As the demand for environmentally friendly products rises and global awareness on reducing toxicities in manufacturing increases, the exploitation of plant-based raw materials like raffia palm fiber requires closer attention. In this study, the effect of sodium hydroxide and acetic anhydride concentration on the hardness of raffia palm fiber at varying drying temperature and fiber length were investigated. The treatments were carried out using 10% sodium hydroxide solution and 5% acetic anhydride at oven drying temperatures of 70oC for mercerized fiber and 50oC for acetylated fiber with varying fiber length of 50mm, 60mm, 70mm and 80mm. Findings show hardness values of 257HR and 370HR for 10% NaOH at 70oC and 5% acetic anhydride at 50oC respectively showing a 30.38% rise in Rockwell Hardness value in the acetylated fibers over the mercerized cohorts. Remarkably, these results were obtained at ideal fiber lengths of 60mm in both treatments. Hence, acetylation treatment at 5% acetic anhydride concentration and 50oC oven-drying temperature using 60mm fiber length offered optimal hardness value for raffia palm fiber. This is highly recommended for industrial commercialization for composites in the automobile, construction, manufacturing, medical, sports, oil and gas industries. In addition, the results from this study will open new economic values for Nigerian Raffia Palm fiber as potential reinforcement material for both domestic and international markets and applications.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of mercerization and acetylation on hardness of raffia palm fibre","authors":"N. Obinichi, I. Uchegbulam","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.12","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand for environmentally friendly products rises and global awareness on reducing toxicities in manufacturing increases, the exploitation of plant-based raw materials like raffia palm fiber requires closer attention. In this study, the effect of sodium hydroxide and acetic anhydride concentration on the hardness of raffia palm fiber at varying drying temperature and fiber length were investigated. The treatments were carried out using 10% sodium hydroxide solution and 5% acetic anhydride at oven drying temperatures of 70oC for mercerized fiber and 50oC for acetylated fiber with varying fiber length of 50mm, 60mm, 70mm and 80mm. Findings show hardness values of 257HR and 370HR for 10% NaOH at 70oC and 5% acetic anhydride at 50oC respectively showing a 30.38% rise in Rockwell Hardness value in the acetylated fibers over the mercerized cohorts. Remarkably, these results were obtained at ideal fiber lengths of 60mm in both treatments. Hence, acetylation treatment at 5% acetic anhydride concentration and 50oC oven-drying temperature using 60mm fiber length offered optimal hardness value for raffia palm fiber. This is highly recommended for industrial commercialization for composites in the automobile, construction, manufacturing, medical, sports, oil and gas industries. In addition, the results from this study will open new economic values for Nigerian Raffia Palm fiber as potential reinforcement material for both domestic and international markets and applications. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115069677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A reservoir characterization study was conducted on three wells located in X Field, situated in the Onshore region of the Niger Delta. A suite of conventional digital well logs was utilized to identify hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, determine reservoir petrophysical parameters, and infer the depositional environment. The study delineated four hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, labeled A, B, C, and D, with porosity estimates ranging from 25% to 27%, and permeability values varying from 1863.22md to 2759.78md. These results suggest that the reservoirs have good storage capacity and permit free flow of fluids, consistent with prior research in the Niger Delta. The water saturation values, ranging from 43% to 70% for Well X and 53% to 94% for Well Y, indicate the presence of significant hydrocarbon in reservoir C, while Well Z did not contain any hydrocarbon. The estimation of oil and gas resources indicated that Well X contains 1.11 X 105 barrels/acre of oil and 5.16 X 107 cubic feet/acre of gas, while Well Y contains 4.43 X 106 cubic feet of gas. The analysis of the volume of shale (0.15-0.19) revealed that the reservoirs range from slightly shaly sand to shaly sand. Based on the log motifs, the study suggests that the reservoirs are mainly fluvial channel deposits, and the rapid alternation of thin beds of sand and shale indicates deposits of delta progradation and river floodplain deposits.
