Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.291
Byungjin Yim
Purpose – This study is an empirical study on the relationship between climate change and the export and import volumes of the Gyeongnam Region. Design/Methodology/Approach – In this study, we used 26 monthly data from the climate change index, and the export and import volumes of Gyeongnam in Korea from August 31, 2020 to September 30, 2022. We attempt to analyze the mutual influence and causality in the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam in Korea. We wish to analyze the extent of cross-influence. We employ a variance decomposition function based on the VAR model, as well as an impulse response after a cointegration test and unit root test of the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam. Findings – There is at least one cointegration among the first differential data of the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam. Finally, the export volume of Gyeongnam does Granger Cause climate change. Research Implications – This study differs in that it uses the climate change index and climate change. It has limitations in that the study sample is limited and the study period is short.
{"title":"A Study on the Inter-Relationship between Climate Change, Export Volume, Import Volume of Gyeongnam Regional","authors":"Byungjin Yim","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.291","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This study is an empirical study on the relationship between climate change and the export and import volumes of the Gyeongnam Region. Design/Methodology/Approach – In this study, we used 26 monthly data from the climate change index, and the export and import volumes of Gyeongnam in Korea from August 31, 2020 to September 30, 2022. We attempt to analyze the mutual influence and causality in the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam in Korea. We wish to analyze the extent of cross-influence. We employ a variance decomposition function based on the VAR model, as well as an impulse response after a cointegration test and unit root test of the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam. Findings – There is at least one cointegration among the first differential data of the climate change index, the export volume, and the import volume of Gyeongnam. Finally, the export volume of Gyeongnam does Granger Cause climate change. Research Implications – This study differs in that it uses the climate change index and climate change. It has limitations in that the study sample is limited and the study period is short.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116539899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.227
J. Shin, Sun-Hae Lee
Purpose – The purpose of the study is to analyze the nonlinear and interaction effect of four risk factors on FDI inflows for twenty developing countries in Asia. Design/Methodology/Approach – Panel regression with balanced panel data was conducted using fixed effect and GMM models. FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP for each country were adopted as the dependent variable. Four types of risk factors were used for independent variables, such as political, financial, exchange rate, and inflation rate risk. Economic growth and export orientation were controlled. In order to account for potential persistence in the FDI series, a lagged dependent variable is also included in the dynamic model specification. Findings – First, political and financial risk and export orientation show negative impacts on FDI inflows, whereas inflation risk and economic growth have positive impacts. Second, inflation risk has a non-linear effect on FDI inflows. That is, when inflation goes beyond a threshold level, it appears to result in less FDI inflows. Third, political risk proves to have a significant interaction with financial risk and inflation. Also, financial risk turns out to have significant interaction with inflation. Research Implications – To attract more FDI inflows, Asian developing countries need to improve political stability first, while trying to reduce external debts and to accelerate economic growth.
