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RETRACTION: The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol regulates α-synuclein and tyrosine hydroxylase expression levels in human neuroblastoma cells through modulation of liver X receptors and estrogen receptors-relevance to Parkinson's disease. 返回:氧杂环醇 27-羟基胆固醇通过调节肝 X 受体和雌激素受体调节人神经母细胞瘤细胞中 α-突触核蛋白和酪氨酸羟化酶的表达水平--与帕金森病的相关性。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16240

Retraction: G. Marwarha, T. Rhen, T. Schommer, and O. Ghribi, "The Oxysterol 27-Hydroxycholesterol Regulates α-Synuclein and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression Levels in Human Neuroblastoma Cells Through Modulation of Liver X Receptors and Estrogen Receptors-Relevance to Parkinson's Disease," Journal of Neurochemistry 119, no. 5 (2011): 1119-1136, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07497.x. The above article, published online on 23 September 2011 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Andrew Lawrence; the International Society for Neurochemistry; and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The retraction has been agreed upon following an investigation by the authors' institution, the University of North Dakota, which determined that Figure 2E was falsified by the corresponding author Othman Ghribi. Source data were not available for the article. The other authors were unaware of Ghribi's actions and not in any way involved. All authors were notified of the retraction decision, but did not respond.

撤回:G. Marwarha, T. Rhen, T. Schommer, and O. Ghribi, "The Oxysterol 27-Hydroxycholesterol Regulates α-Synuclein and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression Levels in Human Neuroblastoma Cells Through Modulation of Liver X Receptors and Estrogen Receptors-Relevance to Parkinson's Disease," Journal of Neurochemistry 119, no.5 (2011):1119-1136, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07497.x。上述文章于 2011 年 9 月 23 日在线发表于 Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com),经期刊主编 Andrew Lawrence、国际神经化学学会和 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.协商,该文章已被撤回。作者所在的北达科他大学经过调查,认定图 2E 是通讯作者 Othman Ghribi 捏造的,因此同意撤稿。这篇文章没有原始数据。其他作者不知道格里比的行为,也没有以任何方式参与其中。所有作者都收到了撤稿决定的通知,但没有做出回应。
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引用次数: 0
Palmitoylation regulates norepinephrine transporter uptake, surface localization, and total expression with pathogenic implications in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. 棕榈酰化调节去甲肾上腺素转运体的摄取、表面定位和总表达,对体位性正位性心动过速综合征具有致病影响。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16241
Christopher R Brown, Madhur Shetty, James D Foster

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an adrenergic signaling disorder characterized by excessive plasma norepinephrine, postural tachycardia, and syncope. The norepinephrine transporter (NET) modulates adrenergic homeostasis via the reuptake of extracellular catecholamines and is implicated in the pathogenesis of adrenergic and neurological disorders. In this study, we reveal NET is palmitoylated in male Sprague-Dawley rats and Lilly Laboratory Cell Porcine Kidney (LLC-PK1) cells. S-palmitoylation, or the addition of a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, is a reversible post-translational modification responsible for the regulation of numerous biological mechanisms. We found that LLC-PK1 NET is dynamically palmitoylated, and that inhibition with the palmitoyl acyltransferase (DHHC) inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP) results in decreased NET palmitoylation within 90 min of treatment. This result was followed closely by a reduction in transport capacity, cell surface, and total cellular NET expression after 120 min of treatment. Increasing 2BP concentrations and treatment time revealed a nearly complete loss of total NET protein. Co-expression with individual DHHCs revealed a single DHHC enzyme, DHHC1, promoted wild-type (WT) hNET palmitoylation and elevated NET protein levels. The POTS-associated NET mutant, A457P, exhibits dramatically decreased transport capacity and cell surface levels which we have confirmed in the current study. In an attempt to recover A457P NET expression, we co-expressed the A457P variant with DHHC1 to drive expression as seen with the WT protein but instead saw an increase in NET N-terminal immuno-detectable forms and fragments. Elimination of a potential palmitoylation site at cysteine 44 in the N-terminal tail of hNET resulted in a low expression phenotype mimicking the A457P hNET variant. Further investigation of A457P NET palmitoylation and surface expression is necessary, but our preliminary novel findings reveal palmitoylation as a mechanism of NET regulation and suggest that dysregulation of this process may contribute to the pathogenesis of adrenergic disorders like POTS.

