Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3298
Abednego Samuel Dahal, Nanma Tongnan Cosmas, Mark Ojogba Okolo
Background: Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in developing countries. The GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance (MTB/RIF) assay is a new test in many communities in Nigeria that is revolutionizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis control by contributing to the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance.
Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance at North-Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NCTBRL) in Jos, North-Central Nigeria.
Study Design: Retrospective examination of hospital records.
Place and Duration of Study: North-Central Tuberculosis Research Laboratory (NCTBRL) Jos, North-Central Nigeria between January and December 2019.
Methodology: This was a retrospective study of archival records of 2719 patients screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. The samples comprised of sputum, ascitic fluid, gastric lavage, pleural fluid, abscesses, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid, from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The results obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software.
Results: Overall, 212(7.8%) of the total samples received were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) accounting for the majority of the cases. Male patients accounted for 59.9% of the cases compared to 40.1% in females. The infection was more among the age group 15-47 years and less common among the 0-14 age group. Rifampicin resistance MTB was detected in 2.3% of the cases, while 90.6% and 7.1% were sensitive and indeterminate to rifampicin respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was 7.8% with rifampicin-resistant of 2.3%. Appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and effective surveillance of MTB infections could reduce the incidences of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis among the study population.
{"title":"A Retrospective Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility in Jos, North Central Nigeria","authors":"Abednego Samuel Dahal, Nanma Tongnan Cosmas, Mark Ojogba Okolo","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3298","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in developing countries. The GeneXpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance (MTB/RIF) assay is a new test in many communities in Nigeria that is revolutionizing Mycobacterium tuberculosis control by contributing to the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance.
 Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance at North-Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NCTBRL) in Jos, North-Central Nigeria.
 Study Design: Retrospective examination of hospital records.
 Place and Duration of Study: North-Central Tuberculosis Research Laboratory (NCTBRL) Jos, North-Central Nigeria between January and December 2019.
 Methodology: This was a retrospective study of archival records of 2719 patients screened for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. The samples comprised of sputum, ascitic fluid, gastric lavage, pleural fluid, abscesses, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, pericardial fluid and synovial fluid, from patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The results obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) statistical software.
 Results: Overall, 212(7.8%) of the total samples received were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) accounting for the majority of the cases. Male patients accounted for 59.9% of the cases compared to 40.1% in females. The infection was more among the age group 15-47 years and less common among the 0-14 age group. Rifampicin resistance MTB was detected in 2.3% of the cases, while 90.6% and 7.1% were sensitive and indeterminate to rifampicin respectively.
 Conclusion: The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was 7.8% with rifampicin-resistant of 2.3%. Appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and effective surveillance of MTB infections could reduce the incidences of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis among the study population.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135592593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: The aim of this case report is to highlight the frequently overlooked association between Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and a preceding Herpes Simplex Viral Encephalitis trigger, the clinical settings under which to suspect this autoimmune disease, the need for appropriate workup to clinch the diagnosis and the necessity of speedy initiation of immunotherapy, in a disease where timely treatment is paramount.
Presentation of Case: A middle aged woman presented with a history of fever and syncope, followed by slurring of speech, quadriparesis, seizures and altered sensorium. She was diagnosed with HSV-1 Encephalitis on basis of CSF studies and MRI brain. Despite a timely 28-day course of intravenous acyclovir therapy, she showed incomplete clinical recovery. A serum and CSF autoantibody panel was performed, which clinched a diagnosis of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis. A course of steroids and IVIg was given and the patient was discharged after showing clinical improvement.
Discussion: Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex neuropsychiatric features and presence of IgG antibodies against NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor detectable in CSF and serum. It is associated with various malignancies, chiefly ovarian teratomas, and with HSV-1 viral encephalitis. Diagnosis involves autoantibody detection in CSF or serum and first line treatment is with steroids, IVIg or plasma exchange, and tumour resection.
Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis of Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is crucial as it enables treatment with timely immunosuppression and tumour resection. This disease must be suspected in adults or children presenting with subacute onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms, with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and presence of autoantibodies to NMDA receptor in CSF or serum. Early treatment is associated with good outcomes.
