I. K. Okakwu, A. S. Alayande, O. F. Adizua, S. O. Giwa, A. A. Okubanjo, B. O Orogbade, A. O. David, P. O. Alao
Utilizing wind energy necessitates a thorough understanding of wind profiles as well as a precise forecast of wind speed at a study location. In this study, ten Numerical Methods (NEMs), which include the Empirical Method of Lysen (EML), Percentile Method (PCM), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), Modified Maximum Likelihood Method (MMLM), Empirical Method of Justus (EMJ), Alternative Moment Method (AMM), Median and Quartiles Method (MQM), Probability Weighted Moments Based on Power Density Method (PWMBPM), Method of Mabchour (MOMAB) and Energy Variance Method (EVM) were applied to estimate the two- parameter (k and c) Weibull (Wbl) distribution in five locations (Jos, Kano, Maiduguri, Abuja, and Akure) in Nigeria. The performance of these NEMs was assessed using five different metrics and the most effective NEM was determined for each studied location. Daily wind speed data spanning 11 years for the studied locations were sourced from the Meteorological Agency in Nigeria and used in this study. The k and c parameters range from 2.91 to 5.46 and 9.95 to 10.26 (Kano); 2.31 to 4.50 and 5.63 to 6.20 (Maiduguri); 3.19 to 7.61 and 12.16 to 12.99 (Jos); 2.18 to 6.77 and 4.99 to 5.50 (Abuja), and 1.84 to 3.18 and 3.83 to 3.90 (Akure). Findings revealed that the best methods for estimating Wbl parameters for the Kano, Maiduguri, Jos, Abuja, and Akure locations were MMLM, MMLM, MQM, MQM, and EMJ, EML, and AMM, respectively, as MOMAB remained the least performing NEM for all the studied locations. The results also showed that the Vms , Vmps , and V emax varied from 3.47 m/s to 11.63 m/s, 3.40 m/s to 11.90 m/s, and 4.58 m/s to 12.59 m/s, respectively, with the most recorded for Jos. The PWPD augmented from 36.45 W/m2 (Akure) to 1000.06 W/m2 Jos), at a hub height of 10 m.Based on these results Jos was the best location for installing wind turbines while Kano was an excellent place for integrating the grid. Additionally, the Maiduguri location was determined to be suitable for a stand-alone application while Abuja and Akure were considered to be unsuitable for wind energy applications.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of ten numerical methods for Weibull distribution parameter estimation applied to Nigerian wind speed data","authors":"I. K. Okakwu, A. S. Alayande, O. F. Adizua, S. O. Giwa, A. A. Okubanjo, B. O Orogbade, A. O. David, P. O. Alao","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.38","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing wind energy necessitates a thorough understanding of wind profiles as well as a precise forecast of wind speed at a study location. In this study, ten Numerical Methods (NEMs), which include the Empirical Method of Lysen (EML), Percentile Method (PCM), Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM), Modified Maximum Likelihood Method (MMLM), Empirical Method of Justus (EMJ), Alternative Moment Method (AMM), Median and Quartiles Method (MQM), Probability Weighted Moments Based on Power Density Method (PWMBPM), Method of Mabchour (MOMAB) and Energy Variance Method (EVM) were applied to estimate the two- parameter (k and c) Weibull (Wbl) distribution in five locations (Jos, Kano, Maiduguri, Abuja, and Akure) in Nigeria. The performance of these NEMs was assessed using five different metrics and the most effective NEM was determined for each studied location. Daily wind speed data spanning 11 years for the studied locations were sourced from the Meteorological Agency in Nigeria and used in this study. The k and c parameters range from 2.91 to 5.46 and 9.95 to 10.26 (Kano); 2.31 to 4.50 and 5.63 to 6.20 (Maiduguri); 3.19 to 7.61 and 12.16 to 12.99 (Jos); 2.18 to 6.77 and 4.99 to 5.50 (Abuja), and 1.84 to 3.18 and 3.83 to 3.90 (Akure). Findings revealed that the best methods for estimating Wbl parameters for the Kano, Maiduguri, Jos, Abuja, and Akure locations were MMLM, MMLM, MQM, MQM, and EMJ, EML, and AMM, respectively, as MOMAB remained the least performing NEM for all the studied locations. The results also showed that the Vms , Vmps , and V emax varied from 3.47 m/s to 11.63 m/s, 3.40 m/s to 11.90 m/s, and 4.58 m/s to 12.59 m/s, respectively, with the most recorded for Jos. The PWPD augmented from 36.45 W/m2 (Akure) to 1000.06 W/m2 Jos), at a hub height of 10 m.Based on these results Jos was the best location for installing wind turbines while Kano was an excellent place for integrating the grid. Additionally, the Maiduguri location was determined to be suitable for a stand-alone application while Abuja and Akure were considered to be unsuitable for wind energy applications. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"20 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pharmaceutical products non-sterile are expected to have a minimal microbial load which must not exceed the limits as stated in pharmacopoeia monographs. This study attempted to evaluate storage implications on the microbiological quality of some non-sterile pharmaceutical products manufactured locally in some states in south east Nigeria. Twenty brands of pharmaceutical products comprising 13 tablets, 5 capsules and 2 suspension procured from patent medicine and local drug markets in Aba and Enugu states were stored at room temperature (25oC) for 6 months. Microbial growth was evaluated at 0 and 6 months using standard microbiological procedures including Total aerobic bacteria plate count, isolation, characterization and identification of