体位性正位性心动过速综合征(POTS)是一种肾上腺素能信号紊乱,其特征是血浆去甲肾上腺素过多、体位性心动过速和晕厥。去甲肾上腺素转运体(NET)通过对细胞外儿茶酚胺的再摄取调节肾上腺素能平衡,并与肾上腺素能和神经系统疾病的发病机制有关。在这项研究中,我们发现在雄性 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠和 Lilly 实验室细胞猪肾(LLC-PK1)细胞中,NET 存在棕榈酰化。S-棕榈酰化或添加 16 碳饱和脂肪酸是一种可逆的翻译后修饰,负责调节多种生物机制。我们发现,LLC-PK1 NET 是动态棕榈酰化的,使用棕榈酰酰基酰基转移酶(DHHC)抑制剂 2-溴棕榈酸酯(2BP)进行抑制,可在 90 分钟内减少 NET 的棕榈酰化。紧接着,在处理 120 分钟后,转运能力、细胞表面和细胞 NET 总表达量也随之降低。随着 2BP 浓度和处理时间的增加,NET 蛋白总量几乎完全丧失。与单个 DHHC 的共表达显示,单个 DHHC 酶(DHHC1)促进了野生型(WT)hNET 棕榈酰化和 NET 蛋白水平的升高。POTS相关的NET突变体A457P的转运能力和细胞表面水平显著下降,我们在本研究中证实了这一点。为了恢复 A457P NET 的表达,我们将 A457P 变体与 DHHC1 共同表达,以驱动 WT 蛋白的表达,但结果却发现 NET N 端可免疫检测的形式和片段增加了。消除 hNET N 端尾部半胱氨酸 44 处的潜在棕榈酰化位点会导致模仿 A457P hNET 变体的低表达表型。有必要对 A457P NET 的棕榈酰化和表面表达进行进一步研究,但我们的初步新发现揭示了棕榈酰化是 NET 的一种调控机制,并表明这一过程的失调可能会导致肾上腺素能紊乱(如 POTS)的发病机制。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Earth's shield: The surprising way antioxidants could pave the road to Mars. 地球防护罩之外抗氧化剂为通往火星铺平道路的惊人方式。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16233
Miguel Skirzewski, Aureliano Skirzewski

Interplanetary travel poses serious risks because of Galactic cosmic radiations (GCRs). A recent study by Sanghee et al. revealed long-term cognitive impairments in female mice exposed to a 33-beam GCR simulator, highlighting persistent risks for astronauts. The study's use of touchscreen tasks, similar to human cognitive tests, enhances its relevance for space missions. Additionally, the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound CDDO-EA showed potential in mitigating these cognitive deficits. While offering critical insights into GCR effects, the study emphasizes the need for further research into protective strategies, including dietary interventions, to ensure astronaut safety on extended missions beyond Earth's protective shield.

星际旅行因银河宇宙辐射(GCR)而带来严重风险。Sanghee 等人最近的一项研究发现,暴露在 33 波束 GCR 模拟器中的雌性小鼠会出现长期认知障碍,这凸显了宇航员面临的持续风险。该研究使用了与人类认知测试类似的触摸屏任务,增强了其与太空任务的相关性。此外,抗氧化/抗炎化合物 CDDO-EA 显示出缓解这些认知缺陷的潜力。这项研究在提供有关 GCR 影响的重要见解的同时,还强调了进一步研究保护策略(包括饮食干预)的必要性,以确保宇航员在地球保护罩之外执行长期任务时的安全。
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引用次数: 0
Proinflammatory microglial activation impairs in vitro cortical tissue repair via zinc-dependent ADAM17 cleavage of the CSF-1 receptor. 促炎性小胶质细胞活化通过锌依赖的 ADAM17 裂解 CSF-1 受体损害体外皮质组织修复。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16239
Diego R Hernandez-Espinosa, Gabriela I Medina-Ruiz, Mia G Scrabis, Amantha Thathiah, Elias Aizenman

