Pub Date : 2014-03-07DOI: 10.2174/1874840601407010006
Brittnay Whitted-Haag, D. Kopsell, D. Kopsell, R. Rhykerd
This study investigated the effects of foliar Si and Ti applications on annual bedding plant growth and quality in soilless media. The five annual plant species selected were geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum 'Elite Cherry'), impa- tiens (Impatiens walleriana 'Accent White'), pansy (Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Marina'), petunia (Petunia x hybrid 'Celebrity White') and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus 'Montego Purple'). Sodium silicate (NaSiO3) supplied fo- liar treatments of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Si·L -1 and Ti-ascorbate (Tytanit ® ) supplied foliar treatments of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg Ti·L -1 . Silicon treatments affected plant height for all five species, while Ti treatments only affected plant height for geranium, petunia and snapdragon. Snapdragon plant height increased linearly in response to Si and Ti treat- ments. Plant height increased, then decreased quadratically for geranium with Ti treatments and pansy with Si treatments. The number of days to flower for petunias exhibited a linear decrease with Ti treatments while impatiens exhibited a lin- ear increase with Si and Ti treatments. Geranium responded with a quadratic decrease, then increase for the number of days to flower with increasing Ti treatments. The chlorophyll SPAD content of impatiens exhibited a linear decrease in response to Ti treatments, while geranium had the same response to Si treatments. Silicon and Ti supplementations were found to affect growth and quality characteristics of annual bedding plants. However, this response was species specific and further research is needed to assess the specific impacts of Si and Ti on additional annual crop species and varieties grown in soilless media.
{"title":"Foliar Silicon and Titanium Applications Influence Growth and Quality Characteristics of Annual Bedding Plants","authors":"Brittnay Whitted-Haag, D. Kopsell, D. Kopsell, R. Rhykerd","doi":"10.2174/1874840601407010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601407010006","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effects of foliar Si and Ti applications on annual bedding plant growth and quality in soilless media. The five annual plant species selected were geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum 'Elite Cherry'), impa- tiens (Impatiens walleriana 'Accent White'), pansy (Viola x wittrockiana 'Delta Premium Marina'), petunia (Petunia x hybrid 'Celebrity White') and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus 'Montego Purple'). Sodium silicate (NaSiO3) supplied fo- liar treatments of 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg Si·L -1 and Ti-ascorbate (Tytanit ® ) supplied foliar treatments of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg Ti·L -1 . Silicon treatments affected plant height for all five species, while Ti treatments only affected plant height for geranium, petunia and snapdragon. Snapdragon plant height increased linearly in response to Si and Ti treat- ments. Plant height increased, then decreased quadratically for geranium with Ti treatments and pansy with Si treatments. The number of days to flower for petunias exhibited a linear decrease with Ti treatments while impatiens exhibited a lin- ear increase with Si and Ti treatments. Geranium responded with a quadratic decrease, then increase for the number of days to flower with increasing Ti treatments. The chlorophyll SPAD content of impatiens exhibited a linear decrease in response to Ti treatments, while geranium had the same response to Si treatments. Silicon and Ti supplementations were found to affect growth and quality characteristics of annual bedding plants. However, this response was species specific and further research is needed to assess the specific impacts of Si and Ti on additional annual crop species and varieties grown in soilless media.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114457111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-02-07DOI: 10.2174/1874840601407010001
D. Fadel, S. Kintzios, A. Economou, G. Moschopoulou, H. Constantinidou
One hundred spearmint (Mentha spicata) plantlets were regenerated from apical shoot segments of ten field- grown donor plants. Although the accumulation of rosmarinic acid and total phenolics in vitro was almost half than in vivo, regenerants demonstrated a tenfold-higher hydrogen peroxide compared to the donor plants. This finding may have been associated with the increased activity of hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase, a key enzyme of the phenolic biosyn- thetic pathway and the increased production of yet unidentified phenolic compounds in vitro. This process of in vitro cul- ture associated with a reduction of rosmarinic acid and total phenolics and with an increase of the antioxidant capacity in- dicated the possible promotion of in vitro-specific biosynthetic pathways.
