Dr. Ahmed K. Alhusseini, Harith A. Mohammed, Sarah H. Hamzah
Bitumen precipitation refers to the separation and settling of heavier, denser hydrocarbon compounds from crude oil, which can occur under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. Crude oils with high viscosity, high density, low API gravity, and high sulfur content are more prone to bitumen precipitation. Understanding these properties is essential in the oil industry for predicting the behavior of crude oils during production, transportation, refining, and storage. The viscosity, density, API, and sulfur content of crude oil were examined as part of this investigation. The viscosity test is achieved by using automated viscometer apparatus with ASTM D 7042 standard, while the sulfur content test is performed by using Sindie 2622 Sulfur Analyzer with ASTM D 7039 standard. However, density and API gravity tests are done depending on manually condition related to mixing, time, method, temperature and percentages until obtained an optimized result. In order to determine the reduction in viscosity and other physical properties of crude oil, which will offer a better solution against the precipitating of asphaltene and Bitumen that essentially lead to plug the production pipe and stop oil production. The chosen solvent was kerosene, which mixed with three samples of crude oil over the course of three periods under standard conditions from the Zubair formation/East Baghdad field [EB-58]. However, the kerosene is selected because it has a high specific gravity which is considered as the best solvent for heavy crude oil and it is inexpensive. Moreover, in experimental work used three percentage of kerosene to mix with crude oil; [6%, 12% and 18%]. The results show that all ratio of kerosene addition will optimize the crude oil properties. The best result was gotten by adding 18 % kerosene to crude oil and the best optimization results were viscosity 89.3%, density 4.27%, API 39.5% and sulfur content 21.2%. In addition to reduce the viscosity of the heavy crude oil, using kerosene for 1 job will minimize the expenses approximately 1,177,000 IQD.
沥青沉淀是指在一定的压力和温度条件下，较重、密度较大的碳氢化合物从原油中分离和沉淀出来。高粘度、高密度、低 API 重力和高硫含量的原油更容易发生沥青沉淀。了解这些特性对于石油工业预测原油在生产、运输、提炼和储存过程中的行为至关重要。本次调查对原油的粘度、密度、API 和硫含量进行了检测。粘度测试是使用符合 ASTM D 7042 标准的自动粘度计仪器进行的，而硫含量测试则是使用符合 ASTM D 7039 标准的 Sindie 2622 硫分析仪进行的。不过，密度和 API 重力测试是根据与混合、时间、方法、温度和百分比有关的人工条件进行的，直到获得最佳结果。为了确定原油粘度和其他物理性质的降低程度，从而为防止沥青质和沥青的沉淀提供更好的解决方案，沥青质和沥青的沉淀基本上会导致生产管道堵塞和石油停产。所选溶剂为煤油，在标准条件下与来自祖拜尔地层/巴格达东部油田 [EB-58] 的三个原油样本混合了三个时段。之所以选择煤油，是因为煤油比重大，被认为是重质原油的最佳溶剂，而且价格低廉。此外，在实验工作中使用了三种比例的煤油与原油混合：[6%、12% 和 18%]。结果表明，所有煤油添加比例都能优化原油特性。在原油中添加 18% 的煤油效果最好，最佳优化结果为粘度 89.3%、密度 4.27%、API 39.5% 和硫含量 21.2%。除了降低重质原油的粘度外，使用煤油进行 1 次作业还将最大限度地减少约 1,177,000 伊拉克第纳尔的支出。
{"title":"Treatment of the Bitumen and Heavy Oil in Zubair Formation/ East Baghdad Field","authors":"Dr. Ahmed K. Alhusseini, Harith A. Mohammed, Sarah H. Hamzah","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i2.844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i2.844","url":null,"abstract":"Bitumen precipitation refers to the separation and settling of heavier, denser hydrocarbon compounds from crude oil, which can occur under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. Crude oils with high viscosity, high density, low API gravity, and high sulfur content are more prone to bitumen precipitation. Understanding these properties is essential in the oil industry for predicting the behavior of crude oils during production, transportation, refining, and storage. The viscosity, density, API, and sulfur content of crude oil were examined as part of this investigation. The viscosity