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Dissolution of copovidone-based amorphous solid dispersions: Influence of atomic layer coating, hydration kinetics, and formulation. 基于 Copovidone 的无定形固体分散体的溶解:原子层涂层、水合动力学和配方的影响
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.001
Emily G Benson, Dana E Moseson, Shradha Bhalla, Fei Wang, Miaojun Wang, Kai Zheng, Pravin K Narwankar, Lynne S Taylor

Atomic layer coating (ALC) is an emerging, solvent-free technique to coat amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) particles with a nanolayer ceramic coating that has been shown to improve powder characteristics and limit drug crystallization. Herein, we evaluate the impact of aluminum oxide coatings with varying thickness and conformality on the release behavior of ritonavir/copovidone ASDs. Release performance of powders, neat tablets, and formulated tablets was studied. Confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) was used to visualize particle hydration and phase separation during immersion of the ASD in aqueous media. CFM revealed particle hydration requires defects for solvent penetration, but coatings, regardless of thickness, had minor impacts on powder dissolution provided defects were present. In tablets where less surface area is exposed to the dissolution media due to gel formation, slowed hydration kinetics resulted in phase separation of the drug from the polymer in coated samples, limiting release. Formulation with two superdisintegrants, crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium, as well as lactose achieved ∼90% release in less than 10 minutes, matching the uncoated ASD particles of the same formulation. This study highlights the importance of hydration rate, as well as the utility of confocal fluorescence microscopy to provide insight into release and phase behavior of ASDs.

原子层包衣(ALC)是一种新兴的无溶剂技术,可在无定形固体分散体(ASD)颗粒上包覆一层纳米陶瓷涂层,该涂层已被证明可改善粉末特性并限制药物结晶。在此,我们评估了不同厚度和保形性的氧化铝涂层对利托那韦/科波维酮 ASD 溶解的影响。研究了粉末、纯片和配制片剂的释放性能。共聚焦荧光显微镜(CFM)用于观察 ASD 在水介质中浸泡期间的颗粒水合和相分离。共聚焦荧光显微镜显示,颗粒水合需要有缺陷才能使溶剂渗透,但只要存在缺陷,无论涂层厚度如何,对粉末溶解的影响都很小。在片剂中,由于凝胶的形成,暴露在溶解介质中的表面积较小,水合动力学的减慢导致涂层样品中的药物与聚合物相分离,从而限制了药物的释放。含有两种超微崩解剂(曲丙维酮和roscarmellose sodium)以及乳糖的制剂在不到 10 分钟的时间内达到了 90% 的释放率,与相同制剂中未包衣的 ASD 颗粒相当。这项研究强调了水合速率的重要性,以及共聚焦荧光显微镜在深入了解 ASD 的释放和相行为方面的实用性。
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引用次数: 0
Particle formation in response to different protein formulations and containers: Insights from machine learning analysis of particle images. 针对不同蛋白质配方和容器的颗粒形成:从粒子图像的机器学习分析中获得启示。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.017
Gabriella Milef, Saba Ghazvini, Indira Prajapati, Yu-Chieh Chen, Yibo Wang, Mehdi Boroumand

Subvisible particle count is a biotherapeutics stability indicator widely used by pharmaceutical industries. A variety of stresses that biotherapeutics are exposed to during development can impact particle morphology. By classifying particle morphological differences, stresses that have been applied to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be identified. This study aims to evaluate common biotherapeutic drug storage and shipment conditions that are known to impact protein aggregation. Two different studies were conducted to capture particle images using micro-flow imaging and to classify particles using a convolutional neural network. The first study evaluated particles produced in response to agitation, heat, and freeze-thaw stresses in one mAb formulated in five different formulations. The second study evaluated particles from two common drug containers, a high-density polyethylene bottle and a glass vial, in six mAbs exposed solely to agitation stress. An extension of this study was also conducted to evaluate the impact of sequential stress exposure compared to exposure to one stress alone, on particle morphology. Overall, the convolutional neural network was able to classify particles belonging to a particular formulation or container. These studies indicate that storage and shipping stresses can impact particle morphology according to formulation composition and mAb.