{"title":"Increased Antioxidant Activity, Despite Reduced Rosmarinic Acid Accumulation in Methanolic Extracts, of Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Plantlets Regenerated In Vitro","authors":"D. Fadel, S. Kintzios, A. Economou, G. Moschopoulou, H. Constantinidou","doi":"10.2174/1874840601407010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601407010001","url":null,"abstract":"One hundred spearmint (Mentha spicata) plantlets were regenerated from apical shoot segments of ten field- grown donor plants. Although the accumulation of rosmarinic acid and total phenolics in vitro was almost half than in vivo, regenerants demonstrated a tenfold-higher hydrogen peroxide compared to the donor plants. This finding may have been associated with the increased activity of hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase, a key enzyme of the phenolic biosyn- thetic pathway and the increased production of yet unidentified phenolic compounds in vitro. This process of in vitro cul- ture associated with a reduction of rosmarinic acid and total phenolics and with an increase of the antioxidant capacity in- dicated the possible promotion of in vitro-specific biosynthetic pathways.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133675760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-08-16DOI: 10.2174/1874840620130807001
A. Mujib, S. Banerjee, M. Maqsood, P. Ghosh
Somatic embryogenesis has been employed in various basic and applied studies such as cellular differentiation of plants, generating transgenic en masse and for mass propagation of elite, endangered and ornamental plants. The stud- ies undertaken in some monocot genera (Eucharis, Hippeastrum, Crinum, Caladium, Gloriosa and Allium) suggest that in vitro embryogeny may also help in establishing relationship among plants, plant groups of similar or dissimilar history. The investigated plants are a few representative monocotyledonous genera, belonging to closely-related families in which in vitro embryogenesis was studied. The observations indicated that Eucharis and Hippeastrum, member genera of the family Amaryllidaceae showed similarity, while Crinum of the same family showed dissimilarities in in vitro em- bryogeny. In these investigated monocot plants, secondary embryo formations were not observed on primary embryos. Beside embryo ontogeny, the structure and development of embryo, some degrees of similarities in the requirement of plant growth regulator (PGR), especially the BAP's participation (2.22- 4.40 µM) in embryo formation, presence of em- bryo dormancy was also noted. The scanning electron microscopy of embryo was conducted and has been presented in this communication. It is envisaged that similar in vitro embryogenesis studies involving plants belonging to different po- sitions in phylogenetic tree would be immensely valuable in future research including in vitro embryogenesis.
{"title":"Somatic Embryogenesis of Some Member Ornamental Genera of Amaryllidaceae and Allied Families: the Similarities and Differences","authors":"A. Mujib, S. Banerjee, M. Maqsood, P. Ghosh","doi":"10.2174/1874840620130807001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840620130807001","url":null,"abstract":"Somatic embryogenesis has been employed in various basic and applied studies such as cellular differentiation of plants, generating transgenic en masse and for mass propagation of elite, endangered and ornamental plants. The stud- ies undertaken in some monocot genera (Eucharis, Hippeastrum, Crinum, Caladium, Gloriosa and Allium) suggest that in vitro embryogeny may also help in establishing relationship among plants, plant groups of similar or dissimilar history. The investigated plants are a few representative monocotyledonous genera, belonging to closely-related families in which in vitro embryogenesis was studied. The observations indicated that Eucharis and Hippeastrum, member genera of the family Amaryllidaceae showed similarity, while Crinum of the same family showed dissimilarities in in vitro em- bryogeny. In these investigated monocot plants, secondary embryo formations were not observed on primary embryos. Beside embryo ontogeny, the structure and development of embryo, some degrees of similarities in the requirement of plant growth regulator (PGR), especially the BAP's participation (2.22- 4.40 µM) in embryo formation, presence of em- bryo dormancy was also noted. The scanning electron microscopy of embryo was conducted and has been presented in this communication. It is envisaged that similar in vitro embryogenesis studies involving plants belonging to different po- sitions in phylogenetic tree would be immensely valuable in future research including in vitro embryogenesis.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127873398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-22DOI: 10.2174/1874840601306010001
H. Bhardwaj, A. Hamama