Infection and subsequent inflammatory processes negatively impact prognosis in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Tissue repair following TBI is tightly regulated by microglia, promoting or, importantly, preventing astrocyte-mediated repair processes, depending on the activation state of the neuroimmune cells. This study investigated the poorly understood mechanism linking proinflammatory microglia activation and astrocyte-mediated tissue repair using an in vitro mechanical injury model in mixed cortical cultures of rat neurons and glia. We hypothesized that proinflammatory activation disrupts the microglial response to colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), which stimulates microglia migration and proliferation, both essential for astrocyte-mediated tissue repair. Following mechanical damage, cultures were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) to induce a proinflammatory state. Immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses were used to evaluate glial repair. Proinflammatory activation dramatically impeded wound closure, reducing microglial levels via upregulation of the zinc-dependent disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), leading to the cleavage of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R). Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ADAM17 effectively promoted wound closure during inflammation. Moreover, zinc chelation prevented ADAM17-mediated cleavage of CSF-1R and induced the release of trophic factors, dramatically improving tissue recovery. Our findings strongly identify ADAM17 as a primary regulator of CSF-1R-mediated signaling and establish a mechanism defining the association between pro-inflammatory microglial activation and tissue repair following injury.

感染和随后的炎症过程会对创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者的预后产生负面影响。创伤性脑损伤后的组织修复受到小胶质细胞的严格调控,根据神经免疫细胞的活化状态促进或阻止星形胶质细胞介导的修复过程。本研究采用体外机械损伤模型,在大鼠神经元和胶质细胞混合皮质培养物中研究了鲜为人知的促炎性小胶质细胞活化和星形胶质细胞介导的组织修复机制。我们假设,促炎激活会破坏小胶质细胞对集落刺激因子 1(CSF-1)的反应,而集落刺激因子 1 会刺激小胶质细胞的迁移和增殖,这两者对于星形胶质细胞介导的组织修复都至关重要。机械损伤后,用脂多糖(LPS)和γ干扰素(IFNγ)处理培养物以诱导促炎状态。免疫细胞化学和生化分析用于评估神经胶质修复情况。促炎激活显著阻碍了伤口闭合,通过锌依赖性崩解酶和金属蛋白酶 17(ADAM17)的上调降低了小胶质细胞的水平,导致 CSF-1 受体(CSF-1R)的裂解。事实上,药物抑制 ADAM17 能有效促进炎症期间伤口的闭合。此外,锌螯合阻止了ADAM17介导的CSF-1R裂解,并诱导了营养因子的释放,显著改善了组织的恢复。我们的研究结果有力地确定了 ADAM17 是 CSF-1R 介导的信号传导的主要调节因子,并建立了一种机制来定义促炎性小胶质细胞活化与损伤后组织修复之间的关联。
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引用次数: 0
Differential roles of NR4A2 (NURR1) paralogs in the brain and behavior of zebrafish. NR4A2(NURR1)旁系亲属在斑马鱼大脑和行为中的不同作用。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16234
Michael Kalyn, Rose Garvey, Hyojin Lee, Herman Aishi Mbesha, Jory Curry, Vishal Saxena, Jan A Mennigen, Marc Ekker

Dopaminergic (DAnergic) dysfunction and imbalanced dopamine (DA) levels are known contributors to the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Of the many identified risk factors for DA-associated disorders, nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A2 (NR4A2; or nuclear receptor related-1 protein (NURR1)), a transcription factor involved in DAnergic differentiation, has been associated with Parkinson's disease and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). In zebrafish, transient loss of nr4a2 was previously shown to decrease tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and impair locomotion. To further characterize the roles of the two zebrafish nr4a2 paralogs, nr4a2a, and nr4a2b, we produced targeted loss-of-function mutants and examined DAnergic neuron regeneration, oxidative respiration, and behavioral traits. The loss of nr4a2a function more closely recapitulated Parkinsonian phenotypes and affected neurotrophic factor gene expression. Conversely, nr4a2b mutants displayed behavioral symptoms reminiscent of mice deficient in Nr4a2 with increased neurotrophic output. In contrast, nr4a2b mutants also displayed increased metabolic input from non-mitochondrial sources indicative of high cytosolic reactive oxygen species and perturbed mitochondrial function. The nr4a2a mutants also showed increased maximal respiration, which may suggest a compensatory mechanism to meet the metabolic requirements of DAnergic neuron health. Overall, the zebrafish mutants generated in this study helped uncover molecular mechanisms involved in DA-related disease pathologies, and in the regeneration of DAnergic neurons.