{"title":"Shooting Your Own Foot: A Case Report on Autoimmune Encephalitis Following a Viral Trigge","authors":"Shelly Dutta, Kavita Choudhary, Shourya Yerramareddy","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3297","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: The aim of this case report is to highlight the frequently overlooked association between Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis and a preceding Herpes Simplex Viral Encephalitis trigger, the clinical settings under which to suspect this autoimmune disease, the need for appropriate workup to clinch the diagnosis and the necessity of speedy initiation of immunotherapy, in a disease where timely treatment is paramount.
 Presentation of Case: A middle aged woman presented with a history of fever and syncope, followed by slurring of speech, quadriparesis, seizures and altered sensorium. She was diagnosed with HSV-1 Encephalitis on basis of CSF studies and MRI brain. Despite a timely 28-day course of intravenous acyclovir therapy, she showed incomplete clinical recovery. A serum and CSF autoantibody panel was performed, which clinched a diagnosis of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis. A course of steroids and IVIg was given and the patient was discharged after showing clinical improvement.
 Discussion: Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis is an autoimmune encephalitis characterized by complex neuropsychiatric features and presence of IgG antibodies against NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor detectable in CSF and serum. It is associated with various malignancies, chiefly ovarian teratomas, and with HSV-1 viral encephalitis. Diagnosis involves autoantibody detection in CSF or serum and first line treatment is with steroids, IVIg or plasma exchange, and tumour resection.
 Conclusion: Prompt diagnosis of Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is crucial as it enables treatment with timely immunosuppression and tumour resection. This disease must be suspected in adults or children presenting with subacute onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms, with CSF lymphocytic pleocytosis and presence of autoantibodies to NMDA receptor in CSF or serum. Early treatment is associated with good outcomes.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3296
Dilek Bulut, Merve Sefa Sayar
Aims: Nosocomial pneumonia is a prevalent complication in patients admitted to intensive care units. Endotracheal suction (ES) is used to clean the airways of secretions in patients under mechanical ventilation (MV). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of an open endotracheal suction system (OESS) versus a closed endotracheal suction system (CESS) on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
Study Design: Retrospective examination of hospital records.
Place and Duration of Study: Reanimation Intensive Care Unit, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey, between January 2018 and December 2019.
Methodology: Age, gender, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and under mechanical ventilation (MV), mortality and isolated microorganism status of 73 (35.6%) patients with VAP were analyzed retrospectively. These features were compared according to the ES type applied. Sample: The study was conducted among 205 patients who were connected to a mechanical ventilator for more than 48 h in the reanimation intensive care unit (RICU) of a tertiary care hospital.
Results: There was no difference between OESS and CESS groups in terms of mortality rates, length of stay in the RICU, and duration of MV. There was a significant difference in terms of incidence of VAP between the OESS group and the CESS group (41.8% and 29%, respectively; P = .045) Acinetobacter baumanii was the most frequently isolated microorganism in both groups.
Conclusion: CESS treatment was associated with a lower incidence of VAP in patients of the RICU.
{"title":"Comparison of the Effects of Open and Closed Endotracheal Suction Systems on Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Mortality","authors":"Dilek Bulut, Merve Sefa Sayar","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3296","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Nosocomial pneumonia is a prevalent complication in patients admitted to intensive care units. Endotracheal suction (ES) is used to clean the airways of secretions in patients under mechanical ventilation (MV). The objective of this study was to compare the effects of an open endotracheal suction system (OESS) versus a closed endotracheal suction system (CESS) on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
 Study Design: Retrospective examination of hospital records.
 Place and Duration of Study: Reanimation Intensive Care Unit, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey, between January 2018 and December 2019.
 Methodology: Age, gender, and length of stay in the intensive care unit and under mechanical ventilation (MV), mortality and isolated microorganism status of 73 (35.6%) patients with VAP were analyzed retrospectively. These features were compared according to the ES type applied. Sample: The study was conducted among 205 patients who were connected to a mechanical ventilator for more than 48 h in the reanimation intensive care unit (RICU) of a tertiary care hospital.
 Results: There was no difference between OESS and CESS groups in terms of mortality rates, length of stay in the RICU, and duration of MV. There was a significant difference in terms of incidence of VAP between the OESS group and the CESS group (41.8% and 29%, respectively; P = .045) Acinetobacter baumanii was the most frequently isolated microorganism in both groups.
