Pub Date : 2010-10-21DOI: 10.2174/1874840601003010031
D. Fadel, S. Kintzios, A. Economou, G. Moschopoulou, H. Constantinidou
We investigated the effect of inorganic salt concentration on the in vitro organogenesis of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) by using Murashige and Skoog culture medium of different strength (full, half- and quarter strength). The highest number of shoots and roots induced per explant (3.5 and 10, respectively), as well as the maximum average shoot length (16 cm) was observed on half strength medium. The maximum leaf number (35 per explant) and average root length (7 cm) were associated with regeneration on full medium. The highest average phenolic content was observed on shoot extracts (7.20 mg/g f.w.) and root extracts (5.93 mg/g f.w.) cultured onto quarter and half strength medium, respectively. The strength of the culture medium was inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Therefore, for spearmint organogenesis, half strength MS medium offers a compromise between optimum growth in vitro and antioxidant phenolic accumulation.
{"title":"Effect of Different Strength of Medium on Organogenesis, Phenolic Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity of Spearmint (Mentha spicata l.)","authors":"D. Fadel, S. Kintzios, A. Economou, G. Moschopoulou, H. Constantinidou","doi":"10.2174/1874840601003010031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601003010031","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effect of inorganic salt concentration on the in vitro organogenesis of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) by using Murashige and Skoog culture medium of different strength (full, half- and quarter strength). The highest number of shoots and roots induced per explant (3.5 and 10, respectively), as well as the maximum average shoot length (16 cm) was observed on half strength medium. The maximum leaf number (35 per explant) and average root length (7 cm) were associated with regeneration on full medium. The highest average phenolic content was observed on shoot extracts (7.20 mg/g f.w.) and root extracts (5.93 mg/g f.w.) cultured onto quarter and half strength medium, respectively. The strength of the culture medium was inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity of plant extracts. Therefore, for spearmint organogenesis, half strength MS medium offers a compromise between optimum growth in vitro and antioxidant phenolic accumulation.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130327245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-17DOI: 10.2174/1874840601003010021
J. Qasem, K. N. Biftu
The effects of water stress and planting density on the competitive relationships, yield performance, and dynamics in canopy dominance of cowpea (Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) grown in pure and mixed stands were investigated under glasshouse and field conditions. Results showed that water stress at early growth stages reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area, leaf dry weight and lowered pod dry weight of cowpea, and inflorescence dry weight of A. retroflexus. The effect on both species was more pronounced at high planting densities as a result of severe intraspecific competition. In pure stands, cowpea was affected more than A. retroflexus and the effect was more pronounced on reproductive organs development. Growth analysis of both species grown in pure stands for different periods indicated that leaf area was the most descriptive variable in shoot dry weight and total dry weight of both species at early growth stage. A. retroflexus grew at a faster rate with higher net assimilation rate per unit leaf area and allocated more resources to leaves and roots than did cowpea. Results showed that A. retroflexus was stronger competitor than cowpea. Competition reduced growth and competitive abilities of both species mainly by reducing leaf area early in growth but the effect was more pronounced on cowpea. Keyword: A. retroflexus, Vigna sinensis, development, inter-specific competition, intra-specific competition, stress responses.