多巴胺能(DAnergic)功能障碍和多巴胺(DA)水平失衡是众多精神疾病和神经退行性疾病的已知致病因素。在许多已确定的多巴胺相关疾病的风险因素中,核受体亚家族 4 A2 组(NR4A2;或核受体相关-1 蛋白(NURR1))是一种参与多巴胺能分化的转录因子,它与帕金森病和注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)有关。在斑马鱼中,nr4a2 的瞬时缺失曾被证明会降低酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的表达并损害运动能力。为了进一步确定两种斑马鱼 nr4a2 旁系亲属(nr4a2a 和 nr4a2b)的作用,我们制造了靶向功能缺失突变体,并研究了 DAnergic 神经元再生、氧化呼吸和行为特征。nr4a2a功能缺失更接近帕金森病表型,并影响神经营养因子基因的表达。相反,nr4a2b 突变体的行为症状与 Nr4a2 缺失的小鼠相似,但神经营养输出增加。相反,nr4a2b 突变体还显示出非线粒体来源的代谢输入增加,表明细胞膜活性氧含量高,线粒体功能紊乱。nr4a2a 突变体的最大呼吸量也有所增加,这可能表明这是一种补偿机制,以满足神经元健康的代谢要求。总之,本研究中产生的斑马鱼突变体有助于发现DA相关疾病病理和DA能神经元再生的分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
Chronic hyperglycemia alters retinal astrocyte microstructure and uptake of cholera toxin B in a murine model of diabetes. 在小鼠糖尿病模型中,慢性高血糖会改变视网膜星形胶质细胞的微结构和对霍乱毒素 B 的吸收。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16237
Joseph M Holden, Olivia L Bossardet, Ghazi Bou Ghanem, David J Calkins, Lauren K Wareham

Astrocytes are the principle glial cells of the central nervous system and play an active role in maintaining proper metabolism in surrounding neurons. Because of their involvement in metabolic control, it is likely that their physiology changes in response to metabolic diseases such as diabetes and associated diabetic retinopathy. Here, we investigated whether microstructural changes in astrocyte morphology occur during the early stages of chronic hyperglycemia that may be indicative of early pathogenic programs. We used MORF3 mice in conjunction with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia to investigate the morphology of single retinal astrocytes at an early timepoint in diabetic disease. We report that astrocytes initiate a morphological remodeling program, which depends on both the glycemic background and the presence of intravitreal injury, to alter the amount of the neuronal-associated pad and bristle microstructural motifs. Additionally, hyperglycemia increases astrocyte uptake of cholera toxin B, possibly reflecting changes in glycolipid and glycoprotein biosynthesis. Chronic hyperglycemia coupled with intravitreal injection of cholera toxin B also causes extensive leukocyte infiltration into the retina. Our results have important clinical relevance as current therapies for diabetic retinopathy involve intravitreal injection of pharmaceuticals in individuals with often poorly controlled blood glucose levels.

星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的主要胶质细胞,在维持周围神经元的正常新陈代谢方面发挥着积极作用。由于星形胶质细胞参与代谢控制,它们的生理机能很可能会随着代谢性疾病(如糖尿病和相关的糖尿病视网膜病变)的发生而发生变化。在此,我们研究了星形胶质细胞形态的微观结构变化是否发生在慢性高血糖的早期阶段,而这种变化可能是早期致病程序的标志。我们利用 MORF3 小鼠和链脲佐菌素诱导的高血糖,研究了糖尿病病变早期单个视网膜星形胶质细胞的形态。我们报告说,星形胶质细胞启动了一个形态重塑程序,该程序取决于血糖背景和是否存在玻璃体内损伤,从而改变与神经元相关的垫和鬃毛微结构图案的数量。此外,高血糖会增加星形胶质细胞对霍乱毒素 B 的吸收,这可能反映了糖脂和糖蛋白生物合成的变化。长期高血糖加上静脉注射霍乱毒素 B 还会导致大量白细胞浸润视网膜。我们的研究结果具有重要的临床意义,因为目前治疗糖尿病视网膜病变的方法包括向血糖水平通常控制不佳的患者进行玻璃体内注射药物。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the reduction in aquaporin-4 and increased expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor with the frontal-striatal gliosis induced by chronic high-fat dietary stress. 探究长期高脂饮食压力诱发额叶-纹状体胶质细胞病变与水通道蛋白-4减少和睫状神经营养因子表达增加的关系
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16236
Jing-Ting Fu, Hui-Ting Huang, Pei-Chun Chen, Yu-Min Kuo, Po-See Chen, Shun-Fen Tzeng