microbial contaminants. The results from the study showed that 55% and 30% of the pharmaceutical products had bacteria and fungi contamination at 0 month which increased to 70% and 50% at 6 months storage period respectively. Statistical analysis showed there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth of micro-organisms at 6 months for both bacteria and the fungi/moulds (p < 0.05). The isolated bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli while the fungi include Trichosporonasahii, Curvularia bothriochloae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis. All contaminated samples had microbial counts above the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) acceptabl limit of 103 and 102 CFU/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. This can be attributed to poor adherence to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) by the manufacturers. Thus, it is recommended that manufacturers adhere strictly to cGMP and storage conditions stated on these pharmaceutical products followed strictly during distribution and storage to reduce the levels of microbial contamination.
{"title":"Storage implications on the microbiological quality of some locally manufactured pharmaceuticals","authors":"I.C. Azuike, O. Ogbonna, F.S. Ire","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.33","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmaceutical products non-sterile are expected to have a minimal microbial load which must not exceed the limits as stated in pharmacopoeia monographs. This study attempted to evaluate storage implications on the microbiological quality of some non-sterile pharmaceutical products manufactured locally in some states in south east Nigeria. Twenty brands of pharmaceutical products comprising 13 tablets, 5 capsules and 2 suspension procured from patent medicine and local drug markets in Aba and Enugu states were stored at room temperature (25oC) for 6 months. Microbial growth was evaluated at 0 and 6 months using standard microbiological procedures including Total aerobic bacteria plate count, isolation, characterization and identification of microbial contaminants. The results from the study showed that 55% and 30% of the pharmaceutical products had bacteria and fungi contamination at 0 month which increased to 70% and 50% at 6 months storage period respectively. Statistical analysis showed there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in growth of micro-organisms at 6 months for both bacteria and the fungi/moulds (p < 0.05). The isolated bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli while the fungi include Trichosporonasahii, Curvularia bothriochloae, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis. All contaminated samples had microbial counts above the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) acceptabl limit of 103 and 102 CFU/ml for bacteria and fungi respectively. This can be attributed to poor adherence to current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) by the manufacturers. Thus, it is recommended that manufacturers adhere strictly to cGMP and storage conditions stated on these pharmaceutical products followed strictly during distribution and storage to reduce the levels of microbial contamination. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"88 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U.J. Adoze, F. Abubakar, G. Ochu, O. A. Danga, M.L. Adamu, Y. Baba
The hitherto pegmatite of the Egbe area has been known to bear valuable economic minerals. They are associated with other rock types including banded gneiss, schist, amphibolite, and granites. These pegmatites and the host rocks were studied in detail to elucidate their petrochemical and geochemical features and also to assess the mineralization of Tantalum- iobium and other minerals. Geological field mapping was done, thin section-petrographic analysis of ten representative rock samples was performed and nineteen whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and trace elements including REES aided by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Boron- Fusion-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), and Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) for Fluorine at Acme Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada. The general structural trend of the area under study is WNW-ESE and foliations of N-S strike were observed in the banded gneiss and schist which also exhibit asymmetric and isoclinals folding respectively. The tantalite-columbite mineralization is associated with the NE-SW trending pegmatite dykes. The mineralized pegmatites are genetically related to the peraluminous S-type granite. The minerals (i.e., Albite, lepidolite and muscovite) extracted from the pegmatites are well enriched in Li, Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta compared to the host rocks. The rare-metal pegmatites exhibit pronounced negative Ce and Eu anomalies and also show weak negative Yb anomalies while the barren pegmatites have positive Ce and weak negative Eu anomalies and exhibit weak positive Yb anomalies. The pegmatites are moderately evolved compared with other highly mineralized pegmatites. The pegmatites from Igbaruku and one from the Okere area are of the rare-metal pegmatite and they are moderately fractionated while the barren pegmatite from Egbe and one from Okere are unfractionated. The economic mineral within the Egbe area is tantalite, with every possibility that the tantalite-columbite enrichment is ferrotantalite-columbite and manganotantalite columbite.