 Conclusion: CESS treatment was associated with a lower incidence of VAP in patients of the RICU.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136309236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3295
Sinem Bayrakci
Backround: Since the beginning of the pandemic,the globally circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the virus to constantly mutate,resulting in the emergence of new variants.Some of these variants have been designated as variants of concern(VOC),defined by the WHO as variants associated with increased infectivity,increased disease severity,or change in clinical disease presentation.
Aim and Objective: We aimed to evaluate and compare the prognosis and mortality of the critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Materials and Methods: A total of 335 critically ill patient who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction enrolled in the study.
Results: Hypertension was significantly higher in the patients in delta group(p=0,02).The presence of comorbidity was statistically significantly associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05). Unvaccinated patients were significantly higher in all groups and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05).Mortality was statistically significantly associated with all groups(p=0,01).The delta variant poses a higher risk of mortality compared to other variants(p=0,0001).
Conclusion: The study indicates that severe disease requiring intensive care admission were common in the elderly.Hypertension was higher in the patients in delta group and the presence of comorbidity was associated with mortality in all variant types of COVID-19.Severe disease requiring intensive care admission was more common in the unvaccinated population, regardless of variant type, and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality.All variant types were associated with mortality, but the mortality risk was higher in patients infected with delta variant compared to other variants.
{"title":"Comparison of the Prognosis and Mortality of Sars-Cov-2 Variants in Critically İll Patients","authors":"Sinem Bayrakci","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3295","url":null,"abstract":"Backround: Since the beginning of the pandemic,the globally circulation of SARS-CoV-2 has caused the virus to constantly mutate,resulting in the emergence of new variants.Some of these variants have been designated as variants of concern(VOC),defined by the WHO as variants associated with increased infectivity,increased disease severity,or change in clinical disease presentation.
 Aim and Objective: We aimed to evaluate and compare the prognosis and mortality of the critically ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 variants.
 Materials and Methods: A total of 335 critically ill patient who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction enrolled in the study.
 Results: Hypertension was significantly higher in the patients in delta group(p=0,02).The presence of comorbidity was statistically significantly associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05). Unvaccinated patients were significantly higher in all groups and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality in all groups(p <0,05).Mortality was statistically significantly associated with all groups(p=0,01).The delta variant poses a higher risk of mortality compared to other variants(p=0,0001).
 Conclusion: The study indicates that severe disease requiring intensive care admission were common in the elderly.Hypertension was higher in the patients in delta group and the presence of comorbidity was associated with mortality in all variant types of COVID-19.Severe disease requiring intensive care admission was more common in the unvaccinated population, regardless of variant type, and being unvaccinated was associated with mortality.All variant types were associated with mortality, but the mortality risk was higher in patients infected with delta variant compared to other variants.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135154373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: To follow the variation of some biological and biochemical parameters in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment at the Maradi Regional Hospital.
Study Design: Retrospective and prospective study
Study Location and Duration: Maradi Regional Hospital; from August 2021 to April 2021, a duration of 9 months.
Methodology: We followed the variation of some immunological and biochemical parameters in patients living with HIV, evaluated the CD4+ T cell counts, the viral load, the leukocyte count, and carried out the measurement of haemoglobin, glycaemia, creatinemia, and ALAT levels in the blood at the follow-up visits (month 0 (M0), month 3 (M3), and month 6 (M6)), except for the viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts, which were measured at M0 and M6, and the HBsAg test at M0.
Results: 99 patients were included in this study. The sex ratio was 2.6 in favour of females. At enrolment, 63.6% of patients had a CD4+ T-cell count < 200/mm³, 56.6% had anaemia, 40.4% had hypoglycaemia and there was a significant increase in patients with an undetectable viral load from enrolment to the last visit at M6. At the end of the study, we observed an improvement in CD4+ T-cell counts, haemoglobin, glycaemia and viral load at each subsequent visit. We did not observe any significant evolution of creatinemia and alanine aminotransferase rate.
Conclusion: At the end of the study, we observed an improvement in CD4+ T-cell count, glycaemia, haemoglobin and viral load. We did not observe any particular change in the biochemical parameters of creatinemia and ALAT levels. This shows the non-toxicity of the antiretroviral treatments. Finally, we observed some difficulties in our study which deserve to be improved.