水分胁迫和种植密度对豇豆(Vigna sinensis, L.)冠层优势竞争关系、产量表现和动态的影响在温室和田间条件下，对纯林分和混交林中生长的苋属植物(Savi ex Hassk)和红根藜属植物(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)进行了研究。结果表明:生长早期水分胁迫降低了豇豆株高、茎干重、叶面积、叶干重和荚果干重，降低了豇豆花序干重;在高种植密度下，由于种内竞争激烈，对两种植物的影响更为明显。在纯林分，豇豆受到的影响大于逆行豇豆，且对生殖器官发育的影响更为明显。两种树种在纯林分不同时期的生长分析表明，叶面积是两种树种生长前期地上部干重和总干重最具描述性的变量。与豇豆相比，黄花豆生长速度更快，单位叶面积净同化率更高，分配给叶和根的资源更多。结果表明，逆行黄豆比豇豆具有更强的竞争能力。竞争降低了两种植物的生长和竞争能力，主要表现为生长早期叶面积的减少，但对豇豆的影响更为明显。关键词:逆行田鼠，中华田鼠，发育，种间竞争，种内竞争，应激反应
{"title":"Growth Analysis and Responses of Cowpea (Vigna Sinensis (L.) Savi Ex Hassk.) and Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Grown in Pure and Mixed Stands, to Density and Water Stresses","authors":"J. Qasem, K. N. Biftu","doi":"10.2174/1874840601003010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601003010021","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of water stress and planting density on the competitive relationships, yield performance, and dynamics in canopy dominance of cowpea (Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi ex Hassk) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) grown in pure and mixed stands were investigated under glasshouse and field conditions. Results showed that water stress at early growth stages reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, leaf area, leaf dry weight and lowered pod dry weight of cowpea, and inflorescence dry weight of A. retroflexus. The effect on both species was more pronounced at high planting densities as a result of severe intraspecific competition. In pure stands, cowpea was affected more than A. retroflexus and the effect was more pronounced on reproductive organs development. Growth analysis of both species grown in pure stands for different periods indicated that leaf area was the most descriptive variable in shoot dry weight and total dry weight of both species at early growth stage. A. retroflexus grew at a faster rate with higher net assimilation rate per unit leaf area and allocated more resources to leaves and roots than did cowpea. Results showed that A. retroflexus was stronger competitor than cowpea. Competition reduced growth and competitive abilities of both species mainly by reducing leaf area early in growth but the effect was more pronounced on cowpea. Keyword: A. retroflexus, Vigna sinensis, development, inter-specific competition, intra-specific competition, stress responses.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116287738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-04-29DOI: 10.2174/1874840601003010011
S. Laywisadkul, L. Fuchigami, C. Scagel, R. Linderman
We investigated whether pear (Pyrus communis L. OHF97) tree growth stage, nitrogen (N) status, wound age, and infection environment influences susceptibility to Phytophthora syringae Klebahn. Actively growing trees were sus- ceptible to the pathogen when inoculated before terminal budset and cooler temperatures increased disease severity. In the autumn, during early stages of dormancy development after budset there was no relationship between temperature after inoculation and susceptibility and as trees became more dormant a negative relationship developed between temperature and susceptibility. Altering tree N status in the autumn after budset by spraying leaves with urea had no influence on sus- ceptibility, regardless of environmental conditions after inoculation. Lesions developed when fresh wounds (0 d to 1 d old) were inoculated after budset, but as wounds aged they were less susceptible to infection. These results suggest a combination of tree growth stage when inoculated with the pathogen and environmental conditions afterward play impor- tant roles in disease development. Differences in susceptibility may be a direct result of temperature on pathogen activity or an indirect effect of temperature on tree metabolic activity. Differences in tree susceptibility related to dormancy devel- opment may be related to stem N status or the ability of trees to produce a barrier to infection after stems are wounded. Surface wounds inflicted during handling after budset may serve as infection locations for P syringae; however the length of time between wound formation and exposure to the pathogen dictates whether infection will occur when trees are in the early stages of dormancy development.