test is achieved by using automated viscometer apparatus with ASTM D 7042 standard, while the sulfur content test is performed by using Sindie 2622 Sulfur Analyzer with ASTM D 7039 standard. However, density and API gravity tests are done depending on manually condition related to mixing, time, method, temperature and percentages until obtained an optimized result. In order to determine the reduction in viscosity and other physical properties of crude oil, which will offer a better solution against the precipitating of asphaltene and Bitumen that essentially lead to plug the production pipe and stop oil production. The chosen solvent was kerosene, which mixed with three samples of crude oil over the course of three periods under standard conditions from the Zubair formation/East Baghdad field [EB-58]. However, the kerosene is selected because it has a high specific gravity which is considered as the best solvent for heavy crude oil and it is inexpensive. Moreover, in experimental work used three percentage of kerosene to mix with crude oil; [6%, 12% and 18%]. The results show that all ratio of kerosene addition will optimize the crude oil properties. The best result was gotten by adding 18 % kerosene to crude oil and the best optimization results were viscosity 89.3%, density 4.27%, API 39.5% and sulfur content 21.2%. In addition to reduce the viscosity of the heavy crude oil, using kerosene for 1 job will minimize the expenses approximately 1,177,000 IQD.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"53 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141354986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to investigate the properties of drilling fluids with low solids content prepared using Iraqi bentonite. Polyacrylamide polymer, sodium polyacrylate polymer, Nano silica, and fine silica were used, as the results demonstrated the success of these materials in preparing drilling fluids with low solids content. As for micro silica, it is a material used with cement, but it was used in this study with drilling fluids because it is cheap in addition to being an environmentally friendly material. Polyacrylamide is a highly absorbent and effective material, which is usually used during well injection, but in this study it was used to improve the properties of Iraqi bentonite. 10 samples of drilling mud were prepared using the aforementioned materials in different proportions, and Iraqi bentonite was also used as a dispersant or dispersant phase. The percentage of bentonite during preparation ranged between (1.5-5) % in order to achieve sufficient gel resistance and balance the filtration speed. By drawing the relationship between shear stress and shear rate, it was found that all prepared samples follow the power law model, as this was used in hydraulic calculations in order to determine the pressure loss in the hydraulic system of the well. The results show that polyacrylamide polymer has the best effect on Iraqi bentonite among the other used materials in this study, where 1% from this material is enough to enhance properties (rheology and filtration) of Iraq bentonite. However, it has been observed from the laboratory results that when the percentage of bentonite is reduced to 1.5%, the prepared liquid will fail to suspend the barite and therefore will not achieve the required density in spite of the addition of barite. The best sample for the drilling fluid is when the percentage of the total solid is 5%, i.e. (10 gm Iraqi bentonite, 7 gm barite, 1 gm polymeric, Nano, or nanomaterials). As this drilling fluid had the best performance in terms of pressure loss, as they gave the least pressure loss.