Evaluation of green immature seeds from ten cultivars of white lupin (Lupinus albus L., Fabaceae), grown in two locations in Virginia (USA) during two years, indicated that physiological mature but green white lupin seeds con- tained 33 percent protein and 7 oil on dry weight basis. Contents of C18:3, saturated, unsaturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in white lupin green seeds were 10, 18, 84, 40, and 42 percent of total oil, respectively. White lupin green seeds contained 0.39, 1.34, 0.20, 0.37, 0.21, and 0.03 percent, dry weight basis, of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and Na, respectively. White lupin green seeds contained 56, 8, 224, 8, 56, and 22 mg/kg Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B, respectively. Contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, and total sugars in green white lupin seeds were 0.25, 0.42, 2.71, 1.17, 6.01, 1.32, and 11.98 g/100 g meal, respectively. Growing locations significantly affected composi- tion of green white lupin seeds whereas effects of cultivars were limited. White lupin green seeds compared well with green peas and vegetable soybean seeds. Results indicated that white lupin green seeds may have potential as human food.
{"title":"Cultivar and Growing Location Effects on Fatty Acids, Minerals, and Sugars in Green Seeds of White Lupin (Lupinus albus L.)","authors":"H. Bhardwaj, A. Hamama","doi":"10.2174/1874840601306010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601306010001","url":null,"abstract":"Evaluation of green immature seeds from ten cultivars of white lupin (Lupinus albus L., Fabaceae), grown in two locations in Virginia (USA) during two years, indicated that physiological mature but green white lupin seeds con- tained 33 percent protein and 7 oil on dry weight basis. Contents of C18:3, saturated, unsaturated, mono-unsaturated, and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in white lupin green seeds were 10, 18, 84, 40, and 42 percent of total oil, respectively. White lupin green seeds contained 0.39, 1.34, 0.20, 0.37, 0.21, and 0.03 percent, dry weight basis, of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and Na, respectively. White lupin green seeds contained 56, 8, 224, 8, 56, and 22 mg/kg Fe, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B, respectively. Contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, verbascose, and total sugars in green white lupin seeds were 0.25, 0.42, 2.71, 1.17, 6.01, 1.32, and 11.98 g/100 g meal, respectively. Growing locations significantly affected composi- tion of green white lupin seeds whereas effects of cultivars were limited. White lupin green seeds compared well with green peas and vegetable soybean seeds. Results indicated that white lupin green seeds may have potential as human food.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130790727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-27DOI: 10.2174/1874840601205010006
G. Armel, D. Kopsell, J. J. Vargas, P. L. Rardon, M. Ruggiero, Steven A. Gower
Studies were conducted to determine how a serine to threonine mutation at position 264 on the Qb binding niche of the D1 protein (urea-resistant/triazine resistant (UR/TR biotype)) in common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) im- pacted carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment pools and measurements of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) following applications of various inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (CBI) and the Photosystem II (PSII) inhibi- tor diuron when applied alone, or in mixtures, as compared to wildtype (WT) purslane. Non-photochemical quenching de- creased 138 to 531% in comparison to the untreated checks following any herbicide application. Most CBI herbicides and diuron did not change chl a and chl b in the UR/TR biotype, while these same herbicide treatments tended to sharply de- crease chlorophyll pigments in the WT population. Zeaxanthin levels were sharply elevated when CBI herbicides were applied alone to both purslane biotypes. β-carotene reduced in both biotypes following herbicide applications in compari- son to the untreated check. Neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, and lutein were generally increased or remained similar to the un- treated controls in the herbicide treated UR/TR biotype, while levels of these carotenoids tended to decrease in the herbi- cide treated WT population. Diuron alone increased neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin by 4 to 200% in the UR/TR biotype, but decreased these same carotenoids 25 to 62% in the WT population. The applications of CBI and PSII herbicides demonstrate that redox signaling in response to this mutation in the D1 protein may impact the retention of plant pigment concentrations in the light harvesting complexes of PSII, which would be vital for stress tolerance in this biotype.