对位于尼日尔三角洲陆上区域X油田的三口井进行了储层表征研究。利用一套常规数字测井资料识别含油气储层，确定储层岩石物性参数，推断沉积环境。该研究圈定了4个含油气储层，分别为A、B、C和D，孔隙度估计范围为25% ~ 27%，渗透率范围为1863.22md ~ 2759.78md。这些结果表明，储层具有良好的储存能力，允许流体自由流动，这与尼日尔三角洲先前的研究结果一致。X井的含水饱和度在43% ~ 70%之间，Y井的含水饱和度在53% ~ 94%之间，这表明C储层中存在大量的油气，而Z井则不含任何油气。对油气资源的估算表明，X井的产油量为1.11 X 105桶/英亩，天然气储量为5.16 X 107立方英尺/英亩，而Y井的天然气储量为4.43 X 106立方英尺。页岩体积(0.15 ~ 0.19)分析表明，储层范围为微泥质砂-泥质砂。基于测井母图，研究认为储层以河道沉积为主，砂泥薄层的快速交替表明储层为三角洲沉积和河漫滩沉积。
{"title":"Petrophysical properties and volume estimation of hydrocarbon resources in x field, onshore niger delta: A reservoir characterization study","authors":"E.G. Maju-Oyovwikowhe, E. Ighodaro","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.14","url":null,"abstract":"A reservoir characterization study was conducted on three wells located in X Field, situated in the Onshore region of the Niger Delta. A suite of conventional digital well logs was utilized to identify hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, determine reservoir petrophysical parameters, and infer the depositional environment. The study delineated four hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, labeled A, B, C, and D, with porosity estimates ranging from 25% to 27%, and permeability values varying from 1863.22md to 2759.78md. These results suggest that the reservoirs have good storage capacity and permit free flow of fluids, consistent with prior research in the Niger Delta. The water saturation values, ranging from 43% to 70% for Well X and 53% to 94% for Well Y, indicate the presence of significant hydrocarbon in reservoir C, while Well Z did not contain any hydrocarbon. The estimation of oil and gas resources indicated that Well X contains 1.11 X 105 barrels/acre of oil and 5.16 X 107 cubic feet/acre of gas, while Well Y contains 4.43 X 106 cubic feet of gas. The analysis of the volume of shale (0.15-0.19) revealed that the reservoirs range from slightly shaly sand to shaly sand. Based on the log motifs, the study suggests that the reservoirs are mainly fluvial channel deposits, and the rapid alternation of thin beds of sand and shale indicates deposits of delta progradation and river floodplain deposits.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129962203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Okengwu, L. Onyejegbu, L. U. Oghenekaro, M. Musa, A. O. Ugbari
Numerous ethical and environmental questions are raised by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture or precision farming. This study examines strategies that can solve environmental and ethical concerns as well as the negative effects artificial intelligence in agriculture may have on the environment and society. It employed a thorough literature study to determine the adverse effects of AI on the environment and ethics in Africa, as well as the suggested counter measures. The rate of carbon emissions is rising as a result of AI models, and constant power supply in our farms. Additionally, the ethical issues around data ownership rights, privacy and security, data bias, and the belief that AI in agriculture will someday entirely replace occupations designated for farmers were explored, along with suggestions for mitigating each of these issues. African academics, policymakers, and innovators are crucial for ensuring that AI solutions are in line with African priorities and requirements.
