Pub Date : 2019-03-22DOI: 10.35248/2376-0419.19.6.203
Ondo Zg
Access to medicines depends on a number of interconnected factors: Medicine prices, one of the most common factors can be affected by the manufacturer’s selling prices, duties, taxes, patent legislation and mark-ups along the supply channel. The South African government has passed price legislation prohibiting discounts and rebates in the pharmaceutical sector by setting a single exit price for all manufacturers and a fee-for service logistics fee for wholesalers, distributors and dispensing fee for retailers as compensation. In this study the South African mark-up structure related to medicine prices is going to be analysed because of its tribulations in implementing a transparent wholesale reform and the fact that it was once classified under the nine countries from the WHO African Region for analysis of data from their Medicines Prices Surveys. This Literature based-analysis study made use of articles, journals for assessing and identifying the denominators responsible for high mark-ups on medications. Documentation pharmaceutical policy papers and publications, researches performed using PubMed and WHO/HAI medicine price database were also used to assess those areas and come up with possible strategies to reduce high price of medication and improve access of healthcare by the public. In private sectors, regulating mark-ups is more complex and weaker than in the public sector which is a reason for higher medicine costs. Policy development need to be reviewed in terms of pricing policies and regulation of mark-ups so that people of South Africa receive the medicine they need at a cost that they and the system as a whole can afford. This structure can help to raise further awareness and prompt the government to evaluate the regulation on entry point drug developers.
{"title":"Regulatory Analysis of Mark-up Structure in Medicine Prices by the Pharmaceutical Industry in South Africa","authors":"Ondo Zg","doi":"10.35248/2376-0419.19.6.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35248/2376-0419.19.6.203","url":null,"abstract":"Access to medicines depends on a number of interconnected factors: Medicine prices, one of the most common factors can be affected by the manufacturer’s selling prices, duties, taxes, patent legislation and mark-ups along the supply channel. The South African government has passed price legislation prohibiting discounts and rebates in the pharmaceutical sector by setting a single exit price for all manufacturers and a fee-for service logistics fee for wholesalers, distributors and dispensing fee for retailers as compensation. In this study the South African mark-up structure related to medicine prices is going to be analysed because of its tribulations in implementing a transparent wholesale reform and the fact that it was once classified under the nine countries from the WHO African Region for analysis of data from their Medicines Prices Surveys. This Literature based-analysis study made use of articles, journals for assessing and identifying the denominators responsible for high mark-ups on medications. Documentation pharmaceutical policy papers and publications, researches performed using PubMed and WHO/HAI medicine price database were also used to assess those areas and come up with possible strategies to reduce high price of medication and improve access of healthcare by the public. In private sectors, regulating mark-ups is more complex and weaker than in the public sector which is a reason for higher medicine costs. Policy development need to be reviewed in terms of pricing policies and regulation of mark-ups so that people of South Africa receive the medicine they need at a cost that they and the system as a whole can afford. This structure can help to raise further awareness and prompt the government to evaluate the regulation on entry point drug developers.","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84254557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.1000202
Heeb Rm, Kreuzberg, Grossmann
Objective: Medication adherence and the assessment of patients’ adherence are known to be problematic. There is often a discrepancy between the adherence rate estimated by the physician and the actual adherence rate of the patient. This literature review gives an overview about the published studies investigating physicians’ assessment of patient adherence in comparison to the actual medication adherence. Methods: This review was conducted in compliance with the Grade system in March 2016 and September 2018. Articles included in this review were identified by literature search in Medline and the Cochrane Library. Search terms included patient compliance, physicians, physician-patient relations and assessment. We included every type of study, in German or in English language. Results: Out of 588 results, 41 were included in the review. Due to the language, non-availability of the article or inconsistency with the investigated topic, only 19 studies were evaluated. In most of the studies an overestimation of patients’ adherence by physicians got obvious. Conclusion: Physicians assessed medication adherence of their patients mostly incorrect. They tend to overestimate the medication adherence of patients. Only in mental disorders they tend to underrate. A visual analog scale seems to be a good method to assess physicians’ estimation of patients’ adherence. Patients’ adherence should be measured by directs methods or MEMSTM. Practice implications: For evaluating the non-adherence in patients the physicians have to discuss the medication regimen with the patient and have to ensure the adherence of the patients.