研究了梨(Pyrus communis L. OHF97)生长阶段、氮素状况、伤口年龄和感染环境对丁香疫霉菌(Phytophthora syringae Klebahn)易感性的影响。在终末节前接种时，生长旺盛的树木易受病原菌感染，较低的温度增加了疾病的严重程度。在秋季，在芽定后的休眠发育早期，接种后温度与易感性之间不存在相关关系，随着树木休眠时间的延长，温度与易感性之间呈负相关关系。不论接种后的环境条件如何，在定植后的秋季，通过叶片喷施尿素改变树木氮态对敏感性没有影响。新创面(0 ~ 1 d)接种后，创面发生病变，但随着创面老化，创面不易感染。这些结果表明，接种病原菌时的树木生长阶段和接种后的环境条件对病害的发展起重要作用。易感性的差异可能是温度对病原菌活性的直接影响，也可能是温度对树木代谢活性的间接影响。与休眠发育相关的树木敏感性差异可能与茎N状态或树木在茎受伤后产生抗感染屏障的能力有关。手术后处理过程中造成的表面伤口可能成为丁香假体的感染部位;然而，伤口形成和暴露于病原体之间的时间长度决定了树木在休眠发育的早期阶段是否会发生感染。
{"title":"Tree Growth Stage and Environment After Pathogen Inoculation Alters Susceptibility of Pear Trees to Phytophthora Canker","authors":"S. Laywisadkul, L. Fuchigami, C. Scagel, R. Linderman","doi":"10.2174/1874840601003010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601003010011","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated whether pear (Pyrus communis L. OHF97) tree growth stage, nitrogen (N) status, wound age, and infection environment influences susceptibility to Phytophthora syringae Klebahn. Actively growing trees were sus- ceptible to the pathogen when inoculated before terminal budset and cooler temperatures increased disease severity. In the autumn, during early stages of dormancy development after budset there was no relationship between temperature after inoculation and susceptibility and as trees became more dormant a negative relationship developed between temperature and susceptibility. Altering tree N status in the autumn after budset by spraying leaves with urea had no influence on sus- ceptibility, regardless of environmental conditions after inoculation. Lesions developed when fresh wounds (0 d to 1 d old) were inoculated after budset, but as wounds aged they were less susceptible to infection. These results suggest a combination of tree growth stage when inoculated with the pathogen and environmental conditions afterward play impor- tant roles in disease development. Differences in susceptibility may be a direct result of temperature on pathogen activity or an indirect effect of temperature on tree metabolic activity. Differences in tree susceptibility related to dormancy devel- opment may be related to stem N status or the ability of trees to produce a barrier to infection after stems are wounded. Surface wounds inflicted during handling after budset may serve as infection locations for P syringae; however the length of time between wound formation and exposure to the pathogen dictates whether infection will occur when trees are in the early stages of dormancy development.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126518075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-02-11DOI: 10.2174/1874840601003010001
A. Gupta, K. Khosla, S. Bhardwaj, Aman Thakur, S. Devi, R. Jarial, C. Sharma, K. Singh, D. Srivastava, R. Lal
Crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the major limiting factor in raising healthy stone fruit plants in nurseries. The incidence of crown gall varies from 4 to 97.5 per cent at different locations resulting in out right rejection of an average of 30 per cent stone fruit plants in nurseries. Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84 has been re- ported to provide nearly complete control of this disease, however this strain is not available in India. Therefore, the pre- sent work was aimed to evaluate the antagonistic activity of twelve native A. radiobacter isolates from peach cv. Redhaven, July Elberta and cherry cv. Stella rhizosphere soil against A. tumefaciens. Agrocin production was detected in three isolates of A. radiobacter UHFBA-8, UHFBA-11 and UHFBA-12, and in cross inoculation test against A. tumefa- ciens, all the three isolates completely inhibited gall formation into tomato stems, whereas inoculation of pAg - variants of UHFBA-8 and UHFBA-11 resulted in 87.6 per cent less number of galls per wound and 96 per cent reduced gall size into inoculated tomato stems. Root dip treatment of peach plants with isolate UHFBA-11 resulted in 5.37 per cent incidence of crown gall in contrast to more than 54 per cent galled plants that had not received the treatment. In cherry rootstock Colt, isolate UHFBA-8 as root dip minimized crown gall incidence to 22.22 per cent as compared to 71.11 per cent incidence in untreated plants. Rifampicin resistant mutants of A. radiobacter isolate viz., UHFBA-8 and 11 efficiently colonized the root system of peach and Colt and their populations remained in the tissues of treated plants throughout the growing sea- son. The data suggest that other mechanisms such as efficient colonization of root system, binding and physical blockage of infection sites are involved in biological control by A. radiobacter in addition to production of agrocin.