{"title":"Environmental and ethical negative implications of AI in agriculture and proposed mitigation measures","authors":"U. Okengwu, L. Onyejegbu, L. U. Oghenekaro, M. Musa, A. O. Ugbari","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.13","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous ethical and environmental questions are raised by the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in agriculture or precision farming. This study examines strategies that can solve environmental and ethical concerns as well as the negative effects artificial intelligence in agriculture may have on the environment and society. It employed a thorough literature study to determine the adverse effects of AI on the environment and ethics in Africa, as well as the suggested counter measures. The rate of carbon emissions is rising as a result of AI models, and constant power supply in our farms. Additionally, the ethical issues around data ownership rights, privacy and security, data bias, and the belief that AI in agriculture will someday entirely replace occupations designated for farmers were explored, along with suggestions for mitigating each of these issues. African academics, policymakers, and innovators are crucial for ensuring that AI solutions are in line with African priorities and requirements. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125937181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ibikunle, A. Ogunneye, N. Sanyaolu, K.A. Olutayo, S. Ogundare, A. Ogunmoye, O. ATEWOLARA-ODULE, S. Yussuf, K. Moberuagba
In this work, acrylamide grafted Kolanut Pod Husk cellulose adsorbents were successfully prepared via chemical modification of Kola nut pod husk cellulose with acrylamide and N, N’- methylenebisacrylamide. The modified adsorbents were successfully applied for the adsorptive removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions at different parameters, such as pH of the solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial metal ion concentrations were optimized. Qualitative analysis of the modified adsorbents was performed by Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Characterization analyses portrayed the surface of adsorbents as being short elongated shaped with dispersed pores and composed of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups as the main binding sites. The optimum conditions for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ were found to be: pH; 5, adsorbent dosage; 3.5 and 4 g L-1 , concentration; 60 mg L-1 and contact time; 160 min. Adsorption data were fully fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir isotherm model, and a pseudo-second order, Elovich kinetic model. The adsorption of metal ion was heterogenous in nature with qmax of 55.14 mg g-1 and 62.09 mg g-1 for Pb2+, 54.82 mg g-1 , and 60.43 mg gfor Cu2+ respectively. These results showed that the modified adsorbents were able to efficiently remove Pb2+ and Cu2+ from aqueous solutions.
{"title":"Application of modified cellulose for Pb2+ and Cu2+ removal from aqueous solutions: Kinetic and isotherms studies","authors":"A. Ibikunle, A. Ogunneye, N. Sanyaolu, K.A. Olutayo, S. Ogundare, A. Ogunmoye, O. ATEWOLARA-ODULE, S. Yussuf, K. Moberuagba","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, acrylamide grafted Kolanut Pod Husk cellulose adsorbents were successfully prepared via chemical modification of Kola nut pod husk cellulose with acrylamide and N, N’- methylenebisacrylamide. The modified adsorbents were successfully applied for the adsorptive removal of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions at different parameters, such as pH of the solution, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial metal ion concentrations were optimized. Qualitative analysis of the modified adsorbents was performed by Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Characterization analyses portrayed the surface of adsorbents as being short elongated shaped with dispersed pores and composed of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups as the main binding sites. The optimum conditions for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ were found to be: pH; 5, adsorbent dosage; 3.5 and 4 g L-1 , concentration; 60 mg L-1 and contact time; 160 min. Adsorption data were fully fitted with the Freundlich, Langmuir isotherm model, and a pseudo-second order, Elovich kinetic model. The adsorption of metal ion was heterogenous in nature with qmax of 55.14 mg g-1 and 62.09 mg g-1 for Pb2+, 54.82 mg g-1 , and 60.43 mg gfor Cu2+ respectively. These results showed that the modified adsorbents were able to efficiently remove Pb2+ and Cu2+ from aqueous solutions. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114592141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pneumonia is a chronic inflammation illness that affects both children and adults and is spread by various bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Since there are not enough specialists and facilities to interpret the findings of lab-based diagnosis, resulting to several cases of Pneumonia-related deaths. When the disease is discovered at an early stage as opposed to a later stage, it can be easily managed or controlled. The aim of the study is to create an effective pneumonia disease detection and classification system that uses Naive Bayesian and random forest Algorithms. The hash-based function was applied to train the model on X-ray chest samples from patients with pneumonia in order to improve detection accuracy and decrease classification errors. The hashing-based function was employed to compute and convert X-ray image features to a corresponding numerical code or label stored in a relative address and used as an array of reference given the associated values. The system was implemented using a future scaling technique that required the use of a hash encoding algorithm for the categorical labels of the target variable, and it improved model performance. We validated and compared the techniques in terms of accuracy and RMSE across different fine-tuned hyper-parameter values. The RF produced 97% with 3.33 error rate while NB recorded 99.08% accuracy rate as the best with 0.020 RMSE value.