据了解，埃格贝地区迄今为止的伟晶岩蕴藏着宝贵的经济矿物。它们与其他类型的岩石（包括带状片麻岩、片岩、闪长岩和花岗岩）伴生。对这些伟晶岩和母岩进行了详细研究，以阐明其石油化学和地球化学特征，并评估钽铌和其他矿物的成矿情况。在加拿大温哥华的 Acme 实验室进行了实地地质测绘，对十个代表性岩石样本进行了薄片-岩相分析，并对十九个整块岩石样本进行了主要元素和微量元素分析，包括 REES 辅助电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）、硼聚变电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）和氟离子选择电极法（ISE）。研究区域的总体构造趋势为 WNW-ESE，在条带状片麻岩和片岩中观察到 N-S 走向的叶脉，这些叶脉还分别呈现出不对称褶皱和等轴褶皱。钽铁矿-云母矿化与东北-西南走向的伟晶岩岩体有关。矿化伟晶岩在基因上与过铝 S 型花岗岩有关。与母岩相比，从伟晶岩中提取的矿物（即白云石、鳞片石和麝香石）富含锂、铷、铯、铌和钽。稀有金属伟晶岩表现出明显的负 Ce 和 Eu 异常，也表现出弱的负 Yb 异常，而贫瘠伟晶岩则表现出正 Ce 和弱的负 Eu 异常，并表现出弱的正 Yb 异常。与其他高矿化度伟晶岩相比，这些伟晶岩的演化程度适中。Igbaruku 的伟晶岩和 Okere 地区的一个伟晶岩属于稀有金属伟晶岩，它们的分馏程度适中，而 Egbe 的贫瘠伟晶岩和 Okere 的一个伟晶岩则未分馏。埃格贝地区的经济矿物是钽铁矿，钽铁矿-铌铁矿的富集完全有可能是铁钽铁矿-铌铁矿和锰钽铁矿-铌铁矿。
{"title":"Geological and geochemical analyses of pegmatites in Egbe, Isanlu (sheet 225), Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"U.J. Adoze, F. Abubakar, G. Ochu, O. A. Danga, M.L. Adamu, Y. Baba","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The hitherto pegmatite of the Egbe area has been known to bear valuable economic minerals. They are associated with other rock types including banded gneiss, schist, amphibolite, and granites. These pegmatites and the host rocks were studied in detail to elucidate their petrochemical and geochemical features and also to assess the mineralization of Tantalum- iobium and other minerals. Geological field mapping was done, thin section-petrographic analysis of ten representative rock samples was performed and nineteen whole-rock samples were analyzed for major and trace elements including REES aided by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Boron- Fusion-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), and Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) for Fluorine at Acme Laboratory, Vancouver, Canada. The general structural trend of the area under study is WNW-ESE and foliations of N-S strike were observed in the banded gneiss and schist which also exhibit asymmetric and isoclinals folding respectively. The tantalite-columbite mineralization is associated with the NE-SW trending pegmatite dykes. The mineralized pegmatites are genetically related to the peraluminous S-type granite. The minerals (i.e., Albite, lepidolite and muscovite) extracted from the pegmatites are well enriched in Li, Rb, Cs, Nb and Ta compared to the host rocks. The rare-metal pegmatites exhibit pronounced negative Ce and Eu anomalies and also show weak negative Yb anomalies while the barren pegmatites have positive Ce and weak negative Eu anomalies and exhibit weak positive Yb anomalies. The pegmatites are moderately evolved compared with other highly mineralized pegmatites. The pegmatites from Igbaruku and one from the Okere area are of the rare-metal pegmatite and they are moderately fractionated while the barren pegmatite from Egbe and one from Okere are unfractionated. The economic mineral within the Egbe area is tantalite, with every possibility that the tantalite-columbite enrichment is ferrotantalite-columbite and manganotantalite columbite.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"23 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed trace metal enrichment and contamination levels in Tema, Sangama, and Degema communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected monthly from October 2021 to April 2022. Trace metals such as Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, and As were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The contamination factor, degree of contamination and enrichment factor for trace metals were used to evaluate the impact of pollution levels. There was a descending order of heavy metal concentrations in water at the three stations: Fe > Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb. Sediment heavy metal concentrations were descending from Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd at the same stations. Heavy metal levels were consistently higher at Sangama. The result revealed that compared to Pb and Zn, Cd contamination was moderate to considerable. Fe contamination was relatively low, but Cu contamination was moderate to high. Water and sediment were contaminated to varying degrees. The contamination levels of Pb, Zn, and Cu were low to moderate. Sangama, Tema, and Degema all had varying degrees of contamination, with some areas having higher contamination levels. This study recommends the need for effective environmental management practices in these coastal marine wetlands.