{"title":"Variation of Biological and Biochemical Parameters in Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment at the Maradi Regional Hospital during 2021-2022","authors":"Harouna Amadou Mahaman Laouali, Abdoulaye Ousmane, Amadou Oumarou, Ibrahim Mamadou Abdoul Kadir, Gado Amadou Mahamadou, Boureima Hassane, Abdou Adamou Rachidou, Moussa Saley Sahada, Kabirou Amoussa Abdoul Aziz, Harouna Moussa, Doutchi Mahamadou","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3294","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To follow the variation of some biological and biochemical parameters in HIV-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment at the Maradi Regional Hospital.
 Study Design: Retrospective and prospective study
 Study Location and Duration: Maradi Regional Hospital; from August 2021 to April 2021, a duration of 9 months.
 Methodology: We followed the variation of some immunological and biochemical parameters in patients living with HIV, evaluated the CD4+ T cell counts, the viral load, the leukocyte count, and carried out the measurement of haemoglobin, glycaemia, creatinemia, and ALAT levels in the blood at the follow-up visits (month 0 (M0), month 3 (M3), and month 6 (M6)), except for the viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts, which were measured at M0 and M6, and the HBsAg test at M0.
 Results: 99 patients were included in this study. The sex ratio was 2.6 in favour of females. At enrolment, 63.6% of patients had a CD4+ T-cell count < 200/mm³, 56.6% had anaemia, 40.4% had hypoglycaemia and there was a significant increase in patients with an undetectable viral load from enrolment to the last visit at M6. At the end of the study, we observed an improvement in CD4+ T-cell counts, haemoglobin, glycaemia and viral load at each subsequent visit. We did not observe any significant evolution of creatinemia and alanine aminotransferase rate.
 Conclusion: At the end of the study, we observed an improvement in CD4+ T-cell count, glycaemia, haemoglobin and viral load. We did not observe any particular change in the biochemical parameters of creatinemia and ALAT levels. This shows the non-toxicity of the antiretroviral treatments. Finally, we observed some difficulties in our study which deserve to be improved.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135741546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-12DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3293
Augustina Ampah
It is well-documented that respiratory tract infections, especially in children, have the highest incidence and mortality rates in developing countries. Infections of the sinuses, throat, airways, and lungs are collectively referred to as Respiratory Tract Infections by the National Health Services (NHS). According to the statistics, in Ghana, the seasonal patterns of reported paediatric cases were different in the Northern sector than in the Central and Southern sectors. Hospitalization rates for children in the Volta Region showed clear seasonal trends, with most ailments being more common during the dry seasons than the wet ones. The purpose of this study is to examine respiratory tract infections among children under five years in Ghana. This will give readers and policy makers the nature and the condition of RTIs among children in Ghana. The study used the systematic review method to achieve this objective. The type of systematic review method used was the rapid review, which uses existing research documents and data to draw new findings.
The study found that, there is high rate of respiratory tract infections among children in Ghana. This is attributed to many factors. Poor breastfeeding and supplemented eating in early life may lead to childhood wasting, the leading cause of mortality in under-5s with poorer RTI worldwide. Severe acute malnutrition is one of numerous socioeconomic variables that have increased pneumonia, diarrheal illness, and malaria prevalence and severity. Other variables that have contributed to this rise including low birth weight, under-vaccination, parental smoking, early childhood respiratory impairment owing to indoor air pollution, other diseases, and overcrowding.
This study recommends that, much attentions should be given to children in Ghana. Prevention strategies for RTIs include frequent nutritional programs, campaigns, and education in the district to address stunting and underweight in children younger than five, as well as correct complementary feeding. Further population-based study in different parts of Ghana might strengthen these results.
{"title":"Overview of Respiratory Tract Infections among Children under Five Years in Ghana","authors":"Augustina Ampah","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3293","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-documented that respiratory tract infections, especially in children, have the highest incidence and mortality rates in developing countries. Infections of the sinuses, throat, airways, and lungs are collectively referred to as Respiratory Tract Infections by the National Health Services (NHS). According to the statistics, in Ghana, the seasonal patterns of reported paediatric cases were different in the Northern sector than in the Central and Southern sectors. Hospitalization rates for children in the Volta Region showed clear seasonal trends, with most ailments being more common during the dry seasons than the wet ones. The purpose of this study is to examine respiratory tract infections among children under five years in Ghana. This will give readers and policy makers the nature and the condition of RTIs among children in Ghana. The study used the systematic review method to achieve this objective. The type of systematic review method used was the rapid review, which uses existing research documents and data to draw new findings.
