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A novel encapsulation approach to enhance the delivery and antitumor activity of docetaxel in breast cancer therapy 在乳腺癌治疗中增强多西他赛给药和抗肿瘤活性的新型封装方法
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.09.010
Shabnam Ghasedi , Vahab Jafarian , Yasaman Ghajari , Abbas Bahari , Mahsa Mekanik , Saeid Taghavi Fardood
Docetaxel (DTX) is one of the most potent anticancer drugs but its extensive side effects necessitate innovative formulations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern of apoptotic proteins, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction after treatment with encapsulated DTX in alginate-chitosan nanoparticles in both breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The characterization of the nanoparticles revealed a spherical shape with a size <50 nm, a hydrodynamic diameter of 200 nm, a Polydispersity Index of 0.5, and an encapsulation efficiency of 98.75 %. The free drug was released completely within 11 h while encapsulated DTX was released only 34 % in 96 h. The encapsulated drug indicated higher cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was 2 µg/ml after 72 h. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated a significant increase in cell death as the expression of apoptosis regulatory protein (Bcl-2) was downregulated with no impact on Bax in the MCF-7 cells. A notable decrease in the expression pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) in PBMCs indicated less inflammation induction. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the newly formulated drug induced less opoptosis in PBMCs than the free DTX. Cell cycle arrest in the sub-G1 phase was observed for the free drug while the encapsulated drug exhibited no significant changes. Our results suggest the high toxicity of the formulated drug in contrast to the free DTX on the MCF-7 cell line, minimal blood cell side effects, and no inflammation positioning it as a promising alternative to free docetaxel.
多西他赛(DTX)是最有效的抗癌药物之一,但它的副作用很大,因此需要创新配方。在这项研究中,我们的目的是研究在乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7)和外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)中使用海藻酸盐-壳聚糖封装的 DTX 纳米颗粒后,凋亡蛋白的表达模式、细胞周期停滞和凋亡诱导。实时定量 PCR 显示,MCF-7 细胞中细胞凋亡调节蛋白(Bcl-2)的表达下调,而 Bax 的表达没有受到影响,因此细胞死亡明显增加。促炎细胞因子(IL-1β)在 PBMCs 中的表达模式明显下降,表明炎症诱导减少。流式细胞术分析表明,与游离 DTX 相比,新配制的药物在 PBMCs 中诱导的细胞凋亡更少。游离药物的细胞周期停滞在亚 G1 期,而封装药物则无明显变化。我们的研究结果表明,与游离 DTX 相比,新配制的药物对 MCF-7 细胞株的毒性较高,对血液细胞的副作用最小,而且不会引起炎症,因此有望成为游离多西他赛的替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Bioavailability improvement by atomic layer coating: Fenofibrate a case study. 通过原子层涂层提高生物利用率:非诺贝特案例研究
IF 4.3 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.052
Balaji Ganapathy, Vijayendra Redasani, Sujit Debnath, Neha Gupta, Ankur Kadam, Fei Wang, Pravin Narwankar

Biopharmaceutical Classification Systems (BCS) class II drugs show poor solubility and high permeability in the body. Fenofibrate (FF) is a classic example of a BCS class II drug, used to treat high cholesterol and triglyceride (fat-like substances) levels in the blood. Atomic layer coating (ALC) is a surface engineering technology adapted from the semiconductor industry, where metal oxides are coated one atomic layer at a time over the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) particles. ALC coating was proven to improve the processability, alter the hydrophilicity, improve the stability, and fine-tune the release of drugs. Herein, we report the intervention of ALC coating in enhancing the bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble drug (fenofibrate) in the animal model. The physical properties of uncoated fenofibrate were compared with those of zinc oxide-coated and silicon oxide-coated fenofibrate. Following the application of the coatings, the structural integrity (both chemical stability and solid-state stability) of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) remained uncompromised, as corroborated by 1H NMR and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Notably, zinc oxide-coated fenofibrate exhibited favorable flow characteristics, whereas no discernible enhancement in flow behavior was observed for silicon oxide-coated fenofibrate. The results from contact angle measurements suggest that the silicon oxide-coated fenofibrate exhibits superior wetting behavior, as indicated by a contact angle nearing 0°. The application of ALC demonstrates an enhanced dissolution rate when compared to the uncoated active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) while leaving its equilibrium solubility unaffected. Coating the API with silicon oxide improves particle hydrophilicity and wetting properties, whereas zinc oxide coating aids in particle de-agglomeration, thereby enhancing their interaction with an aqueous medium. In vivo bioavailability studies conducted on rodents and larger animal (dog) models indicate a substantial increase in bioavailability (approximately 2 times) for the silicon oxide-coated API in comparison to the uncoated API, as determined by the area under the curve (AUC). Furthermore, the Cmax values for the silicon oxide-coated API also demonstrate a significant increase (approximately 3 times) over the uncoated API. Notably, an oral subacute toxicity study of ALC silicon-coated fenofibrate revealed no toxic effects attributable to the coating. This study underscores the potential of ALC in augmenting the bioavailability of BCS(II) drugs.

