During the last two decades, all fields, including the oil sector, depended mainly on technological progress to keep pace with the developments in this field. This technological progress was accompanied by an increase in hacking attempts. Cyber-attacks are defined as the hacking of a computer by a person or group of people over the Internet, causing a lot of damage, especially to devices and equipment that depend on the Internet; This leads to substantial financial losses. Therefore, it is very important to understand these attacks and try to overcome them. In the oil sector, cyber-attacks can be scanned in three areas (upstream, midstream, and downstream). This paper discusses how to secure cyber security for the oil sector by making plans for Internal and external cybersecurity by creating and securing separate loops by using blockchain technology and creating a smart contract for each loop to protect it information. As well as using the simulation and control system to increase the effectiveness of cyber security, and after this survey process. This paper aims to classify the cyber-attacks that affect the oil and gas sectors. Create a strong system against any type of cyber-attack, and thus provide higher protection for oil and gas companies and equipment through the work of special programs to protect systems and equipment from hacking.
{"title":"Utilizing Blockchain Technology for Oil and Gas Industry","authors":"Raad Mohammed","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i2.580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i2.580","url":null,"abstract":"During the last two decades, all fields, including the oil sector, depended mainly on technological progress to keep pace with the developments in this field. This technological progress was accompanied by an increase in hacking attempts. Cyber-attacks are defined as the hacking of a computer by a person or group of people over the Internet, causing a lot of damage, especially to devices and equipment that depend on the Internet; This leads to substantial financial losses. Therefore, it is very important to understand these attacks and try to overcome them. In the oil sector, cyber-attacks can be scanned in three areas (upstream, midstream, and downstream). This paper discusses how to secure cyber security for the oil sector by making plans for Internal and external cybersecurity by creating and securing separate loops by using blockchain technology and creating a smart contract for each loop to protect it information. As well as using the simulation and control system to increase the effectiveness of cyber security, and after this survey process. This paper aims to classify the cyber-attacks that affect the oil and gas sectors. Create a strong system against any type of cyber-attack, and thus provide higher protection for oil and gas companies and equipment through the work of special programs to protect systems and equipment from hacking.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75143173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ali Faraj, Hassan A. Abdul Hussein, Ghassan Husham Jani
A detailed analysis for the mechanical properties of the rock is necessary to maintain a well bore and avoid problems with well bore instability. Static young's modulus is one of the most crucial rock mechanical properties utilized in the drilling process to assess wellbore integrity and setting-up geomechanical earth model. Static young’s modulus change with varies of formation lithology’s which arise the critical need for estimation. The current study, a static young modulus values of different formations in section 12.25“in Zubair oil field are determined by depending on correlation to indicate variations in units and layers. Data of Gamma ray (GR), density log, sonic compression log (DTCO), and sonic shear log (DTSM) logs of well ZA-2 are utilized to estimate this attribute. Four different correlations that are set-up in Techlog 2015 software are used to achieve the aim of this study. These outcomes are calibrated using the fundamental laboratory tests (Brazilin and Triaxle test). The results showed that the modified Morales correlation provides a good matching with Calibration data, while four key data points are poorly correlated with the results of John Fuller's analysis.Also, Morales correlation shows unconformity when porosity reduced by less than 10% at different intervals, and Plumb Bradford correlation produces incorrect findings of static young’s higher than the dynamic. The results declare inversely relationship between porosity and young’s modulus.