 The study found that, there is high rate of respiratory tract infections among children in Ghana. This is attributed to many factors. Poor breastfeeding and supplemented eating in early life may lead to childhood wasting, the leading cause of mortality in under-5s with poorer RTI worldwide. Severe acute malnutrition is one of numerous socioeconomic variables that have increased pneumonia, diarrheal illness, and malaria prevalence and severity. Other variables that have contributed to this rise including low birth weight, under-vaccination, parental smoking, early childhood respiratory impairment owing to indoor air pollution, other diseases, and overcrowding.
 This study recommends that, much attentions should be given to children in Ghana. Prevention strategies for RTIs include frequent nutritional programs, campaigns, and education in the district to address stunting and underweight in children younger than five, as well as correct complementary feeding. Further population-based study in different parts of Ghana might strengthen these results.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135879106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3292
M. Naaim, I. Essaket, S. Nafidi, M. Eljamili, S. El Karimi, M. El Hattaoui
Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) a gram-positive cocci used in the production of cheese and dairy products. Generally considered non-pathogenic in humans, rare cases have been reported describing L. lactis infections. Of these, infective endocarditis has been reported in a small number of cases.
We describe here the case of a young patient with endocarditis caused by L. lactis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of endocarditis caused by L. lactis in a pulmonary valve with complex congenital heart disease. Similar to numerous cases in the literature that attest to the severity of this infection, our patient's course of development was fatal.
Due to the limited information on the susceptibility of this bacterium, further research is required to develop conventional antibiotic therapy strategies to treat infective endocarditis caused by L. lactis.
{"title":"Lactococcus lactis Causes Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis in a Patient with Complex Congenital Heart Disease","authors":"M. Naaim, I. Essaket, S. Nafidi, M. Eljamili, S. El Karimi, M. El Hattaoui","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i3292","url":null,"abstract":"Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) a gram-positive cocci used in the production of cheese and dairy products. Generally considered non-pathogenic in humans, rare cases have been reported describing L. lactis infections. Of these, infective endocarditis has been reported in a small number of cases.
 We describe here the case of a young patient with endocarditis caused by L. lactis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of endocarditis caused by L. lactis in a pulmonary valve with complex congenital heart disease. Similar to numerous cases in the literature that attest to the severity of this infection, our patient's course of development was fatal.
 Due to the limited information on the susceptibility of this bacterium, further research is required to develop conventional antibiotic therapy strategies to treat infective endocarditis caused by L. lactis.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135981265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-19DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2291
Ahamed Khairul Basher, Sadia Afrin, M. N. Huda, Md. Motiur Rahman, MD Azazul Haque, Manobik Sarker, Wahida Yasmeen, H. Sultana
Introduction: Air pollution from car exhaust has a negative impact on health. People who are constantly exposed to this car pollution can develop various health problems including respiratory diseases. Objective: To assess the extent of respiratory failure among traffic police officers in Dhaka. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the spirometric parameters of a group of 157 traffic police officers between the ages of 25 and 55 years old serving in the city of Dhaka. Lung function was measured with a portable stationary spirometer. Data were collected using the American Thoracic Society Department of Lung Disease Questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78A). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM's SPSS software. Study location and period: The study was conducted from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, in the city of Dhaka. Results: The mean age was 40.94 ± 9.30 years. The FEV1/FVC ratio showed that over 50% of the respondent's lung function parameters were 70% and above. FEV1 and FVC were significantly lower in smokers (2.60 ± 0.71, 3.88 ± 0).76) compared to non-smokers (3.50 ± 0.83, 4.70 ± 0.56). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age over 20 years (OR 6.87; 95% CI) and smoking (OR 13.62; 95% CI) were independently associated with traffic police respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: The adverse effects of air pollution from direct vehicle exhaust can have a significant impact on these lung dysfunctions.