生物制药分类系统(BCS)II 类药物在体内的溶解性差,渗透性高。非诺贝特(Fenofibrate,FF)是 BCS II 类药物的典型代表,用于治疗血液中胆固醇和甘油三酯(类脂肪物质)水平过高。原子层包衣(ALC)是从半导体工业发展而来的一种表面工程技术,即在活性药物成分(API)颗粒上一次包覆一层金属氧化物。事实证明,ALC 涂层能改善加工性能、改变亲水性、提高稳定性并微调药物的释放。在此,我们报告了 ALC 包衣对提高水溶性差的药物(非诺贝特)在动物模型中的生物利用度的干预。我们比较了未包衣非诺贝特与氧化锌包衣和氧化硅包衣非诺贝特的物理性质。经 1H NMR 和粉末 X 射线衍射分析证实,涂覆涂层后,活性药物成分(API)的结构完整性(化学稳定性和固态稳定性)仍未受到影响。值得注意的是,氧化锌包衣的非诺贝特具有良好的流动特性,而氧化硅包衣的非诺贝特则没有明显的流动性增强。接触角测量结果表明,氧化硅包覆的非诺贝特具有优异的润湿性,接触角接近 0°。与未涂层的活性药物成分(API)相比,ALC 的应用提高了溶解速率,同时其平衡溶解度不受影响。在原料药上涂覆氧化硅可提高颗粒的亲水性和润湿性,而涂覆氧化锌则有助于颗粒的去团聚,从而增强它们与水介质的相互作用。在啮齿动物和大型动物(狗)模型上进行的体内生物利用度研究表明,根据曲线下面积(AUC)测定,与未包衣的原料药相比,包衣氧化硅的原料药的生物利用度大幅提高(约 2 倍)。此外,氧化硅包衣原料药的 Cmax 值也比未包衣原料药显著增加(约 3 倍)。值得注意的是,对 ALC 硅涂层非诺贝特进行的口服亚急性毒性研究表明,涂层不会产生任何毒性反应。这项研究强调了 ALC 在提高 BCS(II)药物生物利用度方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Vehicle Effect on In-Vitro and In-Vivo Performance of Spray- Dried Dispersions. 载体对喷雾干燥分散体体外和体内性能的影响
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.043
Marika Nespi, Justin Ly, Yuchen Fan, Shu Chen, Liling Liu, Yimin Gu, Steven Castleberry

In early drug development, amorphous spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) applied to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds are typically administered to preclinical species via oral gavage in the form of suspensions. The liquid formulations are usually prepared on the same day of dosing to minimize the exposure of the amorphous material to the aqueous vehicle, thereby reducing the risk of crystallization. Dose-ability (e.g. syringe-ability) of the suspensions is also a critical factor for the administration, particularly when high doses, thus concentrations, are required for toxicology studies. As a result, it is standard practice during early formulation screening to assess the stability and the maximum feasible concentration of SDDs in various vehicles. In this study, we evaluated the impact of different vehicles on the performance of a model SDD in-vitro and in-vivo settings, to mitigate the risks associated with its administration in liquid form. A poorly water-soluble compound (GEN-A) was selected to screen various SDDs and generate the SDD model at 30 % drug load with HPMCAS-MF polymer carrier. The SDD was suspended in selected aqueous vehicles after a careful vehicle components screening, that included suspending agents (HPC-SL), solubilizers (PEG400, Propylene glycol), surfactants (Vitamin E TPGS, SLS, Tween 80, Poloxamer 188), and complexing agents (HP-β-CD, SBE-β-CD). The suspensions were characterized for stability, dose-ability and dissolution in biorelevant media, prior administration in pre-clinical species. The SDD dissolution profile revealed that the drug's supersaturation level was positively impacted by the presence of a surfactant (SLS) and a complexing agent (SBE-β-CD) with respect to a suspending agents (HPC-SL) in the vehicle. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics profiles of the drug following the administration of the SDD in a vehicle with a complexing agent (SBE-β-CD) achieved greater exposure compare to the SDD in a vehicle with a suspending agent (HPC-SL). These findings confirm a synergistic effect between the SDD and the vehicles, suggesting that this combination could be leveraged to maximize the advantages of the amorphous approach.