{"title":"Ecotoxicity of trace metal enrichment and the degrees of contaminated sediment and water from Riparian communities in Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"I. C. Davies, Y. Sulaiman, O. Efekemo","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.34","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed trace metal enrichment and contamination levels in Tema, Sangama, and Degema communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected monthly from October 2021 to April 2022. Trace metals such as Pb, Cu, Fe, Cd, Zn, and As were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The contamination factor, degree of contamination and enrichment factor for trace metals were used to evaluate the impact of pollution levels. There was a descending order of heavy metal concentrations in water at the three stations: Fe > Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb. Sediment heavy metal concentrations were descending from Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd at the same stations. Heavy metal levels were consistently higher at Sangama. The result revealed that compared to Pb and Zn, Cd contamination was moderate to considerable. Fe contamination was relatively low, but Cu contamination was moderate to high. Water and sediment were contaminated to varying degrees. The contamination levels of Pb, Zn, and Cu were low to moderate. Sangama, Tema, and Degema all had varying degrees of contamination, with some areas having higher contamination levels. This study recommends the need for effective environmental management practices in these coastal marine wetlands. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"32 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated the impact of combined therapy of multiple plants extract of Cnestis ferruginea, Xylopia aethiopica, Palisota hirsuta, Scleria sp., Napoleona imperialis, Dialium guineense, Combretum racemosun, Heterotis rotundifolia leaves, stem of Sphenocentrum jollynum stem, and root of Uvaria chamae on blood cell indices of diabetics. Female Wistar rats of 40 – 50 g and fifty-four (54) in number were used for this study. They were assembled into 6 groups of 9 rats each. Group I served as the normal control (NC) while the remaining five groups were induced with diabetes type 2 using high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and asingle dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 35 mg/kg body weight. Group II was the diabetic control (DC) while the other groups (III, IV, V & VI) were orally administered 7.2 mg/kg metformin and the cocktail extract at three different concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg respectively. Diabetes was established after HFD and STZ administration. Blood cell indices such as platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and differentials were evaluated after twelve weeks of treatment using a hematology auto- analyzer. Results obtained showed that the diabetic control group recorded lower platelets, RBC, WBC, neutrophil and eosinophil as well as higher lymphocyte and monocyte when compared to the groups administered the cocktail extract and other experimental groups. This study revealed that the combined therapy of the multiple plants extract has positive effect on blood cell indices and can be adopted as a blood cell boosting agent.