{"title":"Lung Function Capacity among Traffic Police in Dhaka City","authors":"Ahamed Khairul Basher, Sadia Afrin, M. N. Huda, Md. Motiur Rahman, MD Azazul Haque, Manobik Sarker, Wahida Yasmeen, H. Sultana","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2291","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Air pollution from car exhaust has a negative impact on health. People who are constantly exposed to this car pollution can develop various health problems including respiratory diseases. \u0000Objective: To assess the extent of respiratory failure among traffic police officers in Dhaka. \u0000Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the spirometric parameters of a group of 157 traffic police officers between the ages of 25 and 55 years old serving in the city of Dhaka. Lung function was measured with a portable stationary spirometer. Data were collected using the American Thoracic Society Department of Lung Disease Questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78A). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM's SPSS software. Study location and period: The study was conducted from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, in the city of Dhaka. \u0000Results: The mean age was 40.94 ± 9.30 years. The FEV1/FVC ratio showed that over 50% of the respondent's lung function parameters were 70% and above. FEV1 and FVC were significantly lower in smokers (2.60 ± 0.71, 3.88 ± 0).76) compared to non-smokers (3.50 ± 0.83, 4.70 ± 0.56). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age over 20 years (OR 6.87; 95% CI) and smoking (OR 13.62; 95% CI) were independently associated with traffic police respiratory symptoms. Conclusion: The adverse effects of air pollution from direct vehicle exhaust can have a significant impact on these lung dysfunctions.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115893942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2289
Ngwu Amauche Martina
Background: Red blood cell changes are one of the most common complications in malaria and they play a very crucial role in malaria pathogenesis. Malaria infections are one of the common causes of maternal anaemia especially during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine red cell indices of pregnant women with asymptomatic malaria. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Haematology and Antenatal Unit both of Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, between June and September 2022. Methodology: The study population consisted of 90 pregnant women (65 pregnant women positive to malaria parasite without symptoms and 25 pregnant women negative to malaria parasite) and 26 control non-pregnant women. For the whole study population, red cell indices which include hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD), red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) were measured by automated haematology analyzer. Results: In the asymptomatic malaria group (AMG), 21 (32.3%) had mild anaemia (HGB level 9.0-10.0 g/dl), 11 (16.9%) had moderate anaemia (HGB level 7.0-8.0 g/dl) and 2 (3.1%) had severe anaemia (HGB level <7.0 g/dl). Also in AMG group, the RDW-SD was 54.22 +/- 11.45 fl, whereas in control group it was 48.75 +/- 10.24 fl (p=0.002). Again in the AMG group the MCHC of those that had two pluses was 318.03 +/- 16.31 g/l, whereas in those that had one plus, it was 309 +/- 20.17 g/l. The comparison between the first, second and third trimester showed significant decrease in HGB (7.63 +/- 1.36 vs 11.64 +/- 0.72 g/dl) and PCV (26.98 +/- 5.14 vs 36.20 +/- 2.19 %) in third trimester compared to first trimester (p= <0.001, <0.001). whereas RDW-CV (18.96 +/- 5.04 vs 15.00 +/- 2.64 %) and RDW-SD (59.04 +/- 15.19 vs 49.16+/- 7.00 fl) (p= 0.002, 0.003) significantly increased in third trimester compared to first trimester Conclusion: This study found anaemia in asymptomatic malaria infected pregnant women, significant decrease in haemoglobin and packed cell volume at third trimester, higher MCHC in those with two pluses of malaria and significant increase in red cell distribution width at third trimester.