农杆菌引起的冠瘿病是苗圃培育健康核果植株的主要限制因素。树冠瘿病在不同地点的发病率从4%到97.5%不等，导致苗圃中平均有30%的核果被排斥。据报道，放射农杆菌菌株K-84几乎完全控制了这种疾病，但这种菌株在印度没有。因此，本研究旨在评价12株天然桃源放射弧菌的拮抗活性。Redhaven, July Elberta和cherry cv。丝黛拉根际土壤对瘤胃拟安杆菌的拮抗作用。对3株辐射杆菌UHFBA-8、UHFBA-11和UHFBA-12进行了农蛋白合成试验，结果表明，3株辐射杆菌均能完全抑制番茄茎部的胆囊形成，而接种UHFBA-8和UHFBA-11的pAg变异体可使每伤番茄的胆囊数量减少87.6%，使接种番茄茎部的胆囊大小减少96%。用分离物UHFBA-11浸根处理桃树的树冠瘿病发生率为5.37%，而未处理的树冠瘿病发生率超过54%。在樱桃砧木小苗中，分离物UHFBA-8作为根浸剂使冠瘿发病率降低到22.22%，而未处理植株的冠瘿发病率为71.11%。抗利福平突变体UHFBA-8和uhfba - 11在桃子和小马的根系中有效定植，并且在整个生长过程中，它们的种群一直存在于处理过的植株的组织中。这些数据表明，除了产生农业蛋白外，其他机制，如根系的有效定植、感染部位的结合和物理阻塞，也参与了放射线杆菌的生物防治。
{"title":"Biological Control of Crown Gall on Peach and Cherry Rootstock Colt by Native Agrobacterium radiobacter Isolates","authors":"A. Gupta, K. Khosla, S. Bhardwaj, Aman Thakur, S. Devi, R. Jarial, C. Sharma, K. Singh, D. Srivastava, R. Lal","doi":"10.2174/1874840601003010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840601003010001","url":null,"abstract":"Crown gall caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the major limiting factor in raising healthy stone fruit plants in nurseries. The incidence of crown gall varies from 4 to 97.5 per cent at different locations resulting in out right rejection of an average of 30 per cent stone fruit plants in nurseries. Agrobacterium radiobacter strain K-84 has been re- ported to provide nearly complete control of this disease, however this strain is not available in India. Therefore, the pre- sent work was aimed to evaluate the antagonistic activity of twelve native A. radiobacter isolates from peach cv. Redhaven, July Elberta and cherry cv. Stella rhizosphere soil against A. tumefaciens. Agrocin production was detected in three isolates of A. radiobacter UHFBA-8, UHFBA-11 and UHFBA-12, and in cross inoculation test against A. tumefa- ciens, all the three isolates completely inhibited gall formation into tomato stems, whereas inoculation of pAg - variants of UHFBA-8 and UHFBA-11 resulted in 87.6 per cent less number of galls per wound and 96 per cent reduced gall size into inoculated tomato stems. Root dip treatment of peach plants with isolate UHFBA-11 resulted in 5.37 per cent incidence of crown gall in contrast to more than 54 per cent galled plants that had not received the treatment. In cherry rootstock Colt, isolate UHFBA-8 as root dip minimized crown gall incidence to 22.22 per cent as compared to 71.11 per cent incidence in untreated plants. Rifampicin resistant mutants of A. radiobacter isolate viz., UHFBA-8 and 11 efficiently colonized the root system of peach and Colt and their populations remained in the tissues of treated plants throughout the growing sea- son. The data suggest that other mechanisms such as efficient colonization of root system, binding and physical blockage of infection sites are involved in biological control by A. radiobacter in addition to production of agrocin.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132601216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-11-13DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010062
T. M. L. Hoang, L. D. Filippis, X. Le
Two Vietnamese rice mutants (M2-2 and M2-4 - second generation line 2 and line 4 respectively), induced by gamma irradiation were examined and compared to their parent (TT), and the Australian cultivar Amaroo (Am) for salt tolerance and genomic differences. Seedlings in tissue culture provided high yields and good quality DNA, espe- cially with young shoots. Changes in DNA of the mutants in comparison to TT and Am were successfully assessed using RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) and RAMP-PCR (random ampli- fied microsatellite polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction) molecular marker techniques. RAMP-PCR was better than RAPD-PCR at disclosing genetic changes between closely related individuals, and only RAMP-PCR was able to detect polymorphic bands between the two mutants. A measure of heterozygocity and genetic differentiation, the G- statistic demonstrated that comparisons between Am and TT, M2-2 