{"title":"The Nonlinear and Interaction Effects of Risk Factors on FDI Inflows: Evidence from Developing Countries in Asia","authors":"J. Shin, Sun-Hae Lee","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.227","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of the study is to analyze the nonlinear and interaction effect of four risk factors on FDI inflows for twenty developing countries in Asia. Design/Methodology/Approach – Panel regression with balanced panel data was conducted using fixed effect and GMM models. FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP for each country were adopted as the dependent variable. Four types of risk factors were used for independent variables, such as political, financial, exchange rate, and inflation rate risk. Economic growth and export orientation were controlled. In order to account for potential persistence in the FDI series, a lagged dependent variable is also included in the dynamic model specification. Findings – First, political and financial risk and export orientation show negative impacts on FDI inflows, whereas inflation risk and economic growth have positive impacts. Second, inflation risk has a non-linear effect on FDI inflows. That is, when inflation goes beyond a threshold level, it appears to result in less FDI inflows. Third, political risk proves to have a significant interaction with financial risk and inflation. Also, financial risk turns out to have significant interaction with inflation. Research Implications – To attract more FDI inflows, Asian developing countries need to improve political stability first, while trying to reduce external debts and to accelerate economic growth.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124344671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.131
Jiyoung Um, Hyehyung Hwang
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of industry-university linked capstone design classes within the humanities and social sciences. Also, sharing the result of the study further encourages capstone design classes within the humanities and social sciences. Design/Methodology/Approach – An importance-satisfaction survey was conducted in the two classes of 2022. After explaining the purpose of the survey and data utilization plan to a total of 27 students, the questionnaire was distributed, and 24 responses were used for analysis. In addition, at the end of each semester, focus group interviews were conducted for participating students. Findings – As a result of the IPA analysis, areas of maintaining superiority, maintaining the status quo, areas of major improvement, and areas of low priority were identified. In the area of maintaining superiority, many items corresponding to the unique characteristics of capstone design classes, such as problem-based approach and creative exploration, were included. In the areas of focus improvement, there were many items related to companies, such as meetings with business executives, and advice and guidance from corporate executives. Research Implications – This study is meaningful in that it was used as basic data by analyzing the effectiveness of industry-university linked capstone design classes in humanities and social sciences, in a situation where there are not many studies. In addition, it is meaningful that all student thoughts and opinions on the capstone design class were synthesized through IPA analysis and FGI analysis for students that participated in the class.
{"title":"A Case Study of Industry-University Linked Capstone Design Classes in the Humanities and Social Sciences: IPA and FGI Analysis","authors":"Jiyoung Um, Hyehyung Hwang","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.131","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of industry-university linked capstone design classes within the humanities and social sciences. Also, sharing the result of the study further encourages capstone design classes within the humanities and social sciences. Design/Methodology/Approach – An importance-satisfaction survey was conducted in the two classes of 2022. After explaining the purpose of the survey and data utilization plan to a total of 27 students, the questionnaire was distributed, and 24 responses were used for analysis. In addition, at the end of each semester, focus group interviews were conducted for participating students. Findings – As a result of the IPA analysis, areas of maintaining superiority, maintaining the status quo, areas of major improvement, and areas of low priority were identified. In the area of maintaining superiority, many items corresponding to the unique characteristics of capstone design classes, such as problem-based approach and creative exploration, were included. In the areas of focus improvement, there were many items related to companies, such as meetings with business executives, and advice and guidance from corporate executives. Research Implications – This study is meaningful in that it was used as basic data by analyzing the effectiveness of industry-university linked capstone design classes in humanities and social sciences, in a situation where there are not many studies. In addition, it is meaningful that all student thoughts and opinions on the capstone design class were synthesized through IPA analysis and FGI analysis for students that participated in the class.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128511987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.65
Young-Chul Park, Jeong-Ja Choi
Purpose – The purpose of this study is to establish the following research objectives based on necessity. This paper seeks to create a strategic plan to improve tourist satisfaction and loyalty by analyzing cultural tour guides’ competencies. Design/Methodology/Approach – In order to carry out this study, subjects are tourists that experienced the interpretation service of cultural tour guides in the Gyeongju region. As the result of a survey conducted from September 1st for 2018 around one month, a total of 252 valid samples were analyzed. SPSS 22.0 was used for analysis. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Findings – First, communication skills and sense of calling among cultural tour guides' competencies have a significant effect on tourist satisfaction. Second, tourist satisfaction was found to affect tourist loyalty. Research Implications – It is concluded that cultural tour guides' competencies have positive influences on tourist satisfaction and loyalty. It will contribute to the management of cultural tourism guides by suggesting that efforts are needed to strengthen the competency of cultural tour guides.