{"title":"Estimation of Static Young Modulus for the Third section in Zubair Oil Field :A Comparison Study","authors":"Ali Faraj, Hassan A. Abdul Hussein, Ghassan Husham Jani","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i2.693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i2.693","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed analysis for the mechanical properties of the rock is necessary to maintain a well bore and avoid problems with well bore instability. Static young's modulus is one of the most crucial rock mechanical properties utilized in the drilling process to assess wellbore integrity and setting-up geomechanical earth model. Static young’s modulus change with varies of formation lithology’s which arise the critical need for estimation.\u0000The current study, a static young modulus values of different formations in section 12.25“in Zubair oil field are determined by depending on correlation to indicate variations in units and layers. Data of Gamma ray (GR), density log, sonic compression log (DTCO), and sonic shear log (DTSM) logs of well ZA-2 are utilized to estimate this attribute. Four different correlations that are set-up in Techlog 2015 software are used to achieve the aim of this study. These outcomes are calibrated using the fundamental laboratory tests (Brazilin and Triaxle test). The results showed that the modified Morales correlation provides a good matching with Calibration data, while four key data points are poorly correlated with the results of John Fuller's analysis.Also, Morales correlation shows unconformity when porosity reduced by less than 10% at different intervals, and Plumb Bradford correlation produces incorrect findings of static young’s higher than the dynamic. The results declare inversely relationship between porosity and young’s modulus.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87352559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The heat transfer of double tube heat exchanger under counter flow is experimentally investigated. Nanofluid and the pure water are used as cold and hot fluids respectively. ZnO nanoparticles of 30 nm diameter are dispersed in water to prepare nanofluid with mass concentrations of 0.5 and 1%. Cold nanofluid is flowing through the inner tube heat exchanger with 20°C temperature under 2, 4 and 6 lpm volume flow rate. The hot water enters the annular space of the heat exchanger at a temperature of 65°C and 4 lpm volume flow rate. To improve the performance of the heat exchanger, the experimental findings achieved using this sort of nanofluid will be compared to those obtained using pure water. The outcomes showed that employing nanofluid as the working fluid improved performance. When employing nanofluid, the highest heat exchanger effectiveness is 40 % for nanoparticles concentration of 0.5 % per mass and 54 % (with a mass concentration of 1 %) with a volume flow rate of 2 lpm.
{"title":"Improve Performance of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by Using Zno/Water Nanofluid","authors":"A. Hussein, Falih H. Issa","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i2.687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i2.687","url":null,"abstract":"The heat transfer of double tube heat exchanger under counter flow is experimentally investigated. Nanofluid and the pure water are used as cold and hot fluids respectively. ZnO nanoparticles of 30 nm diameter are dispersed in water to prepare nanofluid with mass concentrations of 0.5 and 1%. Cold nanofluid is flowing through the inner tube heat exchanger with 20°C temperature under 2, 4 and 6 lpm volume flow rate. The hot water enters the annular space of the heat exchanger at a temperature of 65°C and 4 lpm volume flow rate. To improve the performance of the heat exchanger, the experimental findings achieved using this sort of nanofluid will be compared to those obtained using pure water. The outcomes showed that employing nanofluid as the working fluid improved performance. When employing nanofluid, the highest heat exchanger effectiveness is 40 % for nanoparticles concentration of 0.5 % per mass and 54 % (with a mass concentration of 1 %) with a volume flow rate of 2 lpm.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81337977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Corrosion is a major problem in the petroleum industry, which often occurs to crude oil production equipment and to petroleum product transportation pipelines as well. In order to protect these parts from corrosion, much small quantities of inhibitors are constantly injected, which gradually formulate a fluffy layer of inhibitor over the metal surface so as to protect it from corrosion. Recently, the impact of corrosion inhibitors on the environment has been raising more attention and concern. New regulations related to environment have been designated, imposing a change in the use of toxic chemicals to the utilization of the so-called “green chemicals”. Experiments on carbon steel corrosion protection have been conducted in a medium of crude oil has an API gravity of 30.6 by using different concentrations, ranging between 100 – 400 ppm of different green inhibitors such as corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil with a different rotation speeds, namely, 0, 500, 1250 and 2000 rpm. The weight loss outcomes have showed that the rate of carbon steel corrosion in the crude oil decreases with the rise of inhibitors’ concentration, while corresponds with the increase of the rotational speed. In addition, it was found that the maximum inhibition efficiency achieved for the inhibitors corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil in crude oil was using a concentration of 400 ppm, a rotation speed of 0 rpm and an ambient temperature (25 °C) is 41.85%, 50.76%, 63.55% and 92.63%, respectively.