or M2-4 showed moderate genetic differentiation, but comparisons between TT and M2-2 or M2-4 showed low genetic differentiation. Percentage polymorphism be- tween TT, M2-2, M2-4 and Am detected by RAPD-PCR were similar to those detected by RAMP-PCR (about 10%). DNA bands that were polymorphic between the two mutant lines were sequenced, two bands mapped on numerous chromosomes of rice, while two other bands mapped on one or two chromosomes, and these DNA bands on the whole coded for regulatory genes. The results showed that especially RAMP-PCR is a versatile, sensitive and cost ef- fective method for measuring genomic differences between closely related plants.
{"title":"Salt tolerance and screening for genetic changes in rice mutants after gamma irradiation using RAPD and microsatellite (RAMP) markers.","authors":"T. M. L. Hoang, L. D. Filippis, X. Le","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010062","url":null,"abstract":"Two Vietnamese rice mutants (M2-2 and M2-4 - second generation line 2 and line 4 respectively), induced by gamma irradiation were examined and compared to their parent (TT), and the Australian cultivar Amaroo (Am) for salt tolerance and genomic differences. Seedlings in tissue culture provided high yields and good quality DNA, espe- cially with young shoots. Changes in DNA of the mutants in comparison to TT and Am were successfully assessed using RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) and RAMP-PCR (random ampli- fied microsatellite polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction) molecular marker techniques. RAMP-PCR was better than RAPD-PCR at disclosing genetic changes between closely related individuals, and only RAMP-PCR was able to detect polymorphic bands between the two mutants. A measure of heterozygocity and genetic differentiation, the G- statistic demonstrated that comparisons between Am and TT, M2-2 or M2-4 showed moderate genetic differentiation, but comparisons between TT and M2-2 or M2-4 showed low genetic differentiation. Percentage polymorphism be- tween TT, M2-2, M2-4 and Am detected by RAPD-PCR were similar to those detected by RAMP-PCR (about 10%). DNA bands that were polymorphic between the two mutant lines were sequenced, two bands mapped on numerous chromosomes of rice, while two other bands mapped on one or two chromosomes, and these DNA bands on the whole coded for regulatory genes. The results showed that especially RAMP-PCR is a versatile, sensitive and cost ef- fective method for measuring genomic differences between closely related plants.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133929376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-24DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010054
G. Yim, D. Ding, C. Wang, W. Leong, Y. Hong
Brassica chinensis varieties are mostly consumed as vegetables. In order to assess utility of microsatellite markers for testing distinctness, uniformity and stability of B. chinensis varieties, we used nine polymorphic microsatellite marker loci (with a total of 131 alleles) to evaluate four open pollinated and four hybrid varieties of B. chinensis. Each va- riety was represented by 48 randomly sampled individuals from a population of 150. Morphological evaluations were also conducted to the same samples. Compared with morphological evaluations, the microsatellite analysis provided a higher degree of separation and reflected greater uniformity for the three hybrid varieties by cluster analysis, Principal Coordi- nates Analysis (PCA) and assignment test. Average pair-wise Jaccard similarities and statistical tests by AMOVA (analy- sis of molecular variance) also suggested higher levels of intra-variety uniformity. It was also noted that there was no sig- nificant correlation between the genetic and morphological distance matrices (Mantel test). We conclude that microsatel- lite genotyping can be a valuable tool to complement morphological assessment of Brassica vegetable varieties for dis- tinctiveness and uniformity.