{"title":"Physicians' Assessment of Medication Adherence: A Systematic Review","authors":"Heeb Rm, Kreuzberg, Grossmann","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419.1000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.1000202","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Medication adherence and the assessment of patients’ adherence are known to be problematic. There is often a discrepancy between the adherence rate estimated by the physician and the actual adherence rate of the patient. This literature review gives an overview about the published studies investigating physicians’ assessment of patient adherence in comparison to the actual medication adherence. Methods: This review was conducted in compliance with the Grade system in March 2016 and September 2018. Articles included in this review were identified by literature search in Medline and the Cochrane Library. Search terms included patient compliance, physicians, physician-patient relations and assessment. We included every type of study, in German or in English language. Results: Out of 588 results, 41 were included in the review. Due to the language, non-availability of the article or inconsistency with the investigated topic, only 19 studies were evaluated. In most of the studies an overestimation of patients’ adherence by physicians got obvious. Conclusion: Physicians assessed medication adherence of their patients mostly incorrect. They tend to overestimate the medication adherence of patients. Only in mental disorders they tend to underrate. A visual analog scale seems to be a good method to assess physicians’ estimation of patients’ adherence. Patients’ adherence should be measured by directs methods or MEMSTM. Practice implications: For evaluating the non-adherence in patients the physicians have to discuss the medication regimen with the patient and have to ensure the adherence of the patients.","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76015431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.1000199
Mishra R, S. B
{"title":"Generic Drug Distribution in India-Issues and Challenges","authors":"Mishra R, S. B","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76426876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.1000200
May Alowi, Yusuf Kani
Purpose: Aims to determine the most effective promotional tools putatively influencing physicians’ prescription behavior by examining five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. Specifically aims to evaluate which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behavior. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional research design is proposed, based on the stimulusorganism- response (S-O-R) paradigm, in which the data is to be collected through questionnaires completed by physicians in Sudan, using a five-point Likert scale. Structural equation modeling, using AMOS statistical software, is proposed to analyze the data. Findings: A detailed literature review reveals that most previous research has largely ignored demographic factors when studying the effectiveness of the promotional tools used by pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, a novel methodology is proposed to incorporate these factors into future research. Practical implications: The anticipated results will help pharmaceutical companies formulate better strategies regarding the use of promotional tools to maximize their investment. Originality/value: Inadequate knowledge of factors and tools that are likely to influence the sale of drugs negatively affects the success of the company and its market share. Undertaking the current study, and using the same methodology in other regions, especially developing countries, will add to the current literature on pharmaceutical marketing. Unlike most previous research, the methodology proposed in this paper includes demographic factors that influence the effectiveness of these promotional tools.
{"title":"Promotion of Prescription Drugs and Its Impact on Physician's Choice Behavior","authors":"May Alowi, Yusuf Kani","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Aims to determine the most effective promotional tools putatively influencing physicians’ prescription behavior by examining five commonly-used promotional tools: sales promotions; advertising; public relations; direct marketing; and personal selling. Specifically aims to evaluate which medical practitioners’ demographic factors influence the relationship between the various promotional tools and physicians’ prescription behavior. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional research design is proposed, based on the stimulusorganism- response (S-O-R) paradigm, in which the data is to be collected through questionnaires completed by physicians in Sudan, using a five-point Likert scale. Structural equation modeling, using AMOS statistical software, is proposed to analyze the data. Findings: A detailed literature review reveals that most previous research has largely ignored demographic factors when studying the effectiveness of the promotional tools used by pharmaceutical companies. Therefore, a novel methodology is proposed to incorporate these factors into future research. Practical implications: The anticipated results will help pharmaceutical companies formulate better strategies regarding the use of promotional tools to maximize their investment. Originality/value: Inadequate knowledge of factors and tools that are likely to influence the sale of drugs negatively affects the success of the company and its market share. Undertaking the current study, and using the same methodology in other regions, especially developing countries, will add to the current literature on pharmaceutical marketing. Unlike most previous research, the methodology proposed in this paper includes demographic factors that influence the effectiveness of these promotional tools.","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81127331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.1000201
Gebremariam Et, Unade Tt