{"title":"Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel in Crude Oil by Using Different Green Corrosion Inhibitors and Various Rotation Speeds","authors":"Abbas Kh. Ibrahim Algburi","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.582","url":null,"abstract":"Corrosion is a major problem in the petroleum industry, which often occurs to crude oil production equipment and to petroleum product transportation pipelines as well. In order to protect these parts from corrosion, much small quantities of inhibitors are constantly injected, which gradually formulate a fluffy layer of inhibitor over the metal surface so as to protect it from corrosion. Recently, the impact of corrosion inhibitors on the environment has been raising more attention and concern. New regulations related to environment have been designated, imposing a change in the use of toxic chemicals to the utilization of the so-called “green chemicals”. Experiments on carbon steel corrosion protection have been conducted in a medium of crude oil has an API gravity of 30.6 by using different concentrations, ranging between 100 – 400 ppm of different green inhibitors such as corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil with a different rotation speeds, namely, 0, 500, 1250 and 2000 rpm. The weight loss outcomes have showed that the rate of carbon steel corrosion in the crude oil decreases with the rise of inhibitors’ concentration, while corresponds with the increase of the rotational speed. In addition, it was found that the maximum inhibition efficiency achieved for the inhibitors corn oil, sunflower oil, flaxseed oil and castor oil in crude oil was using a concentration of 400 ppm, a rotation speed of 0 rpm and an ambient temperature (25 °C) is 41.85%, 50.76%, 63.55% and 92.63%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86505893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adsorption is kinetically time-dependence controlled retention/ release mobility as a natural phenomenon in base and applicable in industry or in science. It is well-studied and modulated by known Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and other models to describe how it occurred and explains kinetic- thermodynamic material behaviour. Linear and/ or non- linear expressions may take place according to the theoretical base of these models to conclude the layer formation, uniformity besides reaction reversibility, and favourability from kinetic- thermodynamic principles. Coefficient of determination (R2) is a mean variation of data or a degree of proper or fitting as mostly used in kinetic and isotherm literatures. In adsorption investigations, experimental physical- chemical conditions and error sources are the main influenced factors, for example, at surface coverage (or inhibition efficiency) in corrosion treatments or adsorption capacity in pollution subject. Linearity variation will govern R2 to predict adsorbate behaviour on adsorbent surface that is highly influenced by concentration, temperature, pH, type of measuring method, physical and chemical structures of the adsorbent and adsorbate, and error sources in each experiment.
{"title":"Isothermal adsorption models: mini-focused observations","authors":"K. K. Hammud","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.613","url":null,"abstract":"Adsorption is kinetically time-dependence controlled retention/ release mobility as a natural phenomenon in base and applicable in industry or in science. It is well-studied and modulated by known Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and other models to describe how it occurred and explains kinetic- thermodynamic material behaviour.\u0000Linear and/ or non- linear expressions may take place according to the theoretical base of these models to conclude the layer formation, uniformity besides reaction reversibility, and favourability from kinetic- thermodynamic principles.\u0000Coefficient of determination (R2) is a mean variation of data or a degree of proper or fitting as mostly used in kinetic and isotherm literatures. In adsorption investigations, experimental physical- chemical conditions and error sources are the main influenced factors, for example, at surface coverage (or inhibition efficiency) in corrosion treatments or adsorption capacity in pollution subject. Linearity variation will govern R2 to predict adsorbate behaviour on adsorbent surface that is highly influenced by concentration, temperature, pH, type of measuring method, physical and chemical structures of the adsorbent and adsorbate, and error sources in each experiment.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"2372 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86569659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jassim Mohammed Al Said Naji, G. Abdul-Majeed, Ali K. Alhuraishawy
Heterogeneity refers to a not uniform distribution of reservoir properties. To overcome the problem of heterogeneity, most reservoir studies split the reservoir into different zones. In general, this disparity affects all log tools. Sonic shear wave time (SSW) is a critical metric in geomechanical modeling that is strongly influenced by reservoir heterogeneity and the kind of porous fluid composition. To detect the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on SSW prediction, an artificial neural network (ANN) was applied as an intelligent technique. One Iraqi vertical well that penetrated the Asmari reservoir was selected for this study. It contains 2462 SSW measured points as well as the following seven log parameters: Gamma Ray, Caliper, Density, Neutron, Compressional sonic, and True resistivity log over measured depth. Based on formation assessment and available well data, the Asmari reservoir was classified into six zones (with different lithology and different fluid content): A, B1, B2, B3, B4, and C. To investigate the effect of lithology on SSW, two runs of ANN had been conducted in this study. Initially, we developed a single ANN for all 2462 measured points, while in the second, six ANNs were built, one for each zone. The optimum structure for all the developed ANNs was obtained with one hidden layer of 12 neurons (7-12-1). The statistical parameters used for comparison are average percent error (APE), absolute average percent error (AAPE), standard deviation (SD), mean square error (MSE), and correlation coefficient (R2). It was observed that these parameters are approximately close to each other for the developed seven ANNs. The R2 values of the seven ANNs are 0.98 for all zones, and 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99 and 0.96 for each zone respectively. The insignificant differences of results can be explained by the fact that the log readings (i.e. inputs variables) are already reflected the effect of lithology. Therefore, we recommended using the ANN based on 2462 for predicting SSW to any lithology zone. A mathematical model for representing the suggested ANN to simplify the calculation.