{"title":"Synergistic effect of combined multiple plants extract on some blood cell indices of diabetic rats","authors":"C. U. Nnadiukwu, T. Nnadiukwu, G. Ajuru, T. Ogono","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluated the impact of combined therapy of multiple plants extract of Cnestis ferruginea, Xylopia aethiopica, Palisota hirsuta, Scleria sp., Napoleona imperialis, Dialium guineense, Combretum racemosun, Heterotis rotundifolia leaves, stem of Sphenocentrum jollynum stem, and root of Uvaria chamae on blood cell indices of diabetics. Female Wistar rats of 40 – 50 g and fifty-four (54) in number were used for this study. They were assembled into 6 groups of 9 rats each. Group I served as the normal control (NC) while the remaining five groups were induced with diabetes type 2 using high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and asingle dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 35 mg/kg body weight. Group II was the diabetic control (DC) while the other groups (III, IV, V & VI) were orally administered 7.2 mg/kg metformin and the cocktail extract at three different concentrations of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg respectively. Diabetes was established after HFD and STZ administration. Blood cell indices such as platelets, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) and differentials were evaluated after twelve weeks of treatment using a hematology auto- analyzer. Results obtained showed that the diabetic control group recorded lower platelets, RBC, WBC, neutrophil and eosinophil as well as higher lymphocyte and monocyte when compared to the groups administered the cocktail extract and other experimental groups. This study revealed that the combined therapy of the multiple plants extract has positive effect on blood cell indices and can be adopted as a blood cell boosting agent. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"21 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) constitutes a significant component in diets of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the proximate composition and microbiological quality of processed grubs (steamed, dried, fried and fresh which served as control) purchased from food vendors in Toru-Orua community. Proximate composition determinations followed official methods recommended by the Association of Official and Analytical Chemicals (AOAC), while microbial load was determined by total plate count. Steamed grubs had the highest moisture content of 15% while fresh had the least moisture content of 9.3%. Steamed grubs had the highest ash content of 11.47% while fresh had the least ash content of 4.73%. Fresh grubs had the highest crude protein of 41.75% while fresh had the least crude protein of 30.13%. Steamed grubs had the highest crude fibre content of 18.07% while fresh had the least crude fibre of 13.7%. Steamed and fried grubs had the highest crude fat content of 10.93% while fresh had the least crude fat content of 2.8%. Steamed grubs had the highest moisture content of 28.35% while dried grubs had the least moisture content of 20.66%. The total heterotrophic bacteria count ranged from 8.5 x 102 CFU/g – 3.7 x 106 CFU/g. Fungal count ranged from 2.2 x 102 - 3.4 x 103 CFU/g. The microbial investigations showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the common microorganisms on the grubs. Frequent microbiological quality checks on such ready-to-eat foods, along with public enlightenment campaigns for food vendors is recommended, to guarantee food safety for consumers during processing/handling, storage and consumption.
非洲棕榈象鼻虫（Rhynchophorus phoenicis F.）（鞘翅目：蝼蛄科）是尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲饮食中的重要组成部分。本研究旨在确定从托鲁-奥鲁阿社区食品商贩处购买的加工蛴螬（蒸、干、炸和作为对照的新鲜蛴螬）的近似成分和微生物质量。近似成分的测定采用了官方分析化学协会（AOAC）推荐的官方方法，而微生物量则通过总板计数测定。蒸蛴螬的水分含量最高，为 15%，而新鲜蛴螬的水分含量最低，为 9.3%。蒸蛴螬的灰分含量最高，为 11.47%，而新鲜蛴螬的灰分含量最低，为 4.73%。新鲜蛴螬的粗蛋白含量最高，为 41.75%，而新鲜蛴螬的粗蛋白含量最低，为 30.13%。蒸蛴螬的粗纤维含量最高，为 18.07%，而新鲜蛴螬的粗纤维含量最低，为 13.7%。清蒸和油炸蛴螬的粗脂肪含量最高，为 10.93%，而新鲜蛴螬的粗脂肪含量最低，为 2.8%。蒸蛴螬的水分含量最高，为 28.35%，而干蛴螬的水分含量最低，为 20.66%。异养菌总数介于 8.5 x 102 CFU/g - 3.7 x 106 CFU/g 之间。真菌数量在 2.2 x 102 - 3.4 x 103 CFU/g 之间。微生物调查显示，铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是蛴螬上常见的微生物。建议经常对这类即食食品进行微生物质量检查，并对食品商贩开展公众宣传活动，以确保消费者在加工/处理、储存和食用过程中的食品安全。
{"title":"Proximate and microbial quality of processed grubs of African palm weevil (Rhynchophorus phoenicis F., Coleoptera: Curculionidae) sold at Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria","authors":"R.P. Uzakah, O.M. Immanuel","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"The African palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) constitutes a significant component in diets of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the proximate composition and microbiological quality of processed grubs (steamed, dried, fried and fresh which served as control) purchased from food vendors in Toru-Orua community. Proximate composition determinations followed official methods recommended by the Association of Official and Analytical Chemicals (AOAC), while microbial load was determined by total plate count. Steamed grubs had the highest moisture content of 15% while fresh had the least moisture content of 9.3%. Steamed grubs had the highest ash content of 11.47% while fresh had the least ash content of 4.73%. Fresh grubs had the highest crude protein of 41.75% while fresh had the least crude protein of 30.13%. Steamed grubs had the highest crude fibre content of 18.07% while fresh had the least crude fibre of 13.7%. Steamed and fried grubs had the highest crude fat content of 10.93% while fresh had the least crude fat content of 2.8%. Steamed grubs had the highest moisture content of 28.35% while dried grubs had the least moisture content of 20.66%. The total heterotrophic bacteria count ranged from 8.5 x 102 CFU/g – 3.7 x 106 CFU/g. Fungal count ranged from 2.2 x 102 - 3.4 x 103 CFU/g. The microbial investigations showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the common microorganisms on the grubs. Frequent microbiological quality checks on such ready-to-eat foods, along with public enlightenment campaigns for food vendors is recommended, to guarantee food safety for consumers during processing/handling, storage and consumption.