{"title":"Microsatellite Markers to Complement Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability Testing of Brassica chinensis (Xiao Baicai) Varieties","authors":"G. Yim, D. Ding, C. Wang, W. Leong, Y. Hong","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010054","url":null,"abstract":"Brassica chinensis varieties are mostly consumed as vegetables. In order to assess utility of microsatellite markers for testing distinctness, uniformity and stability of B. chinensis varieties, we used nine polymorphic microsatellite marker loci (with a total of 131 alleles) to evaluate four open pollinated and four hybrid varieties of B. chinensis. Each va- riety was represented by 48 randomly sampled individuals from a population of 150. Morphological evaluations were also conducted to the same samples. Compared with morphological evaluations, the microsatellite analysis provided a higher degree of separation and reflected greater uniformity for the three hybrid varieties by cluster analysis, Principal Coordi- nates Analysis (PCA) and assignment test. Average pair-wise Jaccard similarities and statistical tests by AMOVA (analy- sis of molecular variance) also suggested higher levels of intra-variety uniformity. It was also noted that there was no sig- nificant correlation between the genetic and morphological distance matrices (Mantel test). We conclude that microsatel- lite genotyping can be a valuable tool to complement morphological assessment of Brassica vegetable varieties for dis- tinctiveness and uniformity.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121429462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-24DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010049
M. Fernández-Falcón, C. Álvarez, R. Gorrín, M. Hernández, A. A. Borges
One derivative (Param-A) of a water-soluble compound of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone has been commer- cially launched to induce resistance against Panama disease in bananas, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. This paper reports on a long-term experiment in order to verify the improvements that Param-A can provide in unfavour- able banana culture conditions, such as those of a plantation seriously affected by Panama disease and in a soil with defi- cient drainage and high salinity. The results demonstrated that Param-A sprays decreased disease occurrence and delayed symptom appearance significantly. Sprays of Param-A every 60 days shortened the time from plant flowering to fruit cut- ting, and resulted in significantly higher yields.
2-甲基-1,4-萘醌水溶性化合物的一种衍生物(Param-A)已被商业化用于诱导香蕉抵抗由古巴镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense)引起的巴拿马病。本文报道了一项长期试验，以验证Param-A在香蕉栽培条件不利的情况下，如受巴拿马病严重影响的种植园和排水不足和高盐度的土壤中，可以提供的改善。结果表明，Param-A喷雾剂可显著降低疾病发生，延缓症状出现。每60天喷施Param-A可缩短植株开花至果实扦插的时间，显著提高产量。
{"title":"Influence of a menadione derivative on banana Panama disease development and yield enhancement.","authors":"M. Fernández-Falcón, C. Álvarez, R. Gorrín, M. Hernández, A. A. Borges","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010049","url":null,"abstract":"One derivative (Param-A) of a water-soluble compound of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone has been commer- cially launched to induce resistance against Panama disease in bananas, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. This paper reports on a long-term experiment in order to verify the improvements that Param-A can provide in unfavour- able banana culture conditions, such as those of a plantation seriously affected by Panama disease and in a soil with defi- cient drainage and high salinity. The results demonstrated that Param-A sprays decreased disease occurrence and delayed symptom appearance significantly. Sprays of Param-A every 60 days shortened the time from plant flowering to fruit cut- ting, and resulted in significantly higher yields.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128634110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-10DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010044
Touria Hsina, N. E. Mtili
A micrografting technique was developed for Ceratonia Siliqua using in vitro germinated seedlings as root- stocks and apex or shoot cultures (established from mature female tree source) as microscions. In vitro germinated seed- lings were decapitated and used as rootstock. Mature explants were initiated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/l sucrose, and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, then transferred on the multiplication medium (Murashige and Skoog + 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine + 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid + 0.1 mg/l indol-3- butyric acid). Micrografts could be easily cultured on the same medium and developed after one month. Grafting success has been dependent on the method of grafting. The micrografting on hypocotyl (central grafting) method was significantly more successful (92, 50%) than the other grafts methods. The compatible graft union was observed one month after grafting. The histological cuttings showed that the graft union formation was initiated by the development of the callus bridge at the interface between scion and rootstock, after that, new vascular elements including vessels and tracheids were seen across the interface zone.