{"title":"Intelligent Approach for Investigating Reservoir Heterogeneity Effect on Sonic Shear Wave","authors":"Jassim Mohammed Al Said Naji, G. Abdul-Majeed, Ali K. Alhuraishawy","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.680","url":null,"abstract":"Heterogeneity refers to a not uniform distribution of reservoir properties. To overcome the problem of heterogeneity, most reservoir studies split the reservoir into different zones. In general, this disparity affects all log tools. Sonic shear wave time (SSW) is a critical metric in geomechanical modeling that is strongly influenced by reservoir heterogeneity and the kind of porous fluid composition. To detect the effect of reservoir heterogeneity on SSW prediction, an artificial neural network (ANN) was applied as an intelligent technique. One Iraqi vertical well that penetrated the Asmari reservoir was selected for this study. It contains 2462 SSW measured points as well as the following seven log parameters: Gamma Ray, Caliper, Density, Neutron, Compressional sonic, and True resistivity log over measured depth. Based on formation assessment and available well data, the Asmari reservoir was classified into six zones (with different lithology and different fluid content): A, B1, B2, B3, B4, and C. To investigate the effect of lithology on SSW, two runs of ANN had been conducted in this study.\u0000Initially, we developed a single ANN for all 2462 measured points, while in the second, six ANNs were built, one for each zone. The optimum structure for all the developed ANNs was obtained with one hidden layer of 12 neurons (7-12-1). The statistical parameters used for comparison are average percent error (APE), absolute average percent error (AAPE), standard deviation (SD), mean square error (MSE), and correlation coefficient (R2). It was observed that these parameters are approximately close to each other for the developed seven ANNs. The R2 values of the seven ANNs are 0.98 for all zones, and 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99, 0.99 and 0.96 for each zone respectively. The insignificant differences of results can be explained by the fact that the log readings (i.e. inputs variables) are already reflected the effect of lithology. Therefore, we recommended using the ANN based on 2462 for predicting SSW to any lithology zone. A mathematical model for representing the suggested ANN to simplify the calculation.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82275806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The injection of Low Salinity Water (LSWI) as an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method has recently attracted a lot of attention. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate and identify the positive effects of LSWI on oil recovery. In order to demonstrate the impact of introducing low salinity water into a reservoir, simulations on the ECLIPSE 100 simulator are being done in this work. To simulate an actual reservoir, an easy static model was made. In order to replicate the effects of injecting low salinity water and normal salinity, or seawater, the reservoir is three-phase with oil, gas, and water. It has one injector and one producer. Five cases were suggested to investigate the effect of low salinity water injection with different concentrations and the period of injection. The low salinity injection period varied from twenty-five years in case one and reduced five years in each case until reached to five years in final case. Higher oil recovery factor obtained in case one with injection time twenty-five years and lower recovery factor for case five with injection time of low salinity water injection five years. Lower water concentration gives higher oil recovery for all cases where this study investigated the effect of low-salinity water flooding as slug injection. From the five cases presented, field oil recovery factor (FOE), field oil production rate (FOPR), field oil production total (FOPT), field pressure (FP), and field water cut (FWCT) were observed. Oil recovery is 56.6 percent in high salinity water flooding (HSWF), and 71.8 percent in low salinity water flooding (LSWF) for 0 percent salt concentration and 62.40 percent for 20 percent salt concentration as in case one.