High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity induces peripheral inflammation and hypothalamic pathogenesis linking the activation of astrocytes and microglia. Clinical evidence indicates a positive correlation between obesity and psychiatric disorders, such as depression. The connectivity of the frontal-striatal (FS) circuit, involving the caudate putamen (CPu) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is known for its role in stress-induced depression. Thus, there is a need for a thorough investigation into whether chronic obesity-induced gliosis, characterized by the activation of astrocytes and microglia, in these brain regions of individuals with chronic obesity. The results revealed increased S100β+ astrocytes and Iba1+ microglia in the CPu and ACC of male obese mice, along with immune cell accumulation in meningeal lymphatic drainage. Activated GFAP+ astrocytes and Iba1+ microglia were observed in the corpus callosum of obese mice. Gliosis in the CPu and ACC was linked to elevated cleaved caspase-3 levels, indicating potential neural cell death by chronic HFD feeding. There was a loss of myelin and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)+ oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the corpus callosum, an area known to be linked with injury to the CPu. Additionally, reduced levels of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a protein associated within the glymphatic systems, were noted in the CPu and ACC, while ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) gene expression was upregulated in these brain regions of obese mice. The in vitro study revealed that high-dose CNTF causing a trend of reduced astrocytic AQP4 expression, but it significantly impaired OL maturation. This pathological evidence highlights that prolonged HFD consumption induces persistent FS gliosis and demyelination in the corpus callosum. An elevated level of CNTF appears to act as a potential regulator, leading to AQP4 downregulation in the FS areas and demyelination in the corpus callosum. This cascade of events might contribute to neural cell damage within these regions and disrupt the glymphatic flow.

高脂饮食(HFD)引起的肥胖会诱发外周炎症和下丘脑发病机制,并与星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的活化有关。临床证据表明,肥胖与抑郁症等精神疾病之间存在正相关。额叶-纹状体(FS)回路的连接涉及前额叶皮层(PFC)内的尾状丘脑(CPu)和前扣带回皮层(ACC)。因此,有必要深入研究慢性肥胖患者的这些脑区是否存在以星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞活化为特征的慢性肥胖诱导的神经胶质病变。结果发现,雄性肥胖小鼠 CPu 和 ACC 中的 S100β+ 星形胶质细胞和 Iba1+ 小胶质细胞增多,同时脑膜淋巴引流中的免疫细胞聚集。在肥胖小鼠的胼胝体中观察到活化的 GFAP+星形胶质细胞和 Iba1+小胶质细胞。CPu和ACC的神经胶质增生与裂解的caspase-3水平升高有关,表明长期摄入高脂低糖可能导致神经细胞死亡。胼胝体中出现了髓鞘和腺瘤性息肉病大肠杆菌(APC)+少突胶质细胞(OLs)的缺失,而这一区域已知与CPu的损伤有关。此外,在肥胖小鼠的 CPu 和 ACC 中还发现了与甘液系统相关的蛋白 Aquaporin-4 (AQP4)水平降低,而睫状神经营养因子 (CNTF) 基因表达在肥胖小鼠的这些脑区上调。体外研究显示,大剂量 CNTF 会导致星形胶质细胞 AQP4 表达减少,但会显著影响 OL 的成熟。这些病理证据突出表明,长期摄入高纤维食物会诱发胼胝体持续性FS胶质增生和脱髓鞘。CNTF 水平的升高似乎是一个潜在的调节因子,导致 FS 区域的 AQP4 下调和胼胝体的脱髓鞘。这一系列事件可能会导致这些区域的神经细胞受损,并破坏血流。
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引用次数: 0
Diverse functions of DEAD-box proteins in oligodendrocyte development, differentiation, and homeostasis. DEAD-box 蛋白在少突胶质细胞发育、分化和稳态中的多种功能。
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16238
Norihisa Bizen, Hirohide Takebayashi