{"title":"Investigative Study of the Properties of Low Solid Drilling Fluid Prepared by Using Iraqi Bentonite","authors":"A. Assi","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.774","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the properties of drilling fluids with low solids content prepared using Iraqi bentonite. Polyacrylamide polymer, sodium polyacrylate polymer, Nano silica, and fine silica were used, as the results demonstrated the success of these materials in preparing drilling fluids with low solids content. As for micro silica, it is a material used with cement, but it was used in this study with drilling fluids because it is cheap in addition to being an environmentally friendly material. Polyacrylamide is a highly absorbent and effective material, which is usually used during well injection, but in this study it was used to improve the properties of Iraqi bentonite. 10 samples of drilling mud were prepared using the aforementioned materials in different proportions, and Iraqi bentonite was also used as a dispersant or dispersant phase. The percentage of bentonite during preparation ranged between (1.5-5) % in order to achieve sufficient gel resistance and balance the filtration speed. By drawing the relationship between shear stress and shear rate, it was found that all prepared samples follow the power law model, as this was used in hydraulic calculations in order to determine the pressure loss in the hydraulic system of the well. The results show that polyacrylamide polymer has the best effect on Iraqi bentonite among the other used materials in this study, where 1% from this material is enough to enhance properties (rheology and filtration) of Iraq bentonite. However, it has been observed from the laboratory results that when the percentage of bentonite is reduced to 1.5%, the prepared liquid will fail to suspend the barite and therefore will not achieve the required density in spite of the addition of barite. The best sample for the drilling fluid is when the percentage of the total solid is 5%, i.e. (10 gm Iraqi bentonite, 7 gm barite, 1 gm polymeric, Nano, or nanomaterials). As this drilling fluid had the best performance in terms of pressure loss, as they gave the least pressure loss.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"105 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natasha Khan, Shaukat Khan, Faisal Rehman, Muhammad Sajid
The structural and seismic properties of the Paleocene carbonate reservoir are re-evaluated, using 3D seismic data multi-attributes, to improve reservoir prediction accuracy rarely documented earlier. This study highlights a number of relevant post-stack seismic attributes for understanding the structural setup and seismic properties of a carbonate reservoir. The structural analysis was carried out using seismic interpretation, combined with multi-attribute analysis for prospect actualization and generation of a 3D structural model to determine the structural aspect. The structural interpretation reveals the presence of faults and an asymmetrical anticlinal structure demonstrating a four-way closure, confirming compressional tectonics. The high amplitude anomaly (-6 to 12) combined with the RMS attribute (23 to 32) suggests bright spots in the Paleocene carbonate reservoir and gas saturated zone, the variance attribute (0.05 to 0.03) highlights the presence of two major faults, and the lower instantaneous frequency demonstrates the presence of hydrocarbons. The attribute results indicate that the Lockhart Limestone possesses good reservoir potential as revealed by DHI (bright spot), gas saturated zone and a trapping mechanism supported by four-way structure closure in the region and can help to understand analogous carbonate reservoirs in similar geological settings around the world.
{"title":"Structural and seismic attribute analysis of the Paleocene carbonate reservoir from the Balkassar Field, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan","authors":"Natasha Khan, Shaukat Khan, Faisal Rehman, Muhammad Sajid","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.871","url":null,"abstract":"The structural and seismic properties of the Paleocene carbonate reservoir are re-evaluated, using 3D seismic data multi-attributes, to improve reservoir prediction accuracy rarely documented earlier. This study highlights a number of relevant post-stack seismic attributes for understanding the structural setup and seismic properties of a carbonate reservoir. The structural analysis was carried out using seismic interpretation, combined with multi-attribute analysis for prospect actualization and generation of a 3D structural model to determine the structural aspect. The structural interpretation reveals the presence of faults and an asymmetrical anticlinal structure demonstrating a four-way closure, confirming compressional tectonics. The high amplitude anomaly (-6 to 12) combined with the RMS attribute (23 to 32) suggests bright spots in the Paleocene carbonate reservoir and gas saturated zone, the variance attribute (0.05 to 0.03) highlights the presence of two major faults, and the lower instantaneous frequency demonstrates the presence of hydrocarbons. The attribute results indicate that the Lockhart Limestone possesses good reservoir potential as revealed by DHI (bright spot), gas saturated zone and a trapping mechanism supported by four-way structure closure in the region and can help to understand analogous carbonate reservoirs in similar geological settings around the world.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"324 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saba A. Gheni, Awad E. Mohammed, Wadood T. Mohammed, Mahmod A. Abdulqader, O. A. Habeeb
Annually, a high amount of hazardous oily sludge (OS) is produced by North Refineries Company (NRC) Baiji. This work aims to study the specifications of oily sludge in crude oil storage tanks and to convert it into activated carbon (AC) by pyrolysis using KOH activated agent. The physical properties of OS have been measured and analyzed. The AC is produced by carbonizing oily sludge to char under N2 flow using KOH at an impregnation ratio of 2:1 KOH/char. The pore structure, morphology of the surface, and surface chemistry of the AC produced were characterized using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Fourier Electron Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The result shows the surface area of the produced AC was 350 m2/g with a mesoporous structure. Based on the findings, the obtained surface area of the AC indicates the oily sludge was a light precursor, which is helpful in producing gas and liquid fuels rather than solid fuel.