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"32 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140980407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Ochu, H.E. Ibrahim, D.A. Adesina, F. Abubakar, O.T. Ijaleye, J.A. Usman, A.O. Danga, S.O. Ibrahim
Sedimentological studies of some areas located within latitudes 11035’E & 12000’E, and longitudes 9014’N & 9025’N were undertaken to delineate the surface lithologies of the Yola sub-basin, in the Northern Benue Trough. Field observations of the surficial deposits at Mayolope, Taana, Kpasam and Bille revealed that they are Bima Formation while the ones in Abare are Dukul Formation. Paleoenvironmental studies based on the characteristics of lithofacies of these exposed sections and laboratory assessments of some selected samples showed that the Bima Formation was deposited in a continental setting while the Dukul Formation was deposited in a low-energy marine setting. Petrographic studies of framework components showed that the samples of the Bima Formation were predominated by quartz minerals, leading to their identifications as sandstones and classifications as quartzarenites while the samples of the Dukul Formation were limestones and were classified as bioclastic packstones. Heavy mineral compositions of the sandstones revealed their provenance; Zircon and Tourmaline with a combined amount of 60.1% suggested igneous and low-grade metamorphic rocks while rutile and staurolite with a total amount of 27.7% indicated contributions from high-grade metamorphic rocks.
{"title":"Provenance and paleoenvironmental studies of Bima and Dukul Formations in the Yola Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria.","authors":"G. Ochu, H.E. Ibrahim, D.A. Adesina, F. Abubakar, O.T. Ijaleye, J.A. Usman, A.O. Danga, S.O. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/sa.v23i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v23i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentological studies of some areas located within latitudes 11035’E & 12000’E, and longitudes 9014’N & 9025’N were undertaken to delineate the surface lithologies of the Yola sub-basin, in the Northern Benue Trough. Field observations of the surficial deposits at Mayolope, Taana, Kpasam and Bille revealed that they are Bima Formation while the ones in Abare are Dukul Formation. Paleoenvironmental studies based on the characteristics of lithofacies of these exposed sections and laboratory assessments of some selected samples showed that the Bima Formation was deposited in a continental setting while the Dukul Formation was deposited in a low-energy marine setting. Petrographic studies of framework components showed that the samples of the Bima Formation were predominated by quartz minerals, leading to their identifications as sandstones and classifications as quartzarenites while the samples of the Dukul Formation were limestones and were classified as bioclastic packstones. Heavy mineral compositions of the sandstones revealed their provenance; Zircon and Tourmaline with a combined amount of 60.1% suggested igneous and low-grade metamorphic rocks while rutile and staurolite with a total amount of 27.7% indicated contributions from high-grade metamorphic rocks. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140979430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sedimentology and depositional environment of E2000-Sand in the southern part of the Central Swamp depobelt have been studied using core and wireline log data. Nine wells were used for the study, one of which has some 200ft of core in the southern part of the field. Key wells were correlated based on normalized gamma-ray and other logs. Using two main panels, one along the depositional dip across syn-sedimentary intra-field faults and another along strike, lateral continuity, reservoir development, and shoreline proximity were evaluated. The cores were described to identify lithology, sedimentary structures, depositional processes, and genetic units. The results from the electro-facies analysis, wireline log correlation, core description, and core permeameter measurements were integrated to interpret depositional environments. The E2000-Sand normalized gamma-ray log profile showed three broad sections made up of (from bottom to top) a coarsening upward funnel-shaped basal section overlain by an overall cylindrical-shaped gamma-ray log signature capped by a short coarsening upward funnel-shaped interval. The overall gamma-ray log profile is consistent with a deltaic progradational setting typical of a shoreface sequence inundated by channel activities. Seven genetic units were identified in the cored interval comprising Marine Shale, Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Lagoonal Shale/ Heterolithics, Tidally Influenced Channel/Crevasse Splay, and Distributary Channel. Petrophysical analysis of these units showed a direct correlation between lithofacies type and grain size with flow properties deteriorating with decreasing grain size. Using such attributes as permeability, porosity, and grain size, four genetic units