Oligodendrocytes, a type of glial cell in the central nervous system, have a critical role in the formation of myelin around axons, facilitating saltatory conduction, and maintaining the integrity of nerve axons. The dysregulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and homeostasis have been implicated in a wide range of neurological diseases, including dysmyelinating disorders (e.g., Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease), demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis), Alzheimer's disease, and psychiatric disorders. Therefore, unraveling the mechanisms of oligodendrocyte development, differentiation, and homeostasis is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases and the development of therapeutic interventions. Numerous studies have identified and analyzed the functions of transcription factors, RNA metabolic factors, translation control factors, and intracellular and extracellular signals involved in the series of processes from oligodendrocyte fate determination to terminal differentiation. DEAD-box proteins, multifunctional RNA helicases that regulate various intracellular processes, including transcription, RNA processing, and translation, are increasingly recognized for their diverse roles in various aspects of oligodendrocyte development, differentiation, and maintenance of homeostasis. This review introduces the latest insights into the regulatory networks of oligodendrocyte biology mediated by DEAD-box proteins.

少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的一种胶质细胞,在轴突周围髓鞘的形成、促进盐传导和保持神经轴突的完整性方面起着至关重要的作用。少突胶质细胞分化和稳态失调与多种神经系统疾病有关,包括髓鞘发育不良症(如佩里泽斯-默茨巴赫病)、脱髓鞘疾病(如多发性硬化症)、阿尔茨海默病和精神疾病。因此,揭示少突胶质细胞的发育、分化和稳态机制对于了解这些疾病的发病机制和开发治疗干预措施至关重要。大量研究发现并分析了转录因子、RNA 代谢因子、翻译控制因子以及细胞内和细胞外信号的功能,它们参与了从少突胶质细胞命运决定到终末分化的一系列过程。DEAD-box 蛋白是一种多功能 RNA 螺旋酶,可调控包括转录、RNA 处理和翻译在内的各种细胞内过程,它们在少突胶质细胞的发育、分化和维持稳态等各方面发挥的不同作用日益得到认可。这篇综述介绍了有关 DEAD-box 蛋白介导的少突胶质细胞生物学调控网络的最新见解。
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引用次数: 0
Combined additive effects of neuronal membrane glycoprotein GPM6a and the intercellular cell adhesion molecule ICAM5 on neuronal morphogenesis. 神经元膜糖蛋白 GPM6a 和细胞间粘附分子 ICAM5 对神经元形态发生的叠加效应
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16231
R Gutiérrez Fuster, A León, G I Aparicio, F Brizuela Sotelo, C Scorticati

The mechanisms underlying neuronal development and synaptic formation in the brain depend on intricate cellular and molecular processes. The neuronal membrane glycoprotein GPM6a promotes neurite elongation, filopodia/spine formation, and synapse development, yet its molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Since the extracellular domains of GPM6a (ECs) command its function, we investigated the interaction between ICAM5, the neuronal member of the intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) family, and GPM6a's ECs. Our study aimed to explore the functional relationship between GPM6a and ICAM5 in hippocampal culture neurons and cell lines. Immunostaining of 15 days in vitro (DIV) neurons revealed significant co-localization between endogenous GPM6a clusters and ICAM5 clusters in the dendritic shaft. These results were further corroborated by overexpressing GPM6a and ICAM5 in N2a cells and hippocampal neurons at 5 DIV. Moreover, results from the co-immunoprecipitations and cell aggregation assays prove the cis and trans interaction between both proteins in GPM6a/ICAM5 overexpressing HEK293 cells. Additionally, GPM6a and ICAM5 overexpression additively enhanced neurite length, the number of neurites in N2a cells, and filopodia formation in 5 DIV neurons, indicating their cooperative role. These findings highlight the dynamic association between GPM6a and ICAM5 during neuronal development, offering insights into their contributions to neurite outgrowth, filopodia formation, and cell-cell interactions.