{"title":"Pneumonia disease detection and classification system using naive Bayesian technique","authors":"T. Ojetunmibi, P. O. Asagba, U. Okengwu","doi":"10.4314/sa.v22i1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v22i1.10","url":null,"abstract":"Pneumonia is a chronic inflammation illness that affects both children and adults and is spread by various bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Since there are not enough specialists and facilities to interpret the findings of lab-based diagnosis, resulting to several cases of Pneumonia-related deaths. When the disease is discovered at an early stage as opposed to a later stage, it can be easily managed or controlled. The aim of the study is to create an effective pneumonia disease detection and classification system that uses Naive Bayesian and random forest Algorithms. The hash-based function was applied to train the model on X-ray chest samples from patients with pneumonia in order to improve detection accuracy and decrease classification errors. The hashing-based function was employed to compute and convert X-ray image features to a corresponding numerical code or label stored in a relative address and used as an array of reference given the associated values. The system was implemented using a future scaling technique that required the use of a hash encoding algorithm for the categorical labels of the target variable, and it improved model performance. We validated and compared the techniques in terms of accuracy and RMSE across different fine-tuned hyper-parameter values. The RF produced 97% with 3.33 error rate while NB recorded 99.08% accuracy rate as the best with 0.020 RMSE value.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131098807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the aquifer properties and lithological structure of Abraka, Nigeria, specifically the Delta State University Site I and III environs. Ten Schlumberger geoelectric soundings, geophysical well logging and pumping test method were employed using an ABEM Terrameter. A drilled water well and existing borehole data were used for this study. The result of the lithological study revealed that the subsurface formations consist of topsoil, lateritic sand, fine and medium grain sand mixed with clay. The topsoil is brownish with thickness of 2 m, the laterite is reddish with thickness of 4 m, the fine sand is whitish with thickness of 10 m, and the medium sand is also whitish with thickness >12 m. The results of the evaluation of the geoelectric data using curve matching and Win Resist computer iteration was in strong agreement with that of the well record, with a subsurface that is composed of 4 to 6 geo-electric layers. The depth ranges from 13.5m to 97.8m while the resistivity ranges from 1021.2 Ωm to 9092.4 Ωm. A core soil sample collected at an interval of 5m, spontaneous potential and resistivity logs were carried out on the well. The hydraulic conductivity, well's transmissivity, storativity, and specific capacity are 102.7m2/day, 5.14 m/day, 0.00062 and 0.39 m3/m respectively. It is recommended that a drill depth of 30 m and above should be accessed for potable water in the area. From the result of this survey, we infer that this aquifer is confined and capable of supplying the people with adequate and good quality drinking water.
{"title":"Determination of groundwater potential using electrical resistivity survey and borehole logging in sites I and III of Delta State University, Abraka Nigeria","authors":"J. Okonkwo, J. Egbai","doi":"10.4314/sa.v21i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the aquifer properties and lithological structure of Abraka, Nigeria, specifically the Delta State University Site I and III environs. Ten Schlumberger geoelectric soundings, geophysical well logging and pumping test method were employed using an ABEM Terrameter. A drilled water well and existing borehole data were used for this study. The result of the lithological study revealed that the subsurface formations consist of topsoil, lateritic sand, fine and medium grain sand mixed with clay. The topsoil is brownish with thickness of 2 m, the laterite is reddish with thickness of 4 m, the fine sand is whitish with thickness of 10 m, and the medium sand is also whitish with thickness >12 m. The results of the evaluation of the geoelectric data using curve matching and Win Resist computer iteration was in strong agreement with that of the well record, with a subsurface that is composed of 4 to 6 geo-electric layers. The depth ranges from 13.5m to 97.8m while the resistivity ranges from 1021.2 Ωm to 9092.4 Ωm. A core soil sample collected at an interval of 5m, spontaneous potential and resistivity logs were carried out on the well. The hydraulic conductivity, well's transmissivity, storativity, and specific capacity are 102.7m2/day, 5.14 m/day, 0.00062 and 0.39 m3/m respectively. It is recommended that a drill depth of 30 m and above should be accessed for potable water in the area. From the result of this survey, we infer that this aquifer is confined and capable of supplying the people with adequate and good quality drinking water.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133503958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research examines the sequence stratigraphic and structural framework of the Gabo Field Niger Delta, Nigeria. Materials used in this research include 3D seismic volume in Seg-Y, ditch cuttings and wells logs. The methods applied are standard methods in addition to using the Frazier and Galloway approach for genetic sequences. The tectonic framework was interpreted in terms of deformational, depositional and post-depositional structures. The deformational structures are faults F1 and F2 – which are closely spaced normal faults and F3 is a syn-depositional growth fault. The depositional structures are pinchouts and interbedded sand/shale sequences whereas the postdepositional structures are compaction and smearing or flexure of the shales. The well correlation shows the sequences are cyclic and the facies analysis of T4 – T9 sands are very fine to medium grained, light to dark brown, texturally mature and moderate to well sorted. The facies associations are fluvial distributary channel, tide dominated fluvial channels, abandoned channel or switching and flood plain deposits. While the depositional environments are upper delta plain, lower delta plain and delta front. Sequence stratigraphic analysis explained the observed increase in shale thickness in the intermediate sections and showed sediment deposition occurred in three (3) systems tracts- Lowstand Systems Tract (LST), the Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST). The sedimentological model showed the environments of deposition had a tidal influence and ranged from fluvial to estuarine. The findings of this research may be applied to similar deltaic basins around the world in planning of oilfield development. In addition it may correlate cyclic successions and predict facies distributions of similar depositional patterns.