{"title":"Differential Photosynthetic Efficiency and Pigment Content in Two Common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Biotypes","authors":"G. Armel, D. Kopsell, J. J. Vargas, P. L. Rardon, M. Ruggiero, Steven A. Gower","doi":"10.2174/1874840601205010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601205010006","url":null,"abstract":"Studies were conducted to determine how a serine to threonine mutation at position 264 on the Qb binding niche of the D1 protein (urea-resistant/triazine resistant (UR/TR biotype)) in common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) im- pacted carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment pools and measurements of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) following applications of various inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (CBI) and the Photosystem II (PSII) inhibi- tor diuron when applied alone, or in mixtures, as compared to wildtype (WT) purslane. Non-photochemical quenching de- creased 138 to 531% in comparison to the untreated checks following any herbicide application. Most CBI herbicides and diuron did not change chl a and chl b in the UR/TR biotype, while these same herbicide treatments tended to sharply de- crease chlorophyll pigments in the WT population. Zeaxanthin levels were sharply elevated when CBI herbicides were applied alone to both purslane biotypes. β-carotene reduced in both biotypes following herbicide applications in compari- son to the untreated check. Neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, and lutein were generally increased or remained similar to the un- treated controls in the herbicide treated UR/TR biotype, while levels of these carotenoids tended to decrease in the herbi- cide treated WT population. Diuron alone increased neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin by 4 to 200% in the UR/TR biotype, but decreased these same carotenoids 25 to 62% in the WT population. The applications of CBI and PSII herbicides demonstrate that redox signaling in response to this mutation in the D1 protein may impact the retention of plant pigment concentrations in the light harvesting complexes of PSII, which would be vital for stress tolerance in this biotype.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134013872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-07-13DOI: 10.2174/1874840601205010001
A. Ferrante, A. Trivellini, A. Mensuali-Sodi
Leaf yellowing or petal senescence is the main postharvest disorder for many cut flowers. Plant hormones such as cytokinins are able to inhibit leaf yellowing in some cut flowers and potted plants. In our experiments, we applied thidiazuron aiming to delay leaf yellowing and 1-methylciclopropene (1-MCP) for inhibiting flower senescence of cut stock flowers during vase life. Cut flowers were pulse treated with water (control), 5 M TDZ, 500 nL L -1 1-MCP or combinations 5 M TDZ+500 nL L -1 1-MCP, 5 M TDZ+500 nL L -1 1-MCP+10 L L -1 ethylene or 10 L L -1 ethylene. All treatments were applied for 24 h (pulse), except for the 1-MCP that was applied for 6 h. The effect of treatments was evaluated by chlorophyll determination, petal fall, leaf yellowing appearance, vase life and ethylene production. Pulse treatment with TDZ was able to delay leaf yellowing in light during whole experimental period (30 days). During the first days after TDZ treatment, the chlorophyll b biosynthesis was strongly induced, after 5 days were the initial val- ues, 3-fold higher while the total chlorophyll did not change. The TDZ stimulated ethylene production such as 1-MCP as soon as after 24 h. The ethylene production was found in cut flowers treated with ethylene, reaching 9 nl g -1 h -1 in leaves and 6.5 nl g -1 h -1 in detached flowers. The 1-MCP dramatically reduced the efficiency of TDZ even if the vase life of cut
