极的外交政策,乌兹别克斯坦对国际进程的积极影响也日益增强。在此背景下,乌兹别克斯坦积极参与多边合作机构--国际和区域组织,包括中亚区域信息和协调中心--发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
SCIENTIFIC-THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE KHIVA KHANATE AND THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (XIX CENTURY) 希瓦汗国与俄罗斯帝国关系研究的科学理论方面(十九世纪)
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue04-05
S. J. Saidov
This article is devoted to the study of scientific, theoretical and methodological aspects of relations between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The author analyzed the views of influential Uzbek and foreign researchers on international relations and foreign policy and tried to highlight the scientific, theoretical and methodological aspects of the relationship between the Khiva Khanate and the Russian Empire. This article is dedicated to the special aspects of the relationship between the Khanate of Khiva, a vassal state during the period of dependence, with the Russian Empire, diplomatic institutions, positions, persons who performed activities, and their duties.
本文专门研究 19 世纪希瓦汗国与俄罗斯帝国之间关系的科学、理论和方法问题。作者分析了乌兹别克和外国有影响的研究人员关于国际关系和外交政策的观点,并试图强调希瓦汗国与俄罗斯帝国之间关系的科学、理论和方法论方面。本文专门论述了希瓦汗国(附属国时期的藩属国)与俄罗斯帝国之间关系的特殊方面、外交机构、职位、从事活动的人员及其职责。
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引用次数: 0
THE ISSUE OF RESPONSIBILITY OF ORGANIZERS, INSTIGATORS AND ACCOMPLICES IN VOLUNTARY DESISTANCE FROM A ACCOMPLICE TO THE CRIME 组织者、教唆者和共犯在自愿放弃犯罪共犯方面的责任问题
Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue03-05
Dildora Kamalova
The article scientifically and theoretically analyzes the responsibility of the accomplices in crime – organizers, instigators and accomplices in voluntary desistance from crime. According to the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the rules related to the exclusion of responsibility for accomplice to the crime, if the organizers, instigators and accomplices voluntary desisted from the crime and took all measures related to him in time to prevent from the crime. It is stated that the state of voluntary desistance from crime needs to be differentiated based on the degree of participation of each participant in the crime. According to the functions of the accomplices in the crime, due to the fact that the cases of desistance of the crime are mutually differentiated, each of them is analyzed separately, the specific characteristics of the voluntary desistance of the accomplices, the basis, conditions and legal consequences of non-responsibility are explained. The author justified that the precluding responsibilty when the organizer or instigator prevents the perpetrator from committing a crime or completing the crime by reporting to the law enforcement agencies or taking other measures. It is justified that it will not be held criminally liable if the accomplices refuses to assist in the commission of the crime or if the perpetrator has eliminated the assistance he provided before using his assistance. In addition, it was concluded that it is necessary to include the punishment in the category of mitigating circumstances in cases where the behavior of the participant aimed at voluntary desistance from the crime did not lead to the prevention of the completion of the crime by other accomplices. We can say that the religious authority represented by Sayyed Ali al-Sistani, after the year 2003, called for, in its directives, positions and responses, the building of a civil state in Iraq, a state of constitution, law, freedoms, the supremacy of the popular will, and the strengthening of the spirit of citizenship, and although Sayyed al-Sistani did not use the description of the civil state categorically, But the form he wanted for Iraq was completely similar to the concept of a civil state.
文章从科学和理论角度分析了犯罪共犯--组织者、教唆者和自愿放弃犯罪的共犯的责任。根据乌兹别克斯坦共和国刑事立法,如果组织者、教唆者和从犯自愿放弃犯罪,并及时采取一切相关措施防止犯罪,则排除犯罪共犯的责任。据指出,自愿放弃犯罪的状态需要根据每个参与者参与犯罪的程度加以区分。根据共犯在犯罪中的作用,由于摆脱犯罪的情况是相互区别的,因此要对每种情况进行单独分析,解释共犯自愿摆脱犯罪的具体特征、不承担责任的依据、条件和法律后果。作者认为,当组织者或教唆者通过向执法机构报告或采取其他措施阻止行为人实施犯罪或完成犯罪时,就属于排除责任。如果共犯拒绝协助实施犯罪,或者犯罪人在使用其协助之前已经消除了其提供的协助,则不承担刑事责任。此外,还得出结论认为,如果参与者旨在自愿放弃犯罪的行为没有导致其他共犯阻止犯罪的完成,则有必要将处罚纳入减轻处罚情节的范畴。我们可以说,2003 年后,赛义德-阿里-西斯坦尼所代表的宗教权威在其指令、立场和回应中呼吁在伊拉克建立一个公民国家,一个宪法、法律、自由、民意至上和加强公民精神的国家,虽然赛义德-西斯坦尼没有明确使用公民国家的描述,但他希望伊拉克采取的形式与公民国家的概念完全相似。
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引用次数: 0
UZBEKISTAN - QATAR: A NEW STAGE OF BILATERAL COOPERATION 乌兹别克斯坦-卡塔尔:双边合作的新阶段
Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.37547/tajpslc/volume06issue02-03
Kadirov Alisher Kadirovich
The article is devoted to the visit of the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, to Uzbekistan, which attracted a lot of attention both within the country and abroad. During the visit, important agreements were reached and agreements were signed in various fields, including politics, trade, economics, culture, humanitarian sphere and investment. Qatar's growing political and economic role in international relations is also noted, especially in ensuring security and resolving conflicts in the Middle East and Afghanistan. Qatar actively promotes the peaceful resolution of disputes, rejecting the use of military force and coercion. Both states - Qatar and Uzbekistan - have common interests in ensuring security in the region, especially in Afghanistan, and strive for stability and prosperity in Central Asia and the Middle East.
本文专门介绍卡塔尔埃米尔谢赫-塔米姆-本-哈马德-阿勒萨尼对乌兹别克斯坦的访问。访问期间,在政治、贸易、经济、文化、人道主义领域和投资等各个领域达成了重要协议并签署了协定。人们还注意到卡塔尔在国际关系中日益增长的政治和经济作用,特别是在确保中东和阿富汗的安全和解决冲突方面。卡塔尔积极促进和平解决争端,反对使用武力和胁迫。卡塔尔和乌兹别克斯坦两国在确保该地区,特别是阿富汗的安全方面有着共同的利益,并努力实现中亚和中东的稳定与繁荣。
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引用次数: 0
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The American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology
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