{"title":"A Numerical Study of Tertiary Oil Recovery by Injection of Low-Salinity Water","authors":"A. Wattan, Mohammed S. Aljwad, U. Alameedy","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.674","url":null,"abstract":"The injection of Low Salinity Water (LSWI) as an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method has recently attracted a lot of attention. Extensive research has been conducted to investigate and identify the positive effects of LSWI on oil recovery.\u0000In order to demonstrate the impact of introducing low salinity water into a reservoir, simulations on the ECLIPSE 100 simulator are being done in this work. To simulate an actual reservoir, an easy static model was made. In order to replicate the effects of injecting low salinity water and normal salinity, or seawater, the reservoir is three-phase with oil, gas, and water. It has one injector and one producer.\u0000Five cases were suggested to investigate the effect of low salinity water injection with different concentrations and the period of injection.\u0000The low salinity injection period varied from twenty-five years in case one and reduced five years in each case until reached to five years in final case.\u0000Higher oil recovery factor obtained in case one with injection time twenty-five years and lower recovery factor for case five with injection time of low salinity water injection five years.\u0000Lower water concentration gives higher oil recovery for all cases where this study investigated the effect of low-salinity water flooding as slug injection.\u0000From the five cases presented, field oil recovery factor (FOE), field oil production rate (FOPR), field oil production total (FOPT), field pressure (FP), and field water cut (FWCT) were observed. Oil recovery is 56.6 percent in high salinity water flooding (HSWF), and 71.8 percent in low salinity water flooding (LSWF) for 0 percent salt concentration and 62.40 percent for 20 percent salt concentration as in case one.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75217208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Murad Nehad Mardan, Yaareb Elias Ahmed, M. K. Daham, Safad A. Hussein
Increasing demand for cooling operations in the oil and other sectors, this has led to an increase in electrical energy consumption. The most sustainable solution is to use absorption cooling technology by utilizing solar heat as driving energy instead of electricity. The primary advantage of absorptive cooling is lower electricity costs. In this study, the effect of changing the thermal storage capacities of hot and cold storage tanks and the solar collector area on the performance of the absorption air conditioning cycle was investigated. The optimum operating conditions, the maximum number of processing hours, and the optimum performance coefficient of the absorption conditioning cycle system were selected. The water-lithium bromide solution was used as a fluid in the sorption cycle, and glycerin was used in the hot and cold tank cycle and in the solar collector because it can with stands both high and low temperatures. The simulation process was carried out using (Fortran 90) program with the help of (Port log) program, (Carrier HAP420) program and (Curve Expert) program. The absorption conditioning cycle was simulated during the day to choose the best capacity for hot and cold storage tanks, as well as to choose the solar collector with the best performance factor. Changing the area of the solar collector (from 9.6 m2 to 16.7 m2), and the volume of the hot tank (from 0.55 m3 to 1.4 m3) have been done to provide the maximum temperature that the hot tank can reach with varying expected cooling load per hour, as well as the size of the tank cold (from 0.9 m3 to 1.6 m3) which gets additional cooling capacity, since the effect of these variables was tested separately. According to the research results, the best and most suitable volume for the hot tank is (0.55 m3), and for the cold tank is (1.5 m3), and the best and appropriate area for a solar concentric collector is (11.7 m2), which can provide longer running hours. Finally, the higher the generator's temperature, the higher the system's coefficient of performance (COP). The lowest COP value (0.68) is used to guarantee that the system runs for longer periods of time.
{"title":"Thermal Analysis of Absorption Air Conditioning Cycle Using Glycerin in Hot and Cold Storage Tanks","authors":"Murad Nehad Mardan, Yaareb Elias Ahmed, M. K. Daham, Safad A. Hussein","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.673","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demand for cooling operations in the oil and other sectors, this has led to an increase in electrical energy consumption. The most sustainable solution is to use absorption cooling technology by utilizing solar heat as driving energy instead of electricity. The primary advantage of absorptive cooling is lower electricity costs. In this study, the effect of changing the thermal storage capacities of hot and cold storage tanks and the solar collector area on the performance of the absorption air conditioning cycle was investigated. The optimum operating conditions, the maximum number of processing hours, and the optimum performance coefficient of the absorption conditioning cycle system were selected. The water-lithium bromide solution was used as a fluid in the sorption cycle, and glycerin was used in the hot and cold tank cycle and in the solar collector because it can with stands both high and low temperatures.\u0000The simulation process was carried out using (Fortran 90) program with the help of (Port log) program, (Carrier HAP420) program and (Curve Expert) program. The absorption conditioning cycle was simulated during the day to choose the best capacity for hot and cold storage tanks, as well as to choose the solar collector with the best performance factor. Changing the area of the solar collector (from 9.6 m2 to 16.7 m2), and the volume of the hot tank (from 0.55 m3 to 1.4 m3) have been done to provide the maximum temperature that the hot tank can reach with varying expected cooling load per hour, as well as the size of the tank cold (from 0.9 m3 to 1.6 m3) which gets additional cooling capacity, since the effect of these variables was tested separately.\u0000According to the research results, the best and most suitable volume for the hot tank is (0.55 m3), and for the cold tank is (1.5 m3), and the best and appropriate area for a solar concentric collector is (11.7 m2), which can provide longer running hours. Finally, the higher the generator's temperature, the higher the system's coefficient of performance (COP). The lowest COP value (0.68) is used to guarantee that the system runs for longer periods of time.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74069993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study determines the effects of UV radiation and heat treatment on many flow and mechanical parameters of PEG 4000, including flow time and viscosity (specific, reduced, relative, and intrinsic). Solubility time and shore D hardness are among the mechanical characteristics. By adjusting the concentrations of solutions in the range (0.01–0.03) g/ml of heating and non-heating PEG powders, and examining the polymer's solubility at the same time, the flow characteristics of the polymer are explored. Random glass fiber reinforcement in the range of 0.1–0.4 wt has also been studied to indicate the effect on shore hardness. After exposing the produced plates to ultraviolet light, the efficacy of the plates in purifying the oil from contaminants was investigated. The results show that increasing the concentration increases all types of viscosity and flow time, with the exception of intrinsic viscosity, which decreases as concentrations increase. Other parameters decrease after the first UV ray and heat treatment, but increase as the time of UV ray treatment increases. Furthermore, increasing the weight ratio of glass fibers from 0.1 to 0.4 wt lowered shore hardness, whereas increasing the weight ratio at the same previous range increased it after UV rad. While solubility data refers to increasing polymer weight and radiation help increase solubility time. The filtration efficacy of the small particles of the produced filters increased after the overlapping plates were exposed to UV radiation, owing to the smaller pore diameters.