{"title":"Sequence stratigraphy and tectonic framework of the Gabo Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria","authors":"T.C. Iheaturu, R. Ideozu, S. Abrakasa, A. Jones","doi":"10.4314/sa.v21i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the sequence stratigraphic and structural framework of the Gabo Field Niger Delta, Nigeria. Materials used in this research include 3D seismic volume in Seg-Y, ditch cuttings and wells logs. The methods applied are standard methods in addition to using the Frazier and Galloway approach for genetic sequences. The tectonic framework was interpreted in terms of deformational, depositional and post-depositional structures. The deformational structures are faults F1 and F2 – which are closely spaced normal faults and F3 is a syn-depositional growth fault. The depositional structures are pinchouts and interbedded sand/shale sequences whereas the postdepositional structures are compaction and smearing or flexure of the shales. The well correlation shows the sequences are cyclic and the facies analysis of T4 – T9 sands are very fine to medium grained, light to dark brown, texturally mature and moderate to well sorted. The facies associations are fluvial distributary channel, tide dominated fluvial channels, abandoned channel or switching and flood plain deposits. While the depositional environments are upper delta plain, lower delta plain and delta front. Sequence stratigraphic analysis explained the observed increase in shale thickness in the intermediate sections and showed sediment deposition occurred in three (3) systems tracts- Lowstand Systems Tract (LST), the Transgressive Systems Tract (TST) and Highstand Systems Tract (HST). The sedimentological model showed the environments of deposition had a tidal influence and ranged from fluvial to estuarine. The findings of this research may be applied to similar deltaic basins around the world in planning of oilfield development. In addition it may correlate cyclic successions and predict facies distributions of similar depositional patterns. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114316584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Akinyele, O. Olabode, I. Okakwu, J.A. Adeosun, M. Sulaiman, A. Okediji
This paper presents the design of energy generation based on the national grid, solar photovoltaic (PV), and diesel-based supply systems for a commercial building in Obanikoro, Lagos with a total demand and peak load of ~56,000 kWh/yr and 13.5 kW, respectively. The grid is simulated based on the average daily supply of 6 hours being experienced in the study location, indicating that the building is not served for an average of 18 hours/day. The paper considers three design configurations: grid, grid + PV, and grid + PV + generator systems in HOMER Microgrid tool and their performances are compared in terms of the annual generation, load not served, and the emissions. A load demand of ~14,000 kWh/yr meaning that 75 % of total demand is not met. A 35.2 kW PV was added to the grid, with both supplying 49,687 and 13,826 kWh/yr, respectively. However, a 6.98% of the load is not served. A 15 kW generator is then added to form the grid + PV+ diesel generator configuration, and the participating energy sources supply 15,818, 49,723 and 4,834 kWh/yr, respectively. This configuration is able to meet the demand without any deficit. The CO2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter and SO2 and nitrogen oxides emissions for the three configurations are 8.824, 0, 0, 0, 0.0383 and 0.0187 tonnes/yr; 8.192, 0, 0, 0, 0.0355 and 0.0174 tonnes/yr, and 11.833, 0.0259, 0.00113, 0.000157, 0.0435 and 0.0407 tonnes/yr, respectively. The study can help to mitigate the energy shortage in commercial buildings.