亚可见颗粒计数是制药行业广泛使用的生物治疗药物稳定性指标。生物治疗药物在开发过程中受到的各种应力都会影响颗粒形态。通过对颗粒形态差异进行分类,可以确定单克隆抗体(mAbs)所受的应力。本研究旨在评估已知会影响蛋白质聚集的常见生物治疗药物储存和装运条件。我们进行了两项不同的研究,利用微流成像技术捕捉颗粒图像,并利用卷积神经网络对颗粒进行分类。第一项研究评估了以五种不同配方配制的一种 mAb 在搅拌、加热和冻融压力下产生的颗粒。第二项研究评估了两种常见药物容器(高密度聚乙烯瓶和玻璃瓶)中仅暴露于搅拌应力的六种 mAb 产生的微粒。这项研究还进行了扩展,以评估连续应力暴露与单独暴露于一种应力相比对颗粒形态的影响。总体而言,卷积神经网络能够对属于特定配方或容器的颗粒进行分类。这些研究表明,储存和运输应力会根据制剂成分和 mAb 影响颗粒形态。
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引用次数: 0
Using the refined Developability Classification System (rDCS) to guide the design of oral formulations. 使用改良的显影性分类系统 (rDCS) 指导口服制剂的设计。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.022
Kristian Beran, Eline Hermans, René Holm, Kia Sepassi, Jennifer Dressman

The refined Developability Classification System (rDCS) provides a comprehensive animal-free approach for assessing biopharmaceutical risks associated with developing oral formulations. This work demonstrates practical application of a recently advanced rDCS framework guiding formulation design for six diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and compares rDCS classifications with those of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). While the BCS assigns five of the APIs to class II/IV, indicating potentially unfavorable biopharmaceutical attributes, the rDCS provides a more nuanced risk assessment. Both BCS and rDCS assign acetaminophen to class I at therapeutic doses. Voriconazole and lemborexant (both BCS II) are classified in rDCS class I at therapeutic doses, indicating suitability for development as conventional oral formulations. Fedratinib is classified as BCS IV but the rDCS indicates a stratified risk (class I, IIa or IIb), depending on the relevance of supersaturation/precipitation in vivo. Voxelotor and istradefylline (both BCS II) belong to rDCS class IIb, requiring solubility enhancement to achieve adequate oral bioavailability. Comparing the rDCS analysis with literature on development and pharmacokinetics demonstrates that the rDCS reliably supports oral formulation design over a wide range of API characteristics, thus providing a strong foundation for guiding development.

完善的可开发性分类系统(rDCS)为评估与开发口服制剂相关的生物制药风险提供了一种全面的无动物实验方法。这项研究展示了最新先进的 rDCS 框架的实际应用,该框架可指导六种不同活性药物成分 (API) 的制剂设计,并将 rDCS 的分类与生物制药分类系统 (BCS) 的分类进行了比较。BCS 将其中五种原料药归入 II/IV 级,表明它们可能具有不利的生物制药属性,而 rDCS 则提供了更细致的风险评估。BCS 和 rDCS 都将对乙酰氨基酚定为治疗剂量下的 I 类。Voriconazole和lemborexant(均为BCS II)在治疗剂量下被归入rDCS I类,表明适合作为常规口服制剂进行开发。费拉替尼被归入 BCS IV 类,但 rDCS 表明存在分层风险(I、IIa 或 IIb 类),这取决于体内过饱和/沉淀的相关性。沃塞洛托和异曲非林(均为 BCS II)属于 rDCS IIb 级,需要提高溶解度以获得足够的口服生物利用度。将 rDCS 分析与有关开发和药代动力学的文献进行比较后发现,rDCS 可以可靠地支持各种原料药特性的口服制剂设计,从而为指导开发奠定了坚实的基础。
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引用次数: 0
Injectability of high concentrated suspensions using model microparticles. 使用模型微粒研究高浓度悬浮液的可注射性。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.026
Kavin Kowsari, Lynn Lu, Steven C Persak, Guangli Hu, William Forrest, Robert Berger, Jeffrey C Givand, Sahab Babaee