{"title":"Erythrocyte Indices in Asymptomatic Malaria Infected Pregnant Women","authors":"Ngwu Amauche Martina","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2289","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Red blood cell changes are one of the most common complications in malaria and they play a very crucial role in malaria pathogenesis. Malaria infections are one of the common causes of maternal anaemia especially during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine red cell indices of pregnant women with asymptomatic malaria. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Haematology and Antenatal Unit both of Enugu State University of Science and Technology Teaching Hospital, between June and September 2022. \u0000Methodology: The study population consisted of 90 pregnant women (65 pregnant women positive to malaria parasite without symptoms and 25 pregnant women negative to malaria parasite) and 26 control non-pregnant women. For the whole study population, red cell indices which include hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width standard deviation (RDW-SD), red cell distribution width coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) were measured by automated haematology analyzer. \u0000Results: In the asymptomatic malaria group (AMG), 21 (32.3%) had mild anaemia (HGB level 9.0-10.0 g/dl), 11 (16.9%) had moderate anaemia (HGB level 7.0-8.0 g/dl) and 2 (3.1%) had severe anaemia (HGB level <7.0 g/dl). Also in AMG group, the RDW-SD was 54.22 +/- 11.45 fl, whereas in control group it was 48.75 +/- 10.24 fl (p=0.002). Again in the AMG group the MCHC of those that had two pluses was 318.03 +/- 16.31 g/l, whereas in those that had one plus, it was 309 +/- 20.17 g/l. The comparison between the first, second and third trimester showed significant decrease in HGB (7.63 +/- 1.36 vs 11.64 +/- 0.72 g/dl) and PCV (26.98 +/- 5.14 vs 36.20 +/- 2.19 %) in third trimester compared to first trimester (p= <0.001, <0.001). whereas RDW-CV (18.96 +/- 5.04 vs 15.00 +/- 2.64 %) and RDW-SD (59.04 +/- 15.19 vs 49.16+/- 7.00 fl) (p= 0.002, 0.003) significantly increased in third trimester compared to first trimester \u0000Conclusion: This study found anaemia in asymptomatic malaria infected pregnant women, significant decrease in haemoglobin and packed cell volume at third trimester, higher MCHC in those with two pluses of malaria and significant increase in red cell distribution width at third trimester.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126271193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2290
Romya Singh, C. Sahu, S. Patel, Nidhi Tejan, M. Gurjar
Introduction: Clinical relevance of procalcitonin levels in cases of sepsis due to different pathogens and the relationship between procalcitonin levels and patient outcome has not been widely studied. The aim of this study is tohighlight the clinical relevance of procalcitonin in sepsis due to various pathogens and in patient prognosis. Methods: In this retrospective observational study 348 cases of sepsis were analysed and their procalcitonin levels were compared with the different pathogens isolated. The patient outcome as 28 day mortality was also compared with different procalcitonin levels which was divided into four groups (group1: <0.5ng/ml, group 2: 0.5 - < 2ng/ml, group 3: 2 - < 10ng/ml, group 4: >= 10ng/ml). Results: The procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in cases of sepsis due to Gram negative bacilli (14.5ng/ml ± 2.8) compared to Gram positive cocci (8.59ng/ml ± 1.5) and yeast (2.96ng/ml ± 0.56). Multiple logistic regression showed significant difference between 28-day mortality and Multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) pathogens (p=0.006) and group 4 procalcitonin (PCT) levels (p=0.033). Conclusion: The procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in sepsis due to Gram negative bacilli compared to Gram positive cocci, Gram positive bacilli and yeast. The patient clinical outcome observed as 28-day mortality was also higher in group 4 PCT levels (>= 10ng/ml). Thus, we found PCT is a reliable marker for sepsis with Gram negative bacilli and for patient prognosis.
{"title":"Clinical and Bacteriological Relevance of Procalcitonin: A Single Center, Retrospective Observational Study","authors":"Romya Singh, C. Sahu, S. Patel, Nidhi Tejan, M. Gurjar","doi":"10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i2290","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Clinical relevance of procalcitonin levels in cases of sepsis due to different pathogens and the relationship between procalcitonin levels and patient outcome has not been widely studied. The aim of this study is tohighlight the clinical relevance of procalcitonin in sepsis due to various pathogens and in patient prognosis. \u0000Methods: In this retrospective observational study 348 cases of sepsis were analysed and their procalcitonin levels were compared with the different pathogens isolated. The patient outcome as 28 day mortality was also compared with different procalcitonin levels which was divided into four groups (group1: <0.5ng/ml, group 2: 0.5 - < 2ng/ml, group 3: 2 - < 10ng/ml, group 4: >= 10ng/ml). Results: The procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in cases of sepsis due to Gram negative bacilli (14.5ng/ml ± 2.8) compared to Gram positive cocci (8.59ng/ml ± 1.5) and yeast (2.96ng/ml ± 0.56). Multiple logistic regression showed significant difference between 28-day mortality and Multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR) pathogens (p=0.006) and group 4 procalcitonin (PCT) levels (p=0.033). \u0000Conclusion: The procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in sepsis due to Gram negative bacilli compared to Gram positive cocci, Gram positive bacilli and yeast. The patient clinical outcome observed as 28-day mortality was also higher in group 4 PCT levels (>= 10ng/ml). Thus, we found PCT is a reliable marker for sepsis with Gram negative bacilli and for patient prognosis.","PeriodicalId":166387,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127507064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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