叶片变黄或花瓣衰老是许多切花采收后的主要病害。在一些切花和盆栽植物中，细胞分裂素等植物激素能够抑制叶子变黄。在本实验中，我们使用噻脲延缓叶片变黄，使用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)延缓花瓶砧木花卉的衰老。切花用水脉冲处理(对照)，5M TDZ, 500 nL L -1 - mcp或组合5M TDZ+500 nL L -1 - mcp, 5M TDZ+500 nL L -1 - mcp +10L L -1乙烯或10L L -1乙烯。除1-MCP处理6 h外，所有处理均处理24 h(脉冲)。通过叶绿素测定、花瓣掉落、叶片黄化外观、花瓶寿命和乙烯产量来评价处理的效果。TDZ脉冲处理在整个试验期内(30 d)均能延缓叶片在光下变黄。在TDZ处理后的第1天，叶绿素b的生物合成受到强烈的诱导，第5天为初始值，增加了3倍，而叶绿素总量没有变化。24 h后，TDZ刺激了1-MCP等乙烯的产生。经乙烯处理的切花叶片的乙烯产量为9 nl g -1 h -1，离体花的乙烯产量为6.5 nl g -1 h -1。1-MCP大大降低了TDZ的效率，即使花瓶的切割寿命
{"title":"Interaction of 1-Methylcyclopropene and Thidiazuron on Cut Stock Flowers Vase Life","authors":"A. Ferrante, A. Trivellini, A. Mensuali-Sodi","doi":"10.2174/1874840601205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601205010001","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf yellowing or petal senescence is the main postharvest disorder for many cut flowers. Plant hormones such as cytokinins are able to inhibit leaf yellowing in some cut flowers and potted plants. In our experiments, we applied thidiazuron aiming to delay leaf yellowing and 1-methylciclopropene (1-MCP) for inhibiting flower senescence of cut stock flowers during vase life. Cut flowers were pulse treated with water (control), 5 M TDZ, 500 nL L -1 1-MCP or combinations 5 M TDZ+500 nL L -1 1-MCP, 5 M TDZ+500 nL L -1 1-MCP+10 L L -1 ethylene or 10 L L -1 ethylene. All treatments were applied for 24 h (pulse), except for the 1-MCP that was applied for 6 h. The effect of treatments was evaluated by chlorophyll determination, petal fall, leaf yellowing appearance, vase life and ethylene production. Pulse treatment with TDZ was able to delay leaf yellowing in light during whole experimental period (30 days). During the first days after TDZ treatment, the chlorophyll b biosynthesis was strongly induced, after 5 days were the initial val- ues, 3-fold higher while the total chlorophyll did not change. The TDZ stimulated ethylene production such as 1-MCP as soon as after 24 h. The ethylene production was found in cut flowers treated with ethylene, reaching 9 nl g -1 h -1 in leaves and 6.5 nl g -1 h -1 in detached flowers. The 1-MCP dramatically reduced the efficiency of TDZ even if the vase life of cut","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129292394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-19DOI: 10.2174/1874840601104010017
Jie He, L. Cheok, L. Qin
Under low growth-irradiance and/or excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization, the roots of leafy vegetables could take up nitrate (NO 3 - ) faster than the plant can convert it to organic nitrogen compounds. NO 3 - is suspected to have carcinogenic effect in human when eaten in high quantity. In this study, lettuce plants were first grown in an aeroponics system with full nutrients (full NO 3 - ) under full sunlight. Six weeks after transplanting, plants were subjected to 7 days of full sunlight and shade with full, 1/2 and 0 NO 3 - respectively. Shoot NO 3 - concentration was higher under shade than under full sunlight regardless of NO 3 - availability after 7 days of treatments. The higher shoot NO 3 - concentration of shade plants was derived from the high NO 3 - accumulated in their roots during the 6 weeks of growth prior to treatments. There were no significant differences in NO 3 - concentrations of shoot and root after re-exposing all plants to full sunlight and full NO 3 - for another 7 days. Total shoot reduced N concentrations were similar among all plants regardless of treatments. These results indicate that reduction or withdrawing NO 3 - from nutrient solution did not affect N metabolism. Low productivity and photosynthesis under shade condition did not result from NO 3 - availability but they were directly caused by low growth irradiance. Thus, to prevent high accumulation of NO 3 - in the shoot, it may be a good practice to withdraw NO 3 - from nutrient solution during cloudy days or to extend the plant growth period a few more days under full sunlight