Administration of high-concentrated suspension formulations (i.e., solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle) can be limited due to their greater propensity for needle occlusion. The physical interaction between the solid phase (i.e., particles), the vehicle (i.e., flow field), and injection devices could result in the formation of particle bridging or filtering, posing a major risk in dose delivery accuracy and injectability. Here, given the limited understanding on how clogging initiates in syringe and needle delivery systems, we report an experimental approach to fully characterize the transient injection behavior of suspensions. In particular, we first established a custom fluorescence tagging and imaging technique with integrated force sensor to enable visual observation of local particle concentrations and plunger force monitoring throughout injection. Then, we investigated the effects of key formulation properties and device parameters including particle concentration and morphology, carrier viscosity, injection rate, needle and syringe sizes, and tissue backpressure on the incidence of suspension particle jamming and needle clogging. We performed systematic benchmark studies demonstrating that increasing needle inner diameter (ID) and particle density considerably reduced clogging risk, while increasing vehicle viscosity, particle size, and tissue backpressure significantly increased clogging. The experimental framework presented is amenable to quantifying clogging risk in drug-loaded particle suspensions and provides a guideline to make informed decisions on the tradeoffs between creating particles for pharmaceutical impact and feasibility of injection delivery.

高浓度悬浮制剂(即分散在液体载体中的固体颗粒)的给药可能会受到限制,因为它们更容易发生针头堵塞。固相(即颗粒)、载体(即流场)和注射装置之间的物理相互作用可能会导致颗粒架桥或过滤的形成,从而对剂量输送的准确性和可注射性构成重大风险。鉴于对注射器和针头给药系统中堵塞是如何产生的了解有限,我们在此报告一种实验方法,以全面描述悬浮液的瞬态注射行为。特别是,我们首先建立了一种带有集成力传感器的定制荧光标记和成像技术,以便在整个注射过程中对局部颗粒浓度和柱塞力进行可视化观察和监测。然后,我们研究了关键配方特性和设备参数(包括颗粒浓度和形态、载体粘度、注射速度、针头和注射器尺寸以及组织背压)对悬浮颗粒堵塞和针头堵塞发生率的影响。我们进行的系统基准研究表明,增加针头内径(ID)和颗粒密度可大大降低堵塞风险,而增加载体粘度、颗粒大小和组织背压则会显著增加堵塞风险。我们提出的实验框架适用于量化载药颗粒悬浮液的堵塞风险,并为在制作颗粒的制药效果和注射输送的可行性之间做出明智决策提供了指导。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the effects of formulation variables on the disintegration of spray dried amorphous solid dispersion tablets. 研究配方变量对喷雾干燥无定形固体分散片崩解性的影响
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.024
Wei Zhang, Prajwal Thool, Benjamin W Weitz, Hao Helen Hou

Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) tablets based on hydrophilic polymer carriers may encounter disintegration challenges. In this work, the effect of different formulation composition variables on the ASD tablet disintegration performance was systematically studied. GDC-0334: copovidone (PVPVA) 60: 40 ASD prepared by spray drying was selected as the model ASD system. The effects of ASD loading, filler type and ratio, disintegrant type and level were then investigated using tablets made by direct compression process. Tablet disintegration time increased with the increase of ASD loading, especially when ASD loading exceeded 50 %. At the same tablet solid fraction, when lactose was used as the soluble filler, faster tablet disintegration was observed compared to the tablets with mannitol as the soluble filler. Among the three tested disintegrants, croscarmellose sodium performed the best in facilitating the ASD tablet disintegration, followed by sodium starch glycolate, and crospovidone was the poorest. When croscarmellose sodium was used as the disintegrant, 5 % level was sufficient to enable ASD tablet disintegration at 60 % ASD loading and further increase of croscarmellose sodium level to 8 % did not provide additional benefit. Water uptake experiments were performed on selected tablets and the results demonstrated a positive correlation with tablet disintegration time, indicating water penetration is a major contributing step for the disintegration of our ASD tablets. Overall, this work provides a rationale for excipient selection and insights into building a platform formulation approach for developing immediate-release ASD tablets.