{"title":"Converting Iraqi Hazardous Crude Oily Sludge into Value-Added Activated Carbon using KOH Activation Technique","authors":"Saba A. Gheni, Awad E. Mohammed, Wadood T. Mohammed, Mahmod A. Abdulqader, O. A. Habeeb","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.773","url":null,"abstract":"Annually, a high amount of hazardous oily sludge (OS) is produced by North Refineries Company (NRC) Baiji. This work aims to study the specifications of oily sludge in crude oil storage tanks and to convert it into activated carbon (AC) by pyrolysis using KOH activated agent. The physical properties of OS have been measured and analyzed. The AC is produced by carbonizing oily sludge to char under N2 flow using KOH at an impregnation ratio of 2:1 KOH/char. The pore structure, morphology of the surface, and surface chemistry of the AC produced were characterized using Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Fourier Electron Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The result shows the surface area of the produced AC was 350 m2/g with a mesoporous structure. Based on the findings, the obtained surface area of the AC indicates the oily sludge was a light precursor, which is helpful in producing gas and liquid fuels rather than solid fuel.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"31 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microscopic organisms are the only single-celled organisms proposed for the advancement of techniques for Estimation of Oil Recovery (EOR) because they have numerous desirable properties, including a simple structure and an unsustainable growth rate when supplied with vital nutrients, resulting in the release of metabolic chemicals like Aerosols, acids, minimum lubricants, surfactants, and polymers. Clostridium acetobutylicum was isolated from intensive rice cultivation soil and has the ability to use polysaccharides such as starch and carboxylmethyl cellulose to produce biobutanol, while Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus was isolated from marine sediment in Iraq and grows in anaerobic synthetic seawater medium with the addition of a trace element solution. These bacteria can also withstand difficult conditions High salinity, high pressure, and high temperature play roles and contribute to underground geological formations. An aqueous mixture of nutrients, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus, and molasses with nutrient and bacterial spore injection into a reservoir. As a result, these microorganisms are capable of considerable catalytic reactions. production of a diverse spectrum of products (biosolvents, bioacids, biogases, and biosurfactants) from relatively simple nutritional compounds, multiply vigorously under favourable conditions, and have resulted in increased oil release from reservoir rock. The well began producing 70 days after the medication was started. 80 to 90 days after the injection began, relatively brief polyunsaturated fats, Carbon dioxide, and residues of ethanol, 1-butanol, and acetone were detected. Because of their highly resistant endospores, Clostridium are the most ideal of the several microbes used in MEOR (Microbial enhanced oil recovery). Desulfovibrio strains capable of producing biosurfactants in situ, which are beneficial to the MEOR process, are also valuable. Nutrients are often supplied as fermentable carbs to promote microbial metabolism.