{"title":"Nitrate Accumulation, Productivity and Photosynthesis of Temperate Butter Head Lettuce under Different Nitrate Availabilities and Growth Irradiances","authors":"Jie He, L. Cheok, L. Qin","doi":"10.2174/1874840601104010017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601104010017","url":null,"abstract":"Under low growth-irradiance and/or excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization, the roots of leafy vegetables could take up nitrate (NO 3 - ) faster than the plant can convert it to organic nitrogen compounds. NO 3 - is suspected to have carcinogenic effect in human when eaten in high quantity. In this study, lettuce plants were first grown in an aeroponics system with full nutrients (full NO 3 - ) under full sunlight. Six weeks after transplanting, plants were subjected to 7 days of full sunlight and shade with full, 1/2 and 0 NO 3 - respectively. Shoot NO 3 - concentration was higher under shade than under full sunlight regardless of NO 3 - availability after 7 days of treatments. The higher shoot NO 3 - concentration of shade plants was derived from the high NO 3 - accumulated in their roots during the 6 weeks of growth prior to treatments. There were no significant differences in NO 3 - concentrations of shoot and root after re-exposing all plants to full sunlight and full NO 3 - for another 7 days. Total shoot reduced N concentrations were similar among all plants regardless of treatments. These results indicate that reduction or withdrawing NO 3 - from nutrient solution did not affect N metabolism. Low productivity and photosynthesis under shade condition did not result from NO 3 - availability but they were directly caused by low growth irradiance. Thus, to prevent high accumulation of NO 3 - in the shoot, it may be a good practice to withdraw NO 3 - from nutrient solution during cloudy days or to extend the plant growth period a few more days under full sunlight","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123842482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-13DOI: 10.2174/1874840601104010010
Abohatem M, Chakrafi F, Jaiti F, Dihazi A, M. Baaziz
Date palm seedlings derived from Jihel (JHL), a susceptible cultivar to Bayoud disease (fusariosis caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, Foa), were subjected to root inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) collected from south Morocco and multiplied on barley as host plant. Successfully colonized plants by mycorrhizal fungi (85 % of treated plants) produced typical intraradical structures (arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae). After ten months of colonization, mycorrhizal plants showed a significant increase in their growth expressed as shoot height, number of leaves per plant, shoot weight, root weight and the total biomass. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (controls) date palm seedlings showed great differences in their leaf contents of phosphorus (P), potassium (K + ) and sodium (Na + ). When compared with controls, P increased more than two folds in mycorrhizal plants, while the values of K + and Na + doubled. When inoculated with Foa by injecting roots with a spore suspension, mycorrhizal (M + Foa) and non- mycorrhizal (C + Foa) date palm seedlings showed significant increases in their root total phenols and peroxidase activities during the first month after inoculation. The highest increases were found in mycorrhizal seedlings accompanied by limited plant death. Mycorrhization alone did not affect significantly total phenols and peroxidase activities during the first week of culture. Plant death decrease in plant lots subjected to root inoculation with the he AMF fungus. As revealed by mycorrhization of date palm seedlings, these results supported the hypothesis that induced resistance to Bayoud disease is mediated by high increases in phenolic compounds and peroxidase activities. These results highlight the importance of mycorrhizal fungi as biocontrol agents to combat Bayoud disease and improve date palm culture in infected palm groves.