in the sand namely Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Tidal Channel, and Distributary Channel were interpreted as reservoir units. The best reservoir flow properties were preserved in the Distributary Channels with a porosity range of 20-29%, permeability in the range of 3,300-9,900mD and average grain size ranging from 177-500μ, while the Lower Shoreface corresponded to the worst quality reservoir units with porosity ranging from 17-26%, permeability varying from 0.01-180mD, and average grain size varying from 62-125μ. Three of the genetic units including Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lagoonal Shales/Heterolithics, and Marine Shale were interpreted as non-reservoir units with porosity and permeability ranging from 4-17%, and 0.03-36mD respectively, while average grain size was below resolution. The E2000-Sand is interpreted as deposited in a coastal shoreface/delta mouth shallow marine setting. Reservoir quality in the sand is strongly faciesdependent with sedimentology and depositional environments controlling the reservoir properties of the sand bodies.
{"title":"Depositional facies analysis of coastal to shallow marine deposits in the onshore Niger Delta Basin: Accessing the influence of sedimentology and depositional environments on reservoir quality","authors":"E. Arochukwu, C. Ugwueze, G. Udom","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.28","url":null,"abstract":"Sedimentology and depositional environment of E2000-Sand in the southern part of the Central Swamp depobelt have been studied using core and wireline log data. Nine wells were used for the study, one of which has some 200ft of core in the southern part of the field. Key wells were correlated based on normalized gamma-ray and other logs. Using two main panels, one along the depositional dip across syn-sedimentary intra-field faults and another along strike, lateral continuity, reservoir development, and shoreline proximity were evaluated. The cores were described to identify lithology, sedimentary structures, depositional processes, and genetic units. The results from the electro-facies analysis, wireline log correlation, core description, and core permeameter measurements were integrated to interpret depositional environments. The E2000-Sand normalized gamma-ray log profile showed three broad sections made up of (from bottom to top) a coarsening upward funnel-shaped basal section overlain by an overall cylindrical-shaped gamma-ray log signature capped by a short coarsening upward funnel-shaped interval. The overall gamma-ray log profile is consistent with a deltaic progradational setting typical of a shoreface sequence inundated by channel activities. Seven genetic units were identified in the cored interval comprising Marine Shale, Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Lagoonal Shale/ Heterolithics, Tidally Influenced Channel/Crevasse Splay, and Distributary Channel. Petrophysical analysis of these units showed a direct correlation between lithofacies type and grain size with flow properties deteriorating with decreasing grain size. Using such attributes as permeability, porosity, and grain size, four genetic units in the sand namely Lower Shoreface, Upper Shoreface, Tidal Channel, and Distributary Channel were interpreted as reservoir units. The best reservoir flow properties were preserved in the Distributary Channels with a porosity range of 20-29%, permeability in the range of 3,300-9,900mD and average grain size ranging from 177-500μ, while the Lower Shoreface corresponded to the worst quality reservoir units with porosity ranging from 17-26%, permeability varying from 0.01-180mD, and average grain size varying from 62-125μ. Three of the genetic units including Offshore Transition Heteroliths, Lagoonal Shales/Heterolithics, and Marine Shale were interpreted as non-reservoir units with porosity and permeability ranging from 4-17%, and 0.03-36mD respectively, while average grain size was below resolution. The E2000-Sand is interpreted as deposited in a coastal shoreface/delta mouth shallow marine setting. Reservoir quality in the sand is strongly faciesdependent with sedimentology and depositional environments controlling the reservoir properties of the sand bodies.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129789298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Considering the devastating menace of gully erosion for which lithology is one amongst several other agents that drives soil loss and gully erosion, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity (ERT) techniques were adopted to investigate subsurface lithology in Iguosa gully erosion site. PASI 16GL model resistivity meter was used in acquiring data for VES and ERT in the area under investigation. VES data acquired were processed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and geoelectric sections were generated using AUTOCAD software by combination of two or more interpreted VES results along a profile. ERT data were processed using Res2dinv software to an inverse model resistivity section. The geoelectric image generated were interpreted to obtain lithology of the subsurface. The analysis and interpretation of the subsurface image reveals presence of topsoil, sand, dry sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. The subsurface lithology within the study location is predominantly sandy. The result obtained from the resistivity of all profiles shows that erodibility increases with depth within this study area with corresponding high resistivity values. Due to the fact that sand within the study area is loose coarse and silty, which can give rise to high resistivity and causes erosion.