{"title":"A Study on the Relationship between Cultural Tour Guides’ Competencies and Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty","authors":"Young-Chul Park, Jeong-Ja Choi","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.2.202304.65","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this study is to establish the following research objectives based on necessity. This paper seeks to create a strategic plan to improve tourist satisfaction and loyalty by analyzing cultural tour guides’ competencies. Design/Methodology/Approach – In order to carry out this study, subjects are tourists that experienced the interpretation service of cultural tour guides in the Gyeongju region. As the result of a survey conducted from September 1st for 2018 around one month, a total of 252 valid samples were analyzed. SPSS 22.0 was used for analysis. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed. The results of the study are summarized as follows. Findings – First, communication skills and sense of calling among cultural tour guides' competencies have a significant effect on tourist satisfaction. Second, tourist satisfaction was found to affect tourist loyalty. Research Implications – It is concluded that cultural tour guides' competencies have positive influences on tourist satisfaction and loyalty. It will contribute to the management of cultural tourism guides by suggesting that efforts are needed to strengthen the competency of cultural tour guides.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127408229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose – This study assesses the impact of a potential Korea-Kenya FTA on the global economy, which includes the US, EU, UK, China, and Japan, using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Design/Methodology/Approach – The study employs a static global multi-sector CGE model using the GTAP database version 10 with the base year of 2014. For this study, we aggregate the 141 regions and 65 sectors of the GTAP database into 16 regions and 57 sectors. Four policy simulations were implemented based on tariffs and ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) of non-tariff measures (NTMs) estimated by Kitetu and Ko Jong-Hwan (2021). Findings – Simulation results suggest that the real GDP of Korea will likely increase by 0.001% to 0.002%, with welfare increasing by US$1.8 million to US$74.7 million. In comparison, the real GDP of Kenya will likely rise by 0.003% to 0.045%, while welfare will rise by US$1.8 million to US$ 75.3 million. Imports by both countries will rise at a higher rate than exports. For Kenya, domestic output increases in agriculture, extraction, and service sectors, and for Korea, output goes up in processed food and light and heavy manufacturing sectors. Research Implications – The novelty of this paper is in the first empirical quantification of the economic impact of a Korea-Kenya FTA on not only its members but also its trading partners, such as the US, EU, UK, China, and Japan. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of a potential FTA between Korea and Kenya by reducing and eliminating tariffs and AVEs of NTMs.
{"title":"A Korea-Kenya Free Trade Agreement and Its Economic Impact: A Computable General Equilibrium Approach","authors":"Geoffrey Musyoki Kitetu, Jong-Hwan Ko, Esambe Sone","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.1","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This study assesses the impact of a potential Korea-Kenya FTA on the global economy, which includes the US, EU, UK, China, and Japan, using the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. Design/Methodology/Approach – The study employs a static global multi-sector CGE model using the GTAP database version 10 with the base year of 2014. For this study, we aggregate the 141 regions and 65 sectors of the GTAP database into 16 regions and 57 sectors. Four policy simulations were implemented based on tariffs and ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) of non-tariff measures (NTMs) estimated by Kitetu and Ko Jong-Hwan (2021). Findings – Simulation results suggest that the real GDP of Korea will likely increase by 0.001% to 0.002%, with welfare increasing by US$1.8 million to US$74.7 million. In comparison, the real GDP of Kenya will likely rise by 0.003% to 0.045%, while welfare will rise by US$1.8 million to US$ 75.3 million. Imports by both countries will rise at a higher rate than exports. For Kenya, domestic output increases in agriculture, extraction, and service sectors, and for Korea, output goes up in processed food and light and heavy manufacturing sectors. Research Implications – The novelty of this paper is in the first empirical quantification of the economic impact of a Korea-Kenya FTA on not only its members but also its trading partners, such as the US, EU, UK, China, and Japan. Moreover, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of a potential FTA between Korea and Kenya by reducing and eliminating tariffs and AVEs of NTMs.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127110567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.87
Liu Xi, Bangwool Han
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how self-regulatory focus influences the relationship between consumer perception of a brand nature and purchase intentions. This study uses perceived brand globalness (PBG) and perceived brand localness (PBL) to measure consumer perceptions of brand natures and examines the moderating effects of promotion-oriented vs. prevention- oriented regulatory focus on consumers’ intent to purchase global or local brands. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study conducted an online survey with Chinese consumers and data were collected using social media applications. To analyze the data, PROCESS modeling in SPSS 23.0. was hired in this study. Findings – The findings show that there is a significant moderating effect of promotion-focused self-regulation on the relationship between PBL and purchase intention. On the other hand, consumers with prevention-focused self-regulation show stronger purchase intention toward brands perceived as global (PBG). This study adds further evidence for the effectiveness of PBL and PBG by demonstrating their role among consumers with different self-regulatory focuses. Research Implications – The study contributes to the body of literature on PBG/PBL by examining the associations between self-regulatory focus and consumer purchase intentions. Furthermore, the findings may help brands to make more appropriate positioning decisions depending on the assessment of target consumers' self-regulatory focus. Thus, the findings of this study provide international brand managers with meaningful implications in developing marketing strategies.