{"title":"Uses of Microorganisms in The Recovery of Oil and Gas","authors":"Zena J. Ameen","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.765","url":null,"abstract":"Microscopic organisms are the only single-celled organisms proposed for the advancement of techniques for Estimation of Oil Recovery (EOR) because they have numerous desirable properties, including a simple structure and an unsustainable growth rate when supplied with vital nutrients, resulting in the release of metabolic chemicals like Aerosols, acids, minimum lubricants, surfactants, and polymers.\u0000Clostridium acetobutylicum was isolated from intensive rice cultivation soil and has the ability to use polysaccharides such as starch and carboxylmethyl cellulose to produce biobutanol, while Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus was isolated from marine sediment in Iraq and grows in anaerobic synthetic seawater medium with the addition of a trace element solution. These bacteria can also withstand difficult conditions High salinity, high pressure, and high temperature play roles and contribute to underground geological formations. An aqueous mixture of nutrients, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Desulfovibrio hydrocarbonoclasticus, and molasses with nutrient and bacterial spore injection into a reservoir. As a result, these microorganisms are capable of considerable catalytic reactions.\u0000production of a diverse spectrum of products (biosolvents, bioacids, biogases, and biosurfactants) from relatively simple nutritional compounds, multiply vigorously under favourable conditions, and have resulted in increased oil release from reservoir rock. The well began producing 70 days after the medication was started. 80 to 90 days after the injection began, relatively brief polyunsaturated fats, Carbon dioxide, and residues of ethanol, 1-butanol, and acetone were detected. Because of their highly resistant endospores, Clostridium are the most ideal of the several microbes used in MEOR (Microbial enhanced oil recovery). Desulfovibrio strains capable of producing biosurfactants in situ, which are beneficial to the MEOR process, are also valuable. Nutrients are often supplied as fermentable carbs to promote microbial metabolism.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"11 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140225354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa R. Al-Nidawi, Dalya J. Ahmed, Mohammed Chali, Ahmed Bahjat
Engine oil (EO) is produced by mixing base oil derivatives from crude oil with chemical additives to the lubricity of moving parts and reduce the friction inside the engine. Used lubricating oil (ULO) is one of the hazardous materials that consists of pollution harmful to the environment, it needs to be managed properly. In this work, vacuum distillation technique is used to recycle used lubricating oil. Used lubricating oil samples from two different brands of diesel engine oil (20w-50) and gasoline engine oil (10W-30) are used in this study. Various properties of ULO and recycled oil were characterized such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, density, pour point, flash point, Sulphur content, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The yield recycles for ULO of gasoline engines, diesel engines, and mix (gasoline and diesel) by vacuum process were 85%, 74%, and 75% respectively, it was discovered that the sulfur component decreased from 9792.3 ppm of ULO to 405 ppm of yield distillates. The pour point results show an increase from -30 °C of used lubricating oil to -18 and -6 for distillates cut for vacuum distillation, compared to the pour point of Iraqi base oil 40 and 60 Stook (SN150 and SN200) -18 °C and -6 °C
{"title":"Purification of Used Lubricating Oils Using Vacuum Distillation","authors":"Mustafa R. Al-Nidawi, Dalya J. Ahmed, Mohammed Chali, Ahmed Bahjat","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.766","url":null,"abstract":"Engine oil (EO) is produced by mixing base oil derivatives from crude oil with chemical additives to the lubricity of moving parts and reduce the friction inside the engine. Used lubricating oil (ULO) is one of the hazardous materials that consists of pollution harmful to the environment, it needs to be managed properly. In this work, vacuum distillation technique is used to recycle used lubricating oil. Used lubricating oil samples from two different brands of diesel engine oil (20w-50) and gasoline engine oil (10W-30) are used in this study. Various properties of ULO and recycled oil were characterized such as kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, density, pour point, flash point, Sulphur content, and Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The yield recycles for ULO of gasoline engines, diesel engines, and mix (gasoline and diesel) by vacuum process were 85%, 74%, and 75% respectively, it was discovered that the sulfur component decreased from 9792.3 ppm of ULO to 405 ppm of yield distillates. The pour point results show an increase from -30 °C of used lubricating oil to -18 and -6 for distillates cut for vacuum distillation, compared to the pour point of Iraqi base oil 40 and 60 Stook (SN150 and SN200) -18 °C and -6 °C","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"323 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140228253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
تعرف الهيدرات الغازية بأنها مركبات (clathrate) تتكون من ثلاث مكونات أساسية (سائل خام، غاز، ماء). عندما يتم تحرير الغاز(الضيف) من السائل الخام بفعل مفاهيم الحركة الديناميكية والحرارية للغاز والسائل، يتم حصر(الغاز) داخل قفص فقاعة الماء المتبخرة (المضيف) ليتكون الهيدر الغازي بفعل ضرفي الحرارة والضغط على شكل هيكل بلوري كروي مرتبط بروابط (أواصر) هيدروجينية تحت تأثير قوة فان دير فال تسبب الهيدرات، عند حدوثها، انسدادًا كليًا أو جزئيًا وعرقلة لتدفق النفط الخام وفقدان للطاقة التشغيلية. يعتمد ذلك على نوع الهيدر الغازي المتكون وطبيعة الضروف الموقعية، لذا تعتبر الهيدرات الغازية واحدة من اهم المشاكل العلميه الموقعية التي تعاني منها مصافي تكرير النفط الخام خاصة في الموقعين، أبتداً من منطقة التسخين الأولية - حزمة المبادلات الحرارية 211ABC) –EX ) وصولاً الى منطقة التسخين الثانوية– (فرن الوحدة). وضعت الورقه اهم الحلول العلمية والعملية، ومن خلال النتائج تبين ان الخطوات العمليه الفنية التي يتبناها مشغلي الوحدات التكريرية تسبب اضرار مستقبلية وتقلل من العمرالتصميمي للوحدة، على العكس من الحلول العلمية بأستخدام مثبطات الهيدرات.