Background: Medicine supply management consist four basic functions of medicine management cycle which are selection, procurement, inventory management and serving customers/use. Poor medicine management practice results shortages of essential medicines, high prices, poor quality, theft, expiration, irrational prescribing, and incorrect use of medicines by patients. In Ethiopia although the medicine supply chain has several problems; studies dedicated to assess these medicine management problems are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the medicine supply management and its quality assurance practice in selected health centers of South West Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional survey through quantitative data collection method was conducted in 10 health centers from March 1 to 12, 2018. Structured-questionnaires and observation check lists were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: In most HCs (n=8) selection was not decided by drug and therapeutic committee with the use of essential medicine lists. All HCs reported that items and quantities were sent by suppliers without determining what the specific need. In all HCs there were no a supply planning used for procurement. 9 HCs didn‘t have facility vehicle/ Car for transportation of medicines. The median percent adequacy of storage conditions in all HC store rooms was found to be 50%. All the HCs reported to use bin cards in store. However, only one of the HC had stock cards and automated recoding systems. Conclusion: The practice of medicine supply management in health centers of South West Shoa Zone was found poor. Moreover in majority of the surveyed health centers there were deficiencies in medicines selection, quantification, procurement, storage and quality assurance practices. Health centers therefore should work in collaboration with other stakeholders to strengthen/develop a way to have strong medicine supply management and a monitoring and evaluation system.
{"title":"Assessment of Medicine Supply Management and its Quality Assurance Practice in Health Centers in South West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"Gebremariam Et, Unade Tt","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Medicine supply management consist four basic functions of medicine management cycle which are selection, procurement, inventory management and serving customers/use. Poor medicine management practice results shortages of essential medicines, high prices, poor quality, theft, expiration, irrational prescribing, and incorrect use of medicines by patients. In Ethiopia although the medicine supply chain has several problems; studies dedicated to assess these medicine management problems are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the medicine supply management and its quality assurance practice in selected health centers of South West Shoa zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based cross-sectional survey through quantitative data collection method was conducted in 10 health centers from March 1 to 12, 2018. Structured-questionnaires and observation check lists were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: In most HCs (n=8) selection was not decided by drug and therapeutic committee with the use of essential medicine lists. All HCs reported that items and quantities were sent by suppliers without determining what the specific need. In all HCs there were no a supply planning used for procurement. 9 HCs didn‘t have facility vehicle/ Car for transportation of medicines. The median percent adequacy of storage conditions in all HC store rooms was found to be 50%. All the HCs reported to use bin cards in store. However, only one of the HC had stock cards and automated recoding systems. Conclusion: The practice of medicine supply management in health centers of South West Shoa Zone was found poor. Moreover in majority of the surveyed health centers there were deficiencies in medicines selection, quantification, procurement, storage and quality assurance practices. Health centers therefore should work in collaboration with other stakeholders to strengthen/develop a way to have strong medicine supply management and a monitoring and evaluation system.","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79423813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419-C2-030
Sameh Monir Abdou Desoky
{"title":"Development of a new additional method to distinguish the invalid drugs and detect drug validity","authors":"Sameh Monir Abdou Desoky","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419-C2-030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419-C2-030","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"46 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72927598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-30DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419-C2-028
pNigel Langleyp
{"title":"The need for excipient innovation in drug formulation development","authors":"pNigel Langleyp","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419-C2-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419-C2-028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"137 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77511929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-18DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419-C3-032
H. S. Walia
{"title":"To describe my invention is Piles Patronage: About Hemorrhoids or Piles","authors":"H. S. Walia","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419-C3-032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419-C3-032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90837976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-18DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419-C3-031
pKishor K Chakrabortyp
{"title":"Industry / Academic Partnerships","authors":"pKishor K Chakrabortyp","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419-C3-031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419-C3-031","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75693718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2376-0419.1000E147
N. Ibrahim
{"title":"Global Initiative to Establish and Implement Dose Rounding Policy for Expensive Cancer Therapy","authors":"N. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4172/2376-0419.1000E147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0419.1000E147","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16700,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Care & Health Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88990550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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