基于亲水性聚合物载体的无定形固体分散片(ASD)可能会遇到崩解难题。在这项工作中,我们系统地研究了不同配方组成变量对 ASD 片剂崩解性能的影响。选择喷雾干燥法制备的 GDC-0334: copovidone (PVPVA) 60: 40 ASD 作为 ASD 体系模型。然后使用直接压片工艺研究了 ASD 负载量、填料类型和比例、崩解剂类型和含量的影响。片剂崩解时间随 ASD 含量的增加而延长,尤其是当 ASD 含量超过 50%时。在相同的片剂固体分数下,以乳糖作为可溶性填料时,与以甘露醇作为可溶性填料的片剂相比,片剂崩解时间更快。在三种测试的崩解剂中,在促进 ASD 片剂崩解方面,croscarmellose sodium 的表现最好,其次是淀粉乙醇酸钠,而 crospovidone 的表现最差。当使用氨甲环酸钙钠作为崩解剂时,5% 的含量足以使 ASD 片剂在 ASD 含量为 60% 时崩解,而将氨甲环酸钙钠的含量进一步提高到 8%,也不会带来额外的益处。对选定的片剂进行了吸水实验,结果表明吸水与片剂崩解时间呈正相关,表明水的渗透是促进 ASD 片剂崩解的一个主要步骤。总之,这项研究为辅料的选择提供了理论依据,并为开发速释 ASD 片剂的平台制剂方法提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic effect of cyclodextrins and electrolytes at high concentrations on protein aggregation inhibition. 高浓度环糊精和电解质对蛋白质聚集抑制的协同效应
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.004
Masakazu Fukuda, Kanako Takahashi, Toru Takarada, Shunsuke Saito, Masafumi Tanaka

The stabilization of protein therapeutics against aggregation is crucial for maintaining their efficacy and safety. This study investigated the synergistic effects of cyclodextrins (CDs) and electrolytes at high concentrations on the stabilization of immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin, and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The effects of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) combined with various electrolytes were evaluated using human plasma-derived IgG as a model protein. The HP-β-CD and L(+)-arginine hydrochloride combination synergistically increased the onset temperature of protein aggregation and inhibited the formation of soluble and insoluble aggregates during long-term storage. Notably, this synergistic effect was not observed when sucrose was used instead of HP-β-CD. Similar synergistic effects were observed with insulin and AAV vectors. The findings suggest that the stabilization mechanism could potentially involve enhanced interactions between HP-β-CD and IgG, preventing protein-protein interactions. However, the combination did not synergistically improve the solubility of free aromatic amino acids, including tyrosine and tryptophan. This study highlights the potential of using the combination of CDs and electrolytes as a promising formulation strategy for stabilizing complex protein therapeutics. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and generalize the approach to other proteins with varying physicochemical properties.

稳定蛋白质治疗药物以防止其聚集是保持其疗效和安全性的关键。本研究调查了高浓度环糊精(CD)和电解质对免疫球蛋白 G(IgG)、胰岛素和腺相关病毒(AAV)载体稳定化的协同作用。研究以人血浆衍生 IgG 为模型蛋白,评估了 2-羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)与各种电解质结合的效果。HP-β-CD 和 L(+)- 精氨酸盐酸盐的组合可协同提高蛋白质聚集的起始温度,并抑制长期储存过程中可溶性和不溶性聚集体的形成。值得注意的是,当使用蔗糖代替 HP-β-CD 时,没有观察到这种协同效应。在使用胰岛素和 AAV 载体时也观察到了类似的协同效应。研究结果表明,稳定机制可能是 HP-β-CD 与 IgG 之间的相互作用增强,阻止了蛋白质与蛋白质之间的相互作用。然而,这种组合并不能协同提高游离芳香族氨基酸(包括酪氨酸和色氨酸)的溶解度。这项研究强调了将 CD 与电解质结合使用作为稳定复杂蛋白质疗法的制剂策略的潜力。不过,还需要进一步的研究来阐明其基本机制,并将这种方法推广到具有不同理化性质的其他蛋白质中。
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引用次数: 0
Review of dose justifications for antibody-drug conjugate approvals from clinical pharmacology perspective: A focus on exposure-response analyses. 从临床药理学角度审查抗体药物共轭物审批的剂量理由:重点关注暴露-反应分析。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.002
Qianqian Hu, Lujing Wang, Yuqing Yang, Jong Bong Lee

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are revolutionizing cancer treatment by specific targeting of the cancer cells thereby improving the therapeutic window of the drugs. Nevertheless, they are not free from unwanted toxicities mainly resulting from non-specific targeting and release of the payload. Therefore, the dosing regimen must be optimized through integrated analysis of the risk-benefit profile, to maximize the therapeutic potential. Exposure-response (E-R) analysis is one of the most widely used tools for risk-benefit assessment and it plays a pivotal role in dose optimization of ADCs. However, compared to conventional E-R analysis, ADCs pose unique challenges since they feature properties of both small molecules and antibodies. In this article, we review the E-R analyses that have formed the key basis of dose justification for each of the 12 ADCs approved in the USA. We discuss the multiple analytes and exposure metrics that can be utilized for such analysis and their relevance for safety and efficacy of the treatment. For the endpoints used for the E-R analysis, we were able to uncover commonalities across different ADCs for both safety and efficacy. Additionally, we discuss dose optimization strategies for ADCs which are now a critical component in clinical development of oncology drugs.