{"title":"تكون هيدرات الغاز في مجال تكرير النفط الخام: مصفاة النجف (unit 2) / دراسة حالة","authors":"سامر نعمان شطب, محمد مشرف حسين, غالب صادق جبار, حيدر سامي رحيم","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.760","url":null,"abstract":"تعرف الهيدرات الغازية بأنها مركبات (clathrate) تتكون من ثلاث مكونات أساسية (سائل خام، غاز، ماء). عندما يتم تحرير الغاز(الضيف) من السائل الخام بفعل مفاهيم الحركة الديناميكية والحرارية للغاز والسائل، يتم حصر(الغاز) داخل قفص فقاعة الماء المتبخرة (المضيف) ليتكون الهيدر الغازي بفعل ضرفي الحرارة والضغط على شكل هيكل بلوري كروي مرتبط بروابط (أواصر) هيدروجينية تحت تأثير قوة فان دير فال تسبب الهيدرات، عند حدوثها، انسدادًا كليًا أو جزئيًا وعرقلة لتدفق النفط الخام وفقدان للطاقة التشغيلية. يعتمد ذلك على نوع الهيدر الغازي المتكون وطبيعة الضروف الموقعية، لذا تعتبر الهيدرات الغازية واحدة من اهم المشاكل العلميه الموقعية التي تعاني منها مصافي تكرير النفط الخام خاصة في الموقعين، أبتداً من منطقة التسخين الأولية - حزمة المبادلات الحرارية 211ABC) –EX ) وصولاً الى منطقة التسخين الثانوية– (فرن الوحدة).\u0000وضعت الورقه اهم الحلول العلمية والعملية، ومن خلال النتائج تبين ان الخطوات العمليه الفنية التي يتبناها مشغلي الوحدات التكريرية تسبب اضرار مستقبلية وتقلل من العمرالتصميمي للوحدة، على العكس من الحلول العلمية بأستخدام مثبطات الهيدرات.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"19 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140227061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Permeability estimation is a vital step in reservoir engineering due to its effect on reservoir's characterization, planning for perforations, and economic efficiency of the reservoirs. The core and well-logging data are the main sources of permeability measuring and calculating respectively. There are multiple methods to predict permeability such as classic, empirical, and geostatistical methods. In this research, two statistical approaches have been applied and compared for permeability prediction: Multiple Linear Regression and Random Forest, given the (M) reservoir interval in the (BH) Oil Field in the northern part of Iraq. The dataset was separated into two subsets: Training and Testing in order to cross-validate the accuracy and the performance of the algorithms. The random forest algorithm was the most accurate method leading to lowest Root Mean Square Prediction Error (RMSPE) and highest Adjusted R-Square than multiple linear regression algorithm for both training and testing subset respectively. Thus, random Forest algorithm is more trustable in permeability prediction in non-cored intervals and its distribution in the geological model.