{"title":"Understanding Consumer Perceptions of Brand Globalness and Localness: The Roles of Self-Regulatory Focus","authors":"Liu Xi, Bangwool Han","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.87","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how self-regulatory focus influences the relationship between consumer perception of a brand nature and purchase intentions. This study uses perceived brand globalness (PBG) and perceived brand localness (PBL) to measure consumer perceptions of brand natures and examines the moderating effects of promotion-oriented vs. prevention- oriented regulatory focus on consumers’ intent to purchase global or local brands. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study conducted an online survey with Chinese consumers and data were collected using social media applications. To analyze the data, PROCESS modeling in SPSS 23.0. was hired in this study. Findings – The findings show that there is a significant moderating effect of promotion-focused self-regulation on the relationship between PBL and purchase intention. On the other hand, consumers with prevention-focused self-regulation show stronger purchase intention toward brands perceived as global (PBG). This study adds further evidence for the effectiveness of PBL and PBG by demonstrating their role among consumers with different self-regulatory focuses. Research Implications – The study contributes to the body of literature on PBG/PBL by examining the associations between self-regulatory focus and consumer purchase intentions. Furthermore, the findings may help brands to make more appropriate positioning decisions depending on the assessment of target consumers' self-regulatory focus. Thus, the findings of this study provide international brand managers with meaningful implications in developing marketing strategies.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126411766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.129
Donzhyun Park, Shuzhi Liu
Purpose – This study addresses the development of China’s semiconductor industry in the context of the U.S.-China trade conflict, and analyzes the impact on other industries. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the multi-regional input-output table industry splitting method, the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry in the Asian Development Bank’s multi-regional input-output table (ADB-MRIO, 2019) is split into semiconductor and non-semiconductor industries, and the impact of U.S. export controls on China’s semiconductor exports on domestic and foreign economies is simulated and analyzed using the hypothesis extraction and hypothesis expansion methods. Findings – The United States has suffered more than China from US export controls on semiconductors to China, and the impact of U.S. export controls on U.S. GDP decreasing by at most 0.0124‰, and China’s GDP decreasing by at most 0.00089‰. Since Japan, Korea, and European countries have become China’s semiconductor import substitutes, they all benefit from U.S. export controls on China. Second, the most affected industries in China are the chemical products, metal products, wholesale, financial, and non-semiconductor industries in the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry. Research Implications – China should adopt coping strategies such as deepening international exchanges, enhancing communication between China and the U.S., and strengthening its scientific and technological strength.