{"title":"In Vitro Micrografting of Mature Carob Tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.)","authors":"Touria Hsina, N. E. Mtili","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010044","url":null,"abstract":"A micrografting technique was developed for Ceratonia Siliqua using in vitro germinated seedlings as root- stocks and apex or shoot cultures (established from mature female tree source) as microscions. In vitro germinated seed- lings were decapitated and used as rootstock. Mature explants were initiated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 g/l sucrose, and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine, then transferred on the multiplication medium (Murashige and Skoog + 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine + 0.1 mg/l gibberellic acid + 0.1 mg/l indol-3- butyric acid). Micrografts could be easily cultured on the same medium and developed after one month. Grafting success has been dependent on the method of grafting. The micrografting on hypocotyl (central grafting) method was significantly more successful (92, 50%) than the other grafts methods. The compatible graft union was observed one month after grafting. The histological cuttings showed that the graft union formation was initiated by the development of the callus bridge at the interface between scion and rootstock, after that, new vascular elements including vessels and tracheids were seen across the interface zone.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125937972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-20DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010029
Veronica A. Vallejo, J. Kelly
The common bean landrace G 2333 carries a three gene pyramid for anthracnose resistance: Co-4 2 , Co-5 and Co-7. The Co-4 2 gene is well characterized but less information is available on Co-5 and Co-7. The objectives of this study were to determine if a new allele of Co-5 is present in G 2333; to characterize the spectrum of resistance condi- tioned by the Co-7 gene by deriving lines which only possess the Co-7 gene; and to test the MSU7 lines for allelism to Co-3. We propose that G 2333 carries a second allele at the Co-5 gene, different from that possessed by TU, and that the allele in G 2333 (SEL 1360) be designated Co-5 2 . With the exception of breeding line MSU7-1, the other derived MSU7 lines do not carry the Co-7 gene and are not allelic to Co-3 suggesting that G 2333 carries more than three genes for an- thracnose resistance.