渗透率估算是油藏工程中的一个重要步骤，因为它对油藏的特征描述、射孔规划和油藏的经济效益都有影响。岩心和测井数据分别是渗透率测量和计算的主要来源。预测渗透率有多种方法，如经典方法、经验方法和地质统计方法。在本研究中，有两种统计方法被用于渗透率预测并进行了比较：多重线性回归法和随机森林法。数据集分为两个子集：为了交叉验证算法的准确性和性能，将数据集分为两个子集：训练集和测试集。与多元线性回归算法相比，随机森林算法是最准确的方法，在训练子集和测试子集上的均方根预测误差（RMSPE）最小，调整 R 平方最高。因此，随机森林算法在预测非刻蚀区间的渗透率及其在地质模型中的分布方面更值得信赖。
{"title":"Advanced Machine Learning application for Permeability Prediction for (M) Formation in an Iraqi Oil Field","authors":"Noor alhuda K. Mohammed, G. Farman","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.777","url":null,"abstract":"Permeability estimation is a vital step in reservoir engineering due to its effect on reservoir's characterization, planning for perforations, and economic efficiency of the reservoirs. The core and well-logging data are the main sources of permeability measuring and calculating respectively. There are multiple methods to predict permeability such as classic, empirical, and geostatistical methods. In this research, two statistical approaches have been applied and compared for permeability prediction: Multiple Linear Regression and Random Forest, given the (M) reservoir interval in the (BH) Oil Field in the northern part of Iraq. The dataset was separated into two subsets: Training and Testing in order to cross-validate the accuracy and the performance of the algorithms. The random forest algorithm was the most accurate method leading to lowest Root Mean Square Prediction Error (RMSPE) and highest Adjusted R-Square than multiple linear regression algorithm for both training and testing subset respectively. Thus, random Forest algorithm is more trustable in permeability prediction in non-cored intervals and its distribution in the geological model.","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140224732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this research work, the main distillation column of Salahadin 1 refinery in Baiji Refineries is simulated and analyzed using Aspen HYSYS. Kirkuk, Basrah and Ajeel crudes are mixed together (with unknown mixing ratio) to create the feed stream of this unit. The determination of the blending ratio of these streams beside performance analysis of the system using actual plant data to increase the operating capacity are the main objectives of this research work. So, this work is very helpful to the refinery because it can be applicable to manage these blending ratios to obtain desired product quality. Also, this work enables the CDU unit at the refinery to work at full capacity. The validation results show that the system is perfectly simulated with Aspen HYSYS and the mixing ratio of (Ajeel, Basrah, and Kirkuk) crudes are (0.102,0.5, and 0.398) respectively; Furthermore, this study suggested that, it is important to replace the transfer line pipe diameter between the furnace and the distillation column according to the design specifications which enables the operators to rise the feed volumetric flowrate into full capacity.
{"title":"Steady State Simulation and Analysis of Crude Distillation Unit at Baiji Refinery","authors":"Ayoob I. Mohammed, T. A. Abdulla, Atta O. Hussein","doi":"10.52716/jprs.v14i1.767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v14i1.767","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Abstract\u0000In this research work, the main distillation column of Salahadin 1 refinery in Baiji Refineries is simulated and analyzed using Aspen HYSYS. Kirkuk, Basrah and Ajeel crudes are mixed together (with unknown mixing ratio) to create the feed stream of this unit. The determination of the blending ratio of these streams beside performance analysis of the system using actual plant data to increase the operating capacity are the main objectives of this research work. So, this work is very helpful to the refinery because it can be applicable to manage these blending ratios to obtain desired product quality. Also, this work enables the CDU unit at the refinery to work at full capacity. The validation results show that the system is perfectly simulated with Aspen HYSYS and the mixing ratio of (Ajeel, Basrah, and Kirkuk) crudes are (0.102,0.5, and 0.398) respectively; Furthermore, this study suggested that, it is important to replace the transfer line pipe diameter between the furnace and the distillation column according to the design specifications which enables the operators to rise the feed volumetric flowrate into full capacity. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":16710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies","volume":"33 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140226475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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