{"title":"A Study on the Economic Effects of U.S. Export Controls on Semiconductors to China","authors":"Donzhyun Park, Shuzhi Liu","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.129","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This study addresses the development of China’s semiconductor industry in the context of the U.S.-China trade conflict, and analyzes the impact on other industries. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the multi-regional input-output table industry splitting method, the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry in the Asian Development Bank’s multi-regional input-output table (ADB-MRIO, 2019) is split into semiconductor and non-semiconductor industries, and the impact of U.S. export controls on China’s semiconductor exports on domestic and foreign economies is simulated and analyzed using the hypothesis extraction and hypothesis expansion methods. Findings – The United States has suffered more than China from US export controls on semiconductors to China, and the impact of U.S. export controls on U.S. GDP decreasing by at most 0.0124‰, and China’s GDP decreasing by at most 0.00089‰. Since Japan, Korea, and European countries have become China’s semiconductor import substitutes, they all benefit from U.S. export controls on China. Second, the most affected industries in China are the chemical products, metal products, wholesale, financial, and non-semiconductor industries in the electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing industry. Research Implications – China should adopt coping strategies such as deepening international exchanges, enhancing communication between China and the U.S., and strengthening its scientific and technological strength.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133202911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.165
Lu Ke, Y. Oh
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between port and city growth with the help of the port impact curve and relative concentration index (RCI). This is done from the two aspects of (1) clarifying the characteristics of the interaction between Ningbo port and city, and (2) clarifying the phased development of the relationship between Ningbo port and city. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the method of the port impact curve and RCI, we conduct a case study of Ningbo, a port-city in Southeast China, and we also make a meaningful comparison between Ningbo and other famous port cities in China. Findings – This paper finds that Ningbo port and city have been in a relatively loose relationship from 2010 to 2021. Over these 12 years, the relationship between Ningbo port and city has shown signs of changing from the stage of agglomeration and diffusion effect to the stage of urban selfgrowth effect. Also, we find that, compared with other port cities, the positive correlation between Ningbo port cargo throughput and urban economy development is relatively weak. However, Ningbo’s export-oriented economic characteristics form a certain boost for the development of port container throughput. Research Implications – In the management of this paper, this study revealed the flexibility and complexity of the port-city relationship, suggesting that the stage characteristics of the port-city relationship should be combined on the road of the sustainable development of ports and cities, which will also provide reference for follow-up research.
{"title":"The Relationship between Port and City Growth: The Case of Ningbo","authors":"Lu Ke, Y. Oh","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.165","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between port and city growth with the help of the port impact curve and relative concentration index (RCI). This is done from the two aspects of (1) clarifying the characteristics of the interaction between Ningbo port and city, and (2) clarifying the phased development of the relationship between Ningbo port and city. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the method of the port impact curve and RCI, we conduct a case study of Ningbo, a port-city in Southeast China, and we also make a meaningful comparison between Ningbo and other famous port cities in China. Findings – This paper finds that Ningbo port and city have been in a relatively loose relationship from 2010 to 2021. Over these 12 years, the relationship between Ningbo port and city has shown signs of changing from the stage of agglomeration and diffusion effect to the stage of urban selfgrowth effect. Also, we find that, compared with other port cities, the positive correlation between Ningbo port cargo throughput and urban economy development is relatively weak. However, Ningbo’s export-oriented economic characteristics form a certain boost for the development of port container throughput. Research Implications – In the management of this paper, this study revealed the flexibility and complexity of the port-city relationship, suggesting that the stage characteristics of the port-city relationship should be combined on the road of the sustainable development of ports and cities, which will also provide reference for follow-up research.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115368237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.317
Yun-Jeong Kwon, Keun-Jae Lee, Hyun-Hwa Paek
Purpose – This study examines whether the influence of the gravity model after economic integration is strengthened or weakened by variables through trade volume between the EU and eurozone member states. Design/Methodology/Approach – We analyzed the effect of economic integration of the EU and the Eurozone through the gravity equation, the result generally supports the basic assumptions of a gravity model. Findings – As economic integration goes deeper, the trade-creation effect becomes larger. In particular, in the case of the Eurozone, which even achieved monetary integration, the trade-creation effect increased dramatically compared to the intra-regional trade of EU member states. In European economic integration, the economic scale effect to increase trade volume weakened, and the distance effect, which decreases trade volume, became stronger. Research Implications – When economic integration deepens, the trade volume between member countries increases dramatically, and it can be especially advantageous when member countries are geographically close, or are located in the center of other membership countries. However, trade volume decreased by the distance effect is smaller compared to the degree of trade creation within economic integration, and it was found that the European integration acts favorably on trade creation for its member countries.