大脑神经元发育和突触形成的机制取决于错综复杂的细胞和分子过程。神经元膜糖蛋白 GPM6a 可促进神经元的伸长、丝状体/棘的形成和突触的发育,但其分子机制仍不清楚。由于 GPM6a 的细胞外结构域(ECs)指挥其功能,我们研究了细胞间粘附分子(ICAM)家族的神经元成员 ICAM5 与 GPM6a 的 ECs 之间的相互作用。我们的研究旨在探索 GPM6a 和 ICAM5 在海马培养神经元和细胞系中的功能关系。对体外培养 15 天(DIV)的神经元进行的免疫染色显示,树突轴上的内源性 GPM6a 簇和 ICAM5 簇之间存在显著的共定位。在 5 DIV 的 N2a 细胞和海马神经元中过表达 GPM6a 和 ICAM5 进一步证实了这些结果。此外,在过表达 GPM6a/ICAM5 的 HEK293 细胞中,共免疫沉淀和细胞聚集试验的结果证明了这两种蛋白之间的顺式和反式相互作用。此外,GPM6a 和 ICAM5 的过表达会增加神经元的长度、N2a 细胞中神经元的数量以及 5 DIV 神经元中丝状体的形成,这表明它们之间存在合作作用。这些发现突显了GPM6a和ICAM5在神经元发育过程中的动态关联,为它们在神经元突起生长、丝状体形成和细胞-细胞相互作用中的贡献提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the stability of responding of male mice in the touchscreen 5 choice serial reaction time task: Focus on premature responding. 评估雄性小鼠在触摸屏 5 选 1 连续反应时间任务中反应的稳定性:关注过早反应
IF 4.2 3区 医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16232
Arya Rahbarnia, Andrew R Abela, Paul J Fletcher

The five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) is a test of attention that provides a well-validated ancillary measure of impulsive action, measured by premature responses. The task has been adapted for mice in touchscreen operant boxes, which is thought to offer improved test-retest reliability. Few studies have assessed the long-term stability of performance, including premature responding in this version of the task. We used the touchscreen 5CSRTT to conduct longitudinal testing of stability of premature responding following repeated behavioral and pharmacological manipulations. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained on a baseline version of the 5CSRTT. They were then tested on versions of the task in which the stimulus duration was reduced, and inter-trial intervals were elongated or varied within-session. Premature responding was subsequently tested following administration of pharmacological agents known to bi-directionally affect attention and impulsive action-cocaine, atomoxetine, and yohimbine. Mice were lastly re-tested 6 months later using the 5CSRTT with elongated inter-trial intervals. A reduced stimulus duration impacted attention, with reduced accuracy and increased omissions, but had no effect on premature responding. Both elongating and varying the inter-trial interval within-session increased premature responses. Mice showed similar and stable levels of increased premature responding 6 months later. Cocaine increased premature responding, though less than previously reported in rats. Atomoxetine reduced premature responding. Yohimbine had no effect on premature responding in the baseline task but decreased premature responding when tested using an elongated inter-trial interval. Overall, these results highlight that the touch screen adaptation of the 5CSRTT is an effective method for longitudinal testing of attention and impulsive action and remains sensitive to performance changes arising from repeated pharmacological and behavioral challenges.

五选一连续反应时间任务(5CSRTT)是一种注意力测试,通过过早反应来测量冲动行为,是一种经过充分验证的辅助测量方法。该任务已被改编用于小鼠的触摸屏操作箱,这被认为能提高测试的重复可靠性。很少有研究对这一版本任务中的表现(包括过早反应)的长期稳定性进行评估。我们使用触摸屏 5CSRTT 对重复行为和药理操作后过早反应的稳定性进行了纵向测试。雄性 C57BL/6J 小鼠接受了基线版本的 5CSRTT 训练。然后对它们进行不同版本的任务测试,在测试过程中缩短刺激持续时间,拉长或改变测试间隔。随后,在使用已知会双向影响注意力和冲动行为的药剂--可卡因、阿托西汀和育亨宾后,对过早反应进行了测试。最后,小鼠在 6 个月后接受了拉长试验间隔的 5CSRTT 重新测试。缩短刺激持续时间会影响注意力,降低准确性并增加遗漏,但对过早反应没有影响。拉长试验间隔和改变试验间隔都会增加过早反应。6 个月后,小鼠表现出类似且稳定的过早反应增加水平。可卡因会增加过早反应,但比以前在大鼠中报道的要少。阿托莫西汀可减少过早反应。育亨宾对基线任务中的过早反应没有影响,但在使用拉长的试验间隔进行测试时,过早反应会减少。总之,这些结果突出表明,5CSRTT的触摸屏适应性是纵向测试注意力和冲动行为的一种有效方法,并且对反复药理和行为挑战引起的表现变化保持敏感。
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Journal of Neurochemistry
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