{"title":"Design and analysis of grid-connected energy systems for commercial buildings","authors":"D. Akinyele, O. Olabode, I. Okakwu, J.A. Adeosun, M. Sulaiman, A. Okediji","doi":"10.4314/sa.v21i3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of energy generation based on the national grid, solar photovoltaic (PV), and diesel-based supply systems for a commercial building in Obanikoro, Lagos with a total demand and peak load of ~56,000 kWh/yr and 13.5 kW, respectively. The grid is simulated based on the average daily supply of 6 hours being experienced in the study location, indicating that the building is not served for an average of 18 hours/day. The paper considers three design configurations: grid, grid + PV, and grid + PV + generator systems in HOMER Microgrid tool and their performances are compared in terms of the annual generation, load not served, and the emissions. A load demand of ~14,000 kWh/yr meaning that 75 % of total demand is not met. A 35.2 kW PV was added to the grid, with both supplying 49,687 and 13,826 kWh/yr, respectively. However, a 6.98% of the load is not served. A 15 kW generator is then added to form the grid + PV+ diesel generator configuration, and the participating energy sources supply 15,818, 49,723 and 4,834 kWh/yr, respectively. This configuration is able to meet the demand without any deficit. The CO2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter and SO2 and nitrogen oxides emissions for the three configurations are 8.824, 0, 0, 0, 0.0383 and 0.0187 tonnes/yr; 8.192, 0, 0, 0, 0.0355 and 0.0174 tonnes/yr, and 11.833, 0.0259, 0.00113, 0.000157, 0.0435 and 0.0407 tonnes/yr, respectively. The study can help to mitigate the energy shortage in commercial buildings. ","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123954303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of deposition of sediments penetrated by Akukwa-1 Well was carried out with a total of 253ditch cuttings using the conventional maceration technique for recovering of acid insoluble organic-walled microfossils from sediments. Sedimentological description delineated five (5) lithological units within the well, which included those of Nkporo Shale, Mamu Formation, Ajali Sandstone, Nsukka Formation and Imo Shale. A total of 14 genera and 35 species of dinoflagellate cyst were identified. The recovered dinocysts were used to establish palaeoenvironment which ranged from marginal to shallow marine, the forms were also used to propose four (4) informal dinoflagellate cyst zonations labelled (A-D) based on the first and last occurrences of two or more species. They included Zone A (Apectodinium paniculatum zone), occurring at 7990ft(Maastrichtian), zone B(Paleocystodinium australinium zone) occurring between 7990ft -4000ft (Upper Maastrichtian), zone C(Apectodinium homomorphum zone) occurring between 4000ft -2550ft (Upper Maastrichtian), and zone D(Homotryblum palladium zone) occurring between 5550ft-1520ft(Paleocene- Early Eocene). The erected dinocyst zones were correlated with the existing biozones in tropical areas of Africa and northern South America.