抗体药物共轭物(ADCs)通过特异性靶向癌细胞从而改善药物的治疗窗口期,为癌症治疗带来了革命性的变化。然而,ADCs 也存在一些不必要的毒性,主要是由于非特异性靶向和有效载荷的释放。因此,必须通过对风险-效益概况的综合分析来优化给药方案,以最大限度地发挥治疗潜力。暴露-反应(E-R)分析是风险-效益评估中使用最广泛的工具之一,在 ADC 的剂量优化中起着举足轻重的作用。然而,与传统的 E-R 分析相比,ADC 具有小分子和抗体的双重特性,因此带来了独特的挑战。在这篇文章中,我们回顾了作为美国批准的 12 种 ADC 中每一种的剂量论证的重要依据的 E-R 分析。我们讨论了可用于此类分析的多种分析物和暴露指标,以及它们与治疗安全性和有效性的相关性。对于用于 E-R 分析的终点,我们能够发现不同 ADC 在安全性和有效性方面的共性。此外,我们还讨论了 ADC 的剂量优化策略,该策略现已成为肿瘤药物临床开发的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Improving oral absorption of a rapidly crystallizing parent drug using prodrug strategy: Comparison of phosphate versus glycine based prodrugs. 利用原药策略改善快速结晶母药的口服吸收:磷酸盐原药与甘氨酸原药的比较。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.012
Anura S Indulkar, Russell Slade, Navendu Jana, Robin R Frey, Thomas D Penning, Albert Lai, Alix F Leblanc

With an increasing number of Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II/IV pipeline compounds, solubilizing and supersaturating formulation strategies are becoming prevalent. Beyond formulation and solid form strategies, prodrugs are also employed to overcome solubility-limited absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds. Prodrugs can potentially yield supersaturated systems upon conversion to the parent drug intraluminally and thus enhance absorption. However, supersaturation also increases the driving force for crystallization, resulting in low solution concentrations, which can potentially negate the advantage of prodrugs. In this work, two unique solubility-enhancing prodrugs, phosphate and glycine esters, were investigated for a rapidly crystallizing parent drug. Ex vivo absorption studies using rat tissue and in vivo studies in dogs were performed. Conversion rate of the phosphate prodrug to the parent was dependent on the milieu and increased ∼24-fold in the presence of intestinal contents as medium and tissue relative to neat buffer. In contrast, conversion of the glycine prodrug was minimal under any conditions tested, suggesting that the conversion occurs after absorption into the enterocytes. Phosphate prodrug showed a non-linear increase in parent drug absorptive flux across rat intestinal tissue with concentration when intestinal contents were used as donor media. This was attributed to rapid conversion and high supersaturation of the parent drug which subsequently resulted in crystallization at high doses in the donor chamber. Glycine prodrug did not undergo complete conversion at high doses and was absorbed unchanged on the basolateral side, indicating saturation of the converting enzymes in the enterocytes. The combined flux (parent drug and glycine) showed a linear increase with dose and crystallization was not observed. Under physiological conditions, glycine prodrug that is absorbed unchanged from the intestine can potentially undergo complete conversion in hepatocytes after absorption and make the parent drug systemically available. Thus, glycine prodrug provided overall higher absorption compared to phosphate prodrug. The observed flux levels for both the prodrugs were higher compared to the parent drug alone, highlighting an advantage to use of a prodrug strategy to improve absorption of such compounds. Oral dosing in a dog PK study revealed that the bioavailability using the phosphate prodrug was ∼50% whereas, it was ∼100% with glycine prodrug, supporting the in vitro observations.