{"title":"Lithologic characterization of Iguosa erosion site using geoelectrical techniques","authors":"D. Egbo, O. J. Airen","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the devastating menace of gully erosion for which lithology is one amongst several other agents that drives soil loss and gully erosion, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Electrical Resistivity (ERT) techniques were adopted to investigate subsurface lithology in Iguosa gully erosion site. PASI 16GL model resistivity meter was used in acquiring data for VES and ERT in the area under investigation. VES data acquired were processed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and geoelectric sections were generated using AUTOCAD software by combination of two or more interpreted VES results along a profile. ERT data were processed using Res2dinv software to an inverse model resistivity section. The geoelectric image generated were interpreted to obtain lithology of the subsurface. The analysis and interpretation of the subsurface image reveals presence of topsoil, sand, dry sand, clayey sand and coarse sand. The subsurface lithology within the study location is predominantly sandy. The result obtained from the resistivity of all profiles shows that erodibility increases with depth within this study area with corresponding high resistivity values. Due to the fact that sand within the study area is loose coarse and silty, which can give rise to high resistivity and causes erosion.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123033134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to integrate well logs and core data to identify reservoir characteristics and determine the reservoir's petrophysical properties in order to improve the understanding of the reservoir and provide valuable information for reservoir management. Wells X and Y of the ‘SCOJAS’ Field in the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria were analyzed using Gamma ray logs, Resistivity logs, Sonic, Neutron and Density Logs. The obtained results were compared with core data from the wells to verify their accuracy. Porosity values for Wells X and Y fall within the range typically observed in sedimentary rocks, with Well Y having higher values. Hydrocarbons were detected in all reservoirs except reservoir zone 1b in both Well-X (12 reservoirs) and Well-Y (7 reservoirs). In Well- X, oil was identified in 5 reservoir zones while in Well-Y, oil was present in 2 reservoir zones. The remaining zones in both wells contained gas. To validate the results further, a comparison was made with the porosity of selected fields in the Niger Delta Basin and the general porosity of the Basin. Well X has a porosity range of 2.7% to 20.8%, which is generally lower than the reported porosity range Well Y has a porosity range of 19.90% to 24.38%, which falls at the upper end of the reported porosity range. Comparing previous works and data from other fields provides important validation for the findings of the study, which is crucial in the oil and gas industry for making informed decisions about exploration and production.
{"title":"Hydrocarbon evaluation and distribution in Well-X and Well-Y in the Niger Delta Basin: Findings and validation through porosity comparison","authors":"E.G. Maju-Oyovwikowhe, A. Osayande","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.22","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to integrate well logs and core data to identify reservoir characteristics and determine the reservoir's petrophysical properties in order to improve the understanding of the reservoir and provide valuable information for reservoir management. Wells X and Y of the ‘SCOJAS’ Field in the Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria were analyzed using Gamma ray logs, Resistivity logs, Sonic, Neutron and Density Logs. The obtained results were compared with core data from the wells to verify their accuracy. Porosity values for Wells X and Y fall within the range typically observed in sedimentary rocks, with Well Y having higher values. Hydrocarbons were detected in all reservoirs except reservoir zone 1b in both Well-X (12 reservoirs) and Well-Y (7 reservoirs). In Well- X, oil was identified in 5 reservoir zones while in Well-Y, oil was present in 2 reservoir zones. The remaining zones in both wells contained gas. To validate the results further, a comparison was made with the porosity of selected fields in the Niger Delta Basin and the general porosity of the Basin. Well X has a porosity range of 2.7% to 20.8%, which is generally lower than the reported porosity range Well Y has a porosity range of 19.90% to 24.38%, which falls at the upper end of the reported porosity range. Comparing previous works and data from other fields provides important validation for the findings of the study, which is crucial in the oil and gas industry for making informed decisions about exploration and production.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127139003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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