{"title":"Late maastrichtian- early eocene dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and aleoenvironmental study of sediments in Akukwa-1 well in the Anambra Basin","authors":"G. Soronnadi-Ononiwu, Y. Yikarebogha, N. Ukpabi","doi":"10.4314/sa.v21i3.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i3.15","url":null,"abstract":"Dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of deposition of sediments penetrated by Akukwa-1 Well was carried out with a total of 253ditch cuttings using the conventional maceration technique for recovering of acid insoluble organic-walled microfossils from sediments. Sedimentological description delineated five (5) lithological units within the well, which included those of Nkporo Shale, Mamu Formation, Ajali Sandstone, Nsukka Formation and Imo Shale. A total of 14 genera and 35 species of dinoflagellate cyst were identified. The recovered dinocysts were used to establish palaeoenvironment which ranged from marginal to shallow marine, the forms were also used to propose four (4) informal dinoflagellate cyst zonations labelled (A-D) based on the first and last occurrences of two or more species. They included Zone A (Apectodinium paniculatum zone), occurring at 7990ft(Maastrichtian), zone B(Paleocystodinium australinium zone) occurring between 7990ft -4000ft (Upper Maastrichtian), zone C(Apectodinium homomorphum zone) occurring between 4000ft -2550ft (Upper Maastrichtian), and zone D(Homotryblum palladium zone) occurring between 5550ft-1520ft(Paleocene- Early Eocene). The erected dinocyst zones were correlated with the existing biozones in tropical areas of Africa and northern South America.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"118 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114224126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Yussuf, A. Ibikunle, N. Sanyaolu, S. Ogundare, M. A. Adesanya, C.O. Atewolara- Odule, A. Ogunmoye, A. Adeleke, A. Hashimi, O. Olubomehin
A contemporary strategy in the starch industries is the diversification of raw materials. However, the hydrophilic nature of starch limits its use as a raw material for food and packaging products, resulting in a low level of biodegradation. To address this issue, it is imperative that starch be chemically modified. Starch phosphates are among the most common and commonly used chemically modified starches. In this study, native red cocoyam starch (NRCS) and native white cocoyam starch (NWCS) were chemically modified with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate as phosphorylating agent to produce red cocoyam starch phosphate (PRCS) and white cocoyam starch phosphate (PWCS). The functional and pasting properties of the native and starch phosphates of both cocoyam species were evaluated and compared. The starch yield increased from ~ 17% for NRCS to ~ 25% for PRCS and from ~ 12% for NWCS to ~ 20% for PWCS. The water and oil absorption capacities were 97.00 & 143.00% for NRCS and 78.00 & 164.00% for NWCS, whereas for PRCS it was 160.00 & 153.00% and for PWCS it was 127.00 & 173.00% respectively. NRCS and PRCS had a foam capacity of 8.80 and 9.00% while NWCS and PWCS had 8.00 and 10.00% respectively. Phosphorylation had a significant impact on the pasting properties leading to a reduction in the peak, breakdown, set back, and final viscosities of the native cocoyam starches. In conclusion, phosphorylation considerably improved the functional and pasting qualities of red and white cocoyam starch, revealing its tremendous application potential in the formulation of food components, as a stabilizer, tablet binders in pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the packaging industries.
{"title":"Preparation, functional and pasting behavior of starch phosphates of red cocoyam (Colocosia esculenta) and white cocoyam (Colocosia antiquorum): a comparative study","authors":"S. Yussuf, A. Ibikunle, N. Sanyaolu, S. Ogundare, M. A. Adesanya, C.O. Atewolara- Odule, A. Ogunmoye, A. Adeleke, A. Hashimi, O. Olubomehin","doi":"10.4314/sa.v21i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sa.v21i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"A contemporary strategy in the starch industries is the diversification of raw materials. However, the hydrophilic nature of starch limits its use as a raw material for food and packaging products, resulting in a low level of biodegradation. To address this issue, it is imperative that starch be chemically modified. Starch phosphates are among the most common and commonly used chemically modified starches. In this study, native red cocoyam starch (NRCS) and native white cocoyam starch (NWCS) were chemically modified with di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate as phosphorylating agent to produce red cocoyam starch phosphate (PRCS) and white cocoyam starch phosphate (PWCS). The functional and pasting properties of the native and starch phosphates of both cocoyam species were evaluated and compared. The starch yield increased from ~ 17% for NRCS to ~ 25% for PRCS and from ~ 12% for NWCS to ~ 20% for PWCS. The water and oil absorption capacities were 97.00 & 143.00% for NRCS and 78.00 & 164.00% for NWCS, whereas for PRCS it was 160.00 & 153.00% and for PWCS it was 127.00 & 173.00% respectively. NRCS and PRCS had a foam capacity of 8.80 and 9.00% while NWCS and PWCS had 8.00 and 10.00% respectively. Phosphorylation had a significant impact on the pasting properties leading to a reduction in the peak, breakdown, set back, and final viscosities of the native cocoyam starches. In conclusion, phosphorylation considerably improved the functional and pasting qualities of red and white cocoyam starch, revealing its tremendous application potential in the formulation of food components, as a stabilizer, tablet binders in pharmaceutical industries, as well as in the packaging industries.","PeriodicalId":166410,"journal":{"name":"Scientia Africana","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124734957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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