随着生物制药分类系统(BCS)II/IV 级管线化合物数量的不断增加,增溶和过饱和制剂策略正变得越来越普遍。除了制剂和固体制剂策略外,原药也被用来克服水溶性差的化合物在吸收时受到的溶解度限制。原药在腔内转化为母药后有可能产生过饱和体系,从而促进吸收。然而,过饱和也会增加结晶的驱动力,导致溶液浓度过低,从而可能抵消原药的优势。本研究针对快速结晶的母药研究了磷酸酯和甘氨酸酯这两种独特的溶解度增强原药。利用大鼠组织进行了体内外吸收研究,并在狗身上进行了体内研究。磷酸酯原药向母药的转化率取决于环境,在有肠道内容物作为介质和组织的情况下,转化率比纯缓冲液高出 24 倍。相反,在任何测试条件下,甘氨酸原药的转化率都很小,这表明转化是在吸收进入肠细胞后发生的。当使用肠内容物作为供体介质时,磷酸盐原药在大鼠肠组织中的母药吸收通量随浓度的增加而呈非线性增加。这归因于母药的快速转化和高过饱和,从而导致供体室中的高剂量结晶。甘氨酸原药在高剂量时没有完全转化,在基底侧吸收时没有变化,这表明肠细胞中的转化酶达到饱和。综合通量(母药和甘氨酸)随剂量呈线性增加,未观察到结晶。在生理条件下,从肠道吸收的甘氨酸原药在吸收后可能会在肝细胞中发生完全转化,并使母药成为全身可用的药物。因此,与磷酸原药相比,甘氨酸原药的吸收率更高。与单独使用母药相比,两种原药的通量水平都更高,这凸显了使用原药策略改善此类化合物吸收的优势。在狗的口服 PK 研究中发现,使用磷酸原药的生物利用度为 50%,而使用甘氨酸原药的生物利用度为 100%,这支持了体外观察结果。
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引用次数: 0
Oral Absorption from Surfactant-Based Drug Formulations: The Impact of Molecularly Dissolved Drug on Bioavailability 基于表面活性剂的药物制剂的口服吸收:分子溶解药物对生物利用率的影响。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.017
Florentin Lukas Holzem , Neil Parrott , Jeannine Petrig Schaffland , Martin Brandl , Annette Bauer-Brandl , Cordula Stillhart
Enabling drug formulations are often required to ensure sufficient absorption after oral administration of poorly soluble drugs. While these formulations typically increase the apparent solubility of the drug, it is widely acknowledged that only molecularly dissolved, i.e., free fraction of the drug, is prone for direct absorption, while colloid-associated drug does not permeate to the same extent.
In the present study, we aimed at comparing the effect of molecularly and apparently (i.e., the sum of molecularly and colloid-associated drug) dissolved drug concentrations on the oral absorption of a poorly water-soluble drug compound, Alectinib. Mixtures of Alectinib and respectively 50 %, 25 %, 12.5 %, and 3 % sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) relative to the dose were prepared and small-scale dissolution tests were performed under simulated fed and fasted state conditions. Both the molecularly and apparently dissolved drug concentrations were assessed in parallel using microdialysis and centrifugation/filtration sampling, respectively. The data served as the basis for an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) and as input for a GastroPlusTM physiologically-based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM).
It was shown that with increasing the content of SLS the apparently dissolved drug in FeSSIF and FaSSIF increased to a linear extent and thus, the predicted in vivo performance of the 50 % SLS formulation, based on apparently dissolved drug, would outperform all other formulations. Against common expectation, however, the free (molecularly dissolved) drug concentrations were found to vary with SLS concentrations as well, yet to a minor extent. A systematic comparison of solubilized and free drug dissolution patterns at different SLS contents of the formulations and prandial states allowed for interesting insights into the complex dissolution-/supersaturation-, micellization-, and precipitation-behavior of the formulations. When comparing the in vitro datasets with human pharmacokinetic data from a bioequivalence study, it was shown that the use of molecularly dissolved drug resulted in an improved IVIVC.
By incorporating the in vitro dissolution datasets into the GastroPlusTM PBBM, the apparently dissolved drug concentrations resulted in both, a remarkable overprediction of plasma concentrations as well as a misprediction of the influence of SLS on systemic exposure. In contrast, by using the molecularly dissolved drug (i.e., free fraction) as the model input, the predicted plasma concentration-time profiles were in excellent agreement with observed data for all formulations under both fed and fasted conditions.