{"title":"How Does European Integration Change the Gravity of Trade?","authors":"Yun-Jeong Kwon, Keun-Jae Lee, Hyun-Hwa Paek","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.317","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This study examines whether the influence of the gravity model after economic integration is strengthened or weakened by variables through trade volume between the EU and eurozone member states. Design/Methodology/Approach – We analyzed the effect of economic integration of the EU and the Eurozone through the gravity equation, the result generally supports the basic assumptions of a gravity model. Findings – As economic integration goes deeper, the trade-creation effect becomes larger. In particular, in the case of the Eurozone, which even achieved monetary integration, the trade-creation effect increased dramatically compared to the intra-regional trade of EU member states. In European economic integration, the economic scale effect to increase trade volume weakened, and the distance effect, which decreases trade volume, became stronger. Research Implications – When economic integration deepens, the trade volume between member countries increases dramatically, and it can be especially advantageous when member countries are geographically close, or are located in the center of other membership countries. However, trade volume decreased by the distance effect is smaller compared to the degree of trade creation within economic integration, and it was found that the European integration acts favorably on trade creation for its member countries.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115796083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.351
Young-Taik Chun, Jung-Eun Lee
Purpose – The service climate was used as a preceding variable, employee emotional response and customer-oriented behavior were parameters, and the relationship between job enthusiasm as an outcome variable was investigated. Design/Methodology/Approach – Theoretical research and empirical research were carried out simultaneously. Items were derived and hypotheses were established for empirical research through theoretical research. In order to verify the established hypotheses and research model, an empirical study was conducted targeting employees working in the hospitality industry. Findings – The relationship between service climate and emotional response showed insignificant results. A significant relationship formed between service climate and customer-oriented behavior. A significant relationship was formed in the relationship between emotional response and job enthusiasm. Finally, a significant relationship was formed between customer-oriented behavior and job enthusiasm. Research Implications – In the hospitality service industry, which is based on human resources, the role of employees is important because it goes beyond customer satisfaction and creates customer revisit intention. Changes in job performance, including changes in the roles and abilities of employees, must be made in the internal system and environmental characteristics of the company. It is judged that the high performance creation of employees and the corporate environment have a significant relationship with job enthusiasm, and furthermore, each individual has an influence on leading innovative behavior. Efforts were made to diversify response sources by measuring the hospitality service occupation group as a whole, not just hotel employees. Nevertheless, it is expected that the reliability of the analysis results can be further improved if continuous research is conducted by expanding the number of samples, and measuring independent and dependent variables in the future.
{"title":"A Study on the Structural Relationship among Employee Emotional Responses, Customer-Oriented Behavior, and Job Enthusiasm in a Service Climate: Focusing on Employees of Hospitality Service Companies","authors":"Young-Taik Chun, Jung-Eun Lee","doi":"10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.351","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – The service climate was used as a preceding variable, employee emotional response and customer-oriented behavior were parameters, and the relationship between job enthusiasm as an outcome variable was investigated. Design/Methodology/Approach – Theoretical research and empirical research were carried out simultaneously. Items were derived and hypotheses were established for empirical research through theoretical research. In order to verify the established hypotheses and research model, an empirical study was conducted targeting employees working in the hospitality industry. Findings – The relationship between service climate and emotional response showed insignificant results. A significant relationship formed between service climate and customer-oriented behavior. A significant relationship was formed in the relationship between emotional response and job enthusiasm. Finally, a significant relationship was formed between customer-oriented behavior and job enthusiasm. Research Implications – In the hospitality service industry, which is based on human resources, the role of employees is important because it goes beyond customer satisfaction and creates customer revisit intention. Changes in job performance, including changes in the roles and abilities of employees, must be made in the internal system and environmental characteristics of the company. It is judged that the high performance creation of employees and the corporate environment have a significant relationship with job enthusiasm, and furthermore, each individual has an influence on leading innovative behavior. Efforts were made to diversify response sources by measuring the hospitality service occupation group as a whole, not just hotel employees. Nevertheless, it is expected that the reliability of the analysis results can be further improved if continuous research is conducted by expanding the number of samples, and measuring independent and dependent variables in the future.","PeriodicalId":166989,"journal":{"name":"Korea International Trade Research Institute","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：