{"title":"Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Limit Incidence of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis on Date Palm Seedlings by Increasing Nutrient Contents, Total Phenols and Peroxidase Activities","authors":"Abohatem M, Chakrafi F, Jaiti F, Dihazi A, M. Baaziz","doi":"10.2174/1874840601104010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601104010010","url":null,"abstract":"Date palm seedlings derived from Jihel (JHL), a susceptible cultivar to Bayoud disease (fusariosis caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis, Foa), were subjected to root inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) collected from south Morocco and multiplied on barley as host plant. Successfully colonized plants by mycorrhizal fungi (85 % of treated plants) produced typical intraradical structures (arbuscules, vesicles, hyphae). After ten months of colonization, mycorrhizal plants showed a significant increase in their growth expressed as shoot height, number of leaves per plant, shoot weight, root weight and the total biomass. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal (controls) date palm seedlings showed great differences in their leaf contents of phosphorus (P), potassium (K + ) and sodium (Na + ). When compared with controls, P increased more than two folds in mycorrhizal plants, while the values of K + and Na + doubled. When inoculated with Foa by injecting roots with a spore suspension, mycorrhizal (M + Foa) and non- mycorrhizal (C + Foa) date palm seedlings showed significant increases in their root total phenols and peroxidase activities during the first month after inoculation. The highest increases were found in mycorrhizal seedlings accompanied by limited plant death. Mycorrhization alone did not affect significantly total phenols and peroxidase activities during the first week of culture. Plant death decrease in plant lots subjected to root inoculation with the he AMF fungus. As revealed by mycorrhization of date palm seedlings, these results supported the hypothesis that induced resistance to Bayoud disease is mediated by high increases in phenolic compounds and peroxidase activities. These results highlight the importance of mycorrhizal fungi as biocontrol agents to combat Bayoud disease and improve date palm culture in infected palm groves.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134407583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-01-14DOI: 10.2174/1874840601104010001
K. Bergstrand, S. Khalil, M. Hultberg, B. Alsanius
The efficacy of slow filters for horticultural purposes is suggested to be the result of multiple factors. Physical and biological properties of the filter column and the nutrient solution are likely to influence on filter performance. It has previously been shown that enzyme activity on the filter skin is a main parameter which will explain roughly 50% of filter efficacy. Since enzyme activity is enhanced by the addition of fungal cell walls to the filter skin, presence of a fungal root pathogen might affect enzyme activity and filter efficacy. In this study, slow filters integrated into closed NFT systems with a tomato crop were inoculated with mycelia from Pythium aphanidermatum. Enzyme activity, microbial colonisation, polysaccharide content and DNA content of the filter skin as well as microbial flora and total organic carbon in the nutrient solution were monitored. Tests of filter efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis showed no significant influence on filter efficacy by the addition of P. aphanidermatum. Enzyme activities in the filter skin were not affected by the addition of P. aphanidermatum. A negative correlation was found between biofilm polysaccharide content and activity of xylanase activity on the filter skin. Filter efficacy was high (>99.9%) throughout the study. No damage to the crop as effect of pathogenic fungi was seen. We concluded that abundance of an oomycete pathogen in a closed hydroponic system does not affect filter efficacy, and that the filter skin microflora function, but not composition, is affected by this pathogen.
{"title":"Cross Response of Slow Filters to Dual Pathogen Inoculation in ClosedHydroponic Growing Systems","authors":"K. Bergstrand, S. Khalil, M. Hultberg, B. Alsanius","doi":"10.2174/1874840601104010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601104010001","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy of slow filters for horticultural purposes is suggested to be the result of multiple factors. Physical and biological properties of the filter column and the nutrient solution are likely to influence on filter performance. It has previously been shown that enzyme activity on the filter skin is a main parameter which will explain roughly 50% of filter efficacy. Since enzyme activity is enhanced by the addition of fungal cell walls to the filter skin, presence of a fungal root pathogen might affect enzyme activity and filter efficacy. In this study, slow filters integrated into closed NFT systems with a tomato crop were inoculated with mycelia from Pythium aphanidermatum. Enzyme activity, microbial colonisation, polysaccharide content and DNA content of the filter skin as well as microbial flora and total organic carbon in the nutrient solution were monitored. Tests of filter efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis showed no significant influence on filter efficacy by the addition of P. aphanidermatum. Enzyme activities in the filter skin were not affected by the addition of P. aphanidermatum. A negative correlation was found between biofilm polysaccharide content and activity of xylanase activity on the filter skin. Filter efficacy was high (>99.9%) throughout the study. No damage to the crop as effect of pathogenic fungi was seen. We concluded that abundance of an oomycete pathogen in a closed hydroponic system does not affect filter efficacy, and that the filter skin microflora function, but not composition, is affected by this pathogen.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130989955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-10-21DOI: 10.2174/1874840601003010036