{"title":"Study of Properties of Polyethylene Glycol and Its Glass Fibers Composites under UV-Rad for Oils Filtration Applications","authors":"Hanaa J. Alesa, B. M. Al dabbagh","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.672","url":null,"abstract":"This study determines the effects of UV radiation and heat treatment on many flow and mechanical parameters of PEG 4000, including flow time and viscosity (specific, reduced, relative, and intrinsic). Solubility time and shore D hardness are among the mechanical characteristics. By adjusting the concentrations of solutions in the range (0.01–0.03) g/ml of heating and non-heating PEG powders, and examining the polymer's solubility at the same time, the flow characteristics of the polymer are explored. Random glass fiber reinforcement in the range of 0.1–0.4 wt has also been studied to indicate the effect on shore hardness. After exposing the produced plates to ultraviolet light, the efficacy of the plates in purifying the oil from contaminants was investigated. The results show that increasing the concentration increases all types of viscosity and flow time, with the exception of intrinsic viscosity, which decreases as concentrations increase. Other parameters decrease after the first UV ray and heat treatment, but increase as the time of UV ray treatment increases. Furthermore, increasing the weight ratio of glass fibers from 0.1 to 0.4 wt lowered shore hardness, whereas increasing the weight ratio at the same previous range increased it after UV rad. While solubility data refers to increasing polymer weight and radiation help increase solubility time. The filtration efficacy of the small particles of the produced filters increased after the overlapping plates were exposed to UV radiation, owing to the smaller pore diameters. ","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90488121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
تعد الثروة النفطية من المواضيع المهمة التي حظيت باهتمام واسع على المستوى الدولي والإقليمي لأهميتها في كافة المجالات، ومن جانب أخر لمِا تسببه من تهديد للبيئة والصحة العامة والتنوع الأحيائي بسبب الاستخدام الخاطئ لها، لذا حرص المشرع العراقي على تجريم سكب النفط على سطح الأرض أو حقنه في الطبقات التي تستخدم للأغراض البشرية والزراعية ومن ثم رتب أحكامًا عقابية على مرتكب الجريمة وجعلها تقع تحت طائلة الجنح من حيث درجة الجسامة بعقوبة الحبس، وأورد أحكامها المتمثلة بالأساس القانوني لها في قانون حماية وتحسين البيئة العراقي رقم 27 لسنة 2009 النافذ.
{"title":"الحماية الجزائية للبيئة من آثار سكب النفط على الأرض","authors":"محمد عباس عبد","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v13i1.752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v13i1.752","url":null,"abstract":" تعد الثروة النفطية من المواضيع المهمة التي حظيت باهتمام واسع على المستوى الدولي والإقليمي لأهميتها في كافة المجالات، ومن جانب أخر لمِا تسببه من تهديد للبيئة والصحة العامة والتنوع الأحيائي بسبب الاستخدام الخاطئ لها، لذا حرص المشرع العراقي على تجريم سكب النفط على سطح الأرض أو حقنه في الطبقات التي تستخدم للأغراض البشرية والزراعية ومن ثم رتب أحكامًا عقابية على مرتكب الجريمة وجعلها تقع تحت طائلة الجنح من حيث درجة الجسامة بعقوبة الحبس، وأورد أحكامها المتمثلة بالأساس القانوني لها في قانون حماية وتحسين البيئة العراقي رقم 27 لسنة 2009 النافذ.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91215278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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