{"title":"New Insights into the Anthracnose Resistance of Common Bean Landrace G 2333","authors":"Veronica A. Vallejo, J. Kelly","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010029","url":null,"abstract":"The common bean landrace G 2333 carries a three gene pyramid for anthracnose resistance: Co-4 2 , Co-5 and Co-7. The Co-4 2 gene is well characterized but less information is available on Co-5 and Co-7. The objectives of this study were to determine if a new allele of Co-5 is present in G 2333; to characterize the spectrum of resistance condi- tioned by the Co-7 gene by deriving lines which only possess the Co-7 gene; and to test the MSU7 lines for allelism to Co-3. We propose that G 2333 carries a second allele at the Co-5 gene, different from that possessed by TU, and that the allele in G 2333 (SEL 1360) be designated Co-5 2 . With the exception of breeding line MSU7-1, the other derived MSU7 lines do not carry the Co-7 gene and are not allelic to Co-3 suggesting that G 2333 carries more than three genes for an- thracnose resistance.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122948774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-18DOI: 10.2174/1874840600902010022
K. Jeong, C. Pasian, M. McMahon, D. Tay
The Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC) conserves begonia species. Limited cultural information is available concerning the effect of light intensity on the growth of begonia species other than cultivated hybrids in green- houses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of begonia species to different shade levels and to identify light intensities that favor the production and maintenance of quality begonia plants in greenhouses during summer. Plants of six begonia species, (Begonia albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata, and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' (B. fuchsioides x B. foliosa)), were grown in a greenhouse in Columbus, OH (lat. 40 N, long. 82.53 W) for 12 weeks (starting 23 July) either in full light (1000 - 1800 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) or shade-cloth tents providing three levels of shade (41, 62, and 76% of full sunlight in the greenhouse). Each plant was evaluated for the number of inflorescences, leaf greenness (SPAD readings), shoot length, leaf area, and shoot dry weight. Visual observa- tions of plant quality (chlorosis, necrosis, sunburn, deformed leaves, and plant mortality) were also recorded. Shade per- centage for optimal growth and quality of B. albopicta, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata, and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' plants was 62% and 76 % for B. cucullata var. cucullata plants.
观赏植物种质资源中心(OPGC)保存海棠品种。光强对温室栽培杂交种以外的秋海棠品种生长影响的栽培资料有限。本研究的目的是评估秋海棠物种对不同遮荫水平的反应，并确定有利于夏季温室秋海棠优质植株生产和维持的光强。6种秋海棠的植物:白纹秋海棠、杜鹃秋海棠、长叶秋海棠、长叶秋海棠、小叶秋海棠和长叶秋海棠。'Fuchsifoliosa' (B. fuchsioides x B. foliosa))，生长在俄亥俄州哥伦布市的一个温室里。40度，长。82.53 W)，持续12周(从7月23日开始)，要么在全光(1000 - 1800 μmol·m -2·s -1)下，要么在提供三种遮光水平的遮光帐篷(温室内全部阳光的41%、62%和76%)下。对每株植株的花序数、叶片绿度(SPAD读数)、茎长、叶面积和茎干重进行了评价。还记录了植物质量的目视观察(黄化、坏死、晒伤、叶片变形和植物死亡率)。白纹白刺、细刺白刺、长叶白刺、细叶白刺和细叶白刺的最佳生长和品质的百分比荫蔽。“紫红色”植物占62%，“杜鹃变种”植物占76%。
{"title":"Growth of Six Begonia Species Under Shading","authors":"K. Jeong, C. Pasian, M. McMahon, D. Tay","doi":"10.2174/1874840600902010022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874840600902010022","url":null,"abstract":"The Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center (OPGC) conserves begonia species. Limited cultural information is available concerning the effect of light intensity on the growth of begonia species other than cultivated hybrids in green- houses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of begonia species to different shade levels and to identify light intensities that favor the production and maintenance of quality begonia plants in greenhouses during summer. Plants of six begonia species, (Begonia albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata, and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' (B. fuchsioides x B. foliosa)), were grown in a greenhouse in Columbus, OH (lat. 40 N, long. 82.53 W) for 12 weeks (starting 23 July) either in full light (1000 - 1800 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ) or shade-cloth tents providing three levels of shade (41, 62, and 76% of full sunlight in the greenhouse). Each plant was evaluated for the number of inflorescences, leaf greenness (SPAD readings), shoot length, leaf area, and shoot dry weight. Visual observa- tions of plant quality (chlorosis, necrosis, sunburn, deformed leaves, and plant mortality) were also recorded. Shade per- centage for optimal growth and quality of B. albopicta, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. foliosa var. miniata, and B. 'Fuchsifoliosa' plants was 62% and 76 % for B. cucullata var. cucullata plants.","PeriodicalId":166627,"journal":{"name":"The Open Horticulture Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128589120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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