By combining an advanced in vitro assessment with PBBM, the present study confirmed that only the molecularly dissolved drug, and not the colloid-associated drug, is available for direct absorption.
为确保口服溶解性差的药物被充分吸收,通常需要使用药物制剂。虽然这些制剂通常会增加药物的表观溶解度,但人们普遍认为,只有分子溶解的药物(即药物的游离部分)才容易被直接吸收,而胶体相关药物的渗透程度并不相同。在本研究中,我们旨在比较分子溶解的药物浓度和表面溶解的药物浓度(即分子药物和胶体药物的总和)对水溶性较差的药物化合物阿来替尼口服吸收的影响。我们制备了阿来替尼(Alectinib)与相对于剂量分别为50%、25%、12.5%和3%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SLS)的混合物,并在模拟进食和空腹状态下进行了小规模溶出试验。同时分别使用微透析和离心/过滤取样方法评估了药物的分子浓度和表观溶解浓度。这些数据是体外-体内相关性(IVIVC)的基础,也是 GastroPlusTM 生理生物制药模型(PBBM)的输入数据。结果表明,随着 SLS 含量的增加,FeSSIF 和 FaSSIF 中的表观溶解药物呈线性增加,因此,根据表观溶解药物预测,50% SLS 制剂的体内性能将优于所有其他制剂。然而,与一般预期不同的是,游离(分子溶解)药物浓度也随 SLS 浓度的变化而变化,但变化程度较小。通过系统比较配方中不同 SLS 含量和餐前状态下的溶解和游离药物溶解模式,可以深入了解配方的复杂溶解/过饱和、胶束化和沉淀行为。在将体外数据集与生物等效性研究中的人体药代动力学数据进行比较时,结果表明使用分子溶解药物可提高 IVIVC。将体外溶解数据集纳入 GastroPlusTM PBBM 后,表面溶解的药物浓度导致对血浆浓度的预测明显偏高,同时也错误地预测了 SLS 对全身暴露的影响。相反,将分子溶解的药物(即游离部分)作为模型输入,预测的血浆浓度-时间曲线与所有制剂在进食和空腹条件下的观察数据非常吻合。通过将先进的体外评估与 PBBM 结合起来,本研究证实了只有分子溶解的药物而非胶体相关药物可被直接吸收。
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引用次数: 0
Small Molecule Topical Ophthalmic Formulation Development—Data Driven Trends & Perspectives from Commercially Available Products in the US 小分子局部眼科制剂的开发--美国商用产品的数据驱动趋势与前景。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.023
Anand Ubhe, Heidi Oldenkamp, Ke Wu
Topical ophthalmic drug product development is a niche research domain as the drug formulations need to be designed to perform in the unique ocular physiological conditions. The most common array of small molecule drug formulations intended for topical ophthalmic administration include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, gels, and ointments. The formulation components such as excipients and container closure are unique to serve the needs of topical ophthalmic delivery compared to other parenteral products. The selection of appropriate formulation platform, excipients, and container closure for delivery of drugs by topical ophthalmic route is influenced by a combination of factors like physicochemical properties of the drug molecule, intended dose, pharmacological indication as well as the market trends influenced by the patient population. In this review, data from literature and packaging inserts of 118 reference listed topical ophthalmic medications marketed in the US are collected and analyzed to identify trends that would serve as a guidance for topical ophthalmic formulation development for small molecule drugs. Specifically, the topics reviewed include current landscape of the available small molecule topical ophthalmic drug products in the US, physicochemical properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), formulation platforms, excipients, and container closure systems.
眼科局部用药产品开发是一个利基研究领域,因为药物制剂需要在独特的眼部生理条件下发挥作用。最常见的眼科局部用药小分子药物制剂包括溶液剂、悬浮剂、乳剂、凝胶剂和软膏剂。与其他非肠道用药产品相比,眼科局部给药所需的辅料和容器封口等制剂成分是独一无二的。选择合适的制剂平台、辅料和容器封口来通过眼科局部给药途径给药,会受到多种因素的影响,如药物分子的理化性质、预期剂量、药理适应症以及受患者群体影响的市场趋势。在本综述中,我们收集并分析了在美国上市的 118 种眼科局部用药参考文献和包装插页中的数据,以确定可作为小分子药物眼科局部用药制剂开发指南的趋势。具体而言,审查的主题包括美国现有小分子眼科局部用药产品的现状、活性药物成分 (API) 的理化性质、制剂平台、辅料和容器封闭系统。
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Journal of pharmaceutical sciences
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