K. Jeong, C. Pasian, M. McMahon, D. Tay
Begonia albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' are conserved at the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC), in Columbus Ohio as a source of germplasm for breeders and researchers. No cultural information for these species is available. Our objective was to evaluate the response of the above mentioned species to different fertilizer concentrations and substrate pH levels. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into plastic containers using a soilless mix. One of five concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 mg·L -1 N of 17-5-17 water soluble fertilizer were applied in irrigation water for 12 weeks. We found significant responses to the fertilizer concentrations and differences among species on weekly measured substrate EC, shoot length, leaf area, dry weight, average number of inflorescences, and SPAD readings. Growth parameters and visual observations were used to determine optimal fertilizer concentration. High quality B. albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, and B. holtonis plants were obtained with 200 to 300 mg·L -1 N. On the other hand, low fertilizer concentration was found to be better for B. foliosa var. miniata and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' in order to avoid high salt stress causing plant death. Seven different pH ranges of the peat-based substrates were obtained by adding different rate of dolomitic hydrated lime ranging from 1.0 to 2.6 kg·m 3 . pH was monitored weekly and maintained accordingly by adding flowable lime or a diluted sulfuric acid solution. The inflorescence number and SPAD readings were significantly different among six species, but there was no significant effect of substrate pH. Significant interaction between species and substrate pH was found in shoot length, leaf area, and dry weight. Substrate pH between 5.6 and 6.0 was found to be adequate for B. albopicta, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia and B. holtonis. B. foliosa var. miniata plant mortality was observed when grown at a substrate pH below 5.2. The information presented in this work will be useful to OPGC personnel in the maintenance of these species at their facilities, as well as to begonia breeders and collectors.
{"title":"Response of Six Begonia Species to Fertilizer Concentration and Substrate pH","authors":"K. Jeong, C. Pasian, M. McMahon, D. Tay","doi":"10.2174/1874840601003010036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601003010036","url":null,"abstract":"Begonia albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' are conserved at the Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC), in Columbus Ohio as a source of germplasm for breeders and researchers. No cultural information for these species is available. Our objective was to evaluate the response of the above mentioned species to different fertilizer concentrations and substrate pH levels. Rooted cuttings were transplanted into plastic containers using a soilless mix. One of five concentrations ranging from 20 to 600 mg·L -1 N of 17-5-17 water soluble fertilizer were applied in irrigation water for 12 weeks. We found significant responses to the fertilizer concentrations and differences among species on weekly measured substrate EC, shoot length, leaf area, dry weight, average number of inflorescences, and SPAD readings. Growth parameters and visual observations were used to determine optimal fertilizer concentration. High quality B. albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, and B. holtonis plants were obtained with 200 to 300 mg·L -1 N. On the other hand, low fertilizer concentration was found to be better for B. foliosa var. miniata and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' in order to avoid high salt stress causing plant death. Seven different pH ranges of the peat-based substrates were obtained by adding different rate of dolomitic hydrated lime ranging from 1.0 to 2.6 kg·m 3 . pH was monitored weekly and maintained accordingly by adding flowable lime or a diluted sulfuric acid solution. The inflorescence number and SPAD readings were significantly different among six species, but there was no significant effect of substrate pH. Significant interaction between species and substrate pH was found in shoot length, leaf area, and dry weight. Substrate pH between 5.6 and 6.0 was found to be adequate for B. albopicta, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia and B. holtonis. B. foliosa var. miniata plant mortality was observed when grown at a substrate pH below 5.2. The information presented in this work will be useful to OPGC personnel in the maintenance of these species at their facilities, as well as to begonia breeders and collectors.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"28 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133426274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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