在早期药物开发过程中,用于提高水溶性差的化合物生物利用度的无定形喷雾干燥分散体(SDDs)通常以悬浮液的形式通过口服给临床前物种用药。液体制剂通常在给药当天制备,以尽量减少无定形物质与水性载体的接触,从而降低结晶风险。悬浮液的剂量适应性(如注射器适应性)也是给药的一个关键因素,尤其是在毒理学研究需要高剂量、高浓度的情况下。因此,早期制剂筛选的标准做法是评估 SDD 在各种载体中的稳定性和最大可行浓度。在本研究中,我们评估了不同载体在体外和体内环境中对模型 SDD 性能的影响,以降低以液体形式给药带来的风险。我们选择了一种水溶性较差的化合物(GEN-A)来筛选各种 SDD,并使用 HPMCAS-MF 聚合物载体生成了药物载量为 30% 的 SDD 模型。经过仔细筛选载体成分,包括悬浮剂(HPC-SL)、增溶剂(PEG400、丙二醇)、表面活性剂(维生素 E TPGS、SLS、吐温 80、Poloxamer 188)和络合剂(HP-ꞵ-CD、SBE-ꞵ-CD),将 SDD 悬浮于选定的水性载体中。在临床前物种用药前,对悬浮剂在生物相关介质中的稳定性、剂量适应性和溶解性进行了表征。SDD 溶解曲线显示,相对于载体中的悬浮剂(HPC-SL),表面活性剂(SLS)和络合剂(SBE-ꞵ-CD)的存在对药物的过饱和水平有积极影响。同样,与含有悬浮剂(HPC-SL)的载体中的 SDD 相比,在含有络合剂(SBE-ꞵ-CD)的载体中的 SDD 给药后,药物的药代动力学特征达到了更高的暴露量。这些发现证实了 SDD 与载体之间的协同效应,表明可以利用这种组合来最大限度地发挥非晶体方法的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Dissolution profiles of high-dose salt-form drugs in bicarbonate buffer and phosphate buffer. 高剂量盐形式药物在碳酸氢盐缓冲液和磷酸盐缓冲液中的溶解曲线。
IF 4.3 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.025
Yuki Tarumi, Kiyohiko Sugano

The purpose of the present study was to compare the dissolution profiles of high-dose salt-form drugs in bicarbonate buffer (BCB) and phosphate buffer (PPB) focusing on the pH changes in the bulk phase. The pH titration curves of BCB and PPB (pH 6.5, buffer capacity (β) = 4.4 mmol/L/pH unit) were first theoretically calculated and experimentally validated. For dissolution tests, six drug salts with an acid counterion, one drug salt with a weak base counterion, and one free acid drug were employed (125-800 mg clinical dose). The dose/fluid volume ratio (Dose/FV) was aligned with the clinical condition. In the pH titration study, the pH value decreased below pH 6.0 by adding HCl > 2.8 mmol/L (BCB) or > 1.6 mmol/L (PPB) and increased above pH 7.0 by adding NaOH > 2.0 mmol/L (BCB) or > 2.4 mmol/L (PPB). In the dissolution test, even though the initial pH and β values were the same, the pH value at 4 h was lower in PPB than in BCB in all cases. For the drug salts with an acid counterion, the area under the dissolution curve was 1.2 to 2.6-fold lower in BCB than in PPB. A marked precipitation process was observed in BCB, but less pronounced or absent in PPB. The results of this study suggest the use of BCB and a clinically equivalent Dose/FV may be valuable in predicting the oral absorption of high-dose drug salts.

本研究的目的是比较大剂量盐形式药物在碳酸氢盐缓冲液(BCB)和磷酸盐缓冲液(PPB)中的溶出曲线,重点关注体相中的 pH 值变化。首先对 BCB 和 PPB(pH 值为 6.5,缓冲能力 (β) = 4.4 mmol/L/pH 单位)的 pH 滴定曲线进行了理论计算和实验验证。溶解试验采用了六种含酸性反离子的药物盐、一种含弱碱反离子的药物盐和一种游离酸性药物(临床剂量为 125 至 800 毫克)。剂量/液体体积比(Dose/FV)与临床情况一致。在 pH 滴定研究中,加入 HCl > 2.8 mmol/L(BCB)或 > 1.6 mmol/L(PPB)时,pH 值下降至 pH 6.0 以下;加入 NaOH > 2.0 mmol/L(BCB)或 > 2.4 mmol/L(PPB)时,pH 值上升至 pH 7.0 以上。在溶解试验中,尽管初始 pH 值和 β 值相同,但在所有情况下,PPB 在 4 小时后的 pH 值均低于 BCB。对于含有酸性反离子的药物盐,BCB 的溶解曲线下面积比 PPB 低 1.2 至 2.6 倍。在 BCB 中观察到明显的沉淀过程,而在 PPB 中则不明显或没有沉淀。本研究结果表明,使用 BCB 和临床等效剂量/FV 可能对预测大剂量药物盐的口服吸收很有价值。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of sink conditions on drug release behavior of controlled-release formulations. 水槽条件对控释制剂药物释放行为的影响
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.032
Siddhi S Hate, Stephen A Thompson, Aditya B Singaraju

Developing a controlled release (CR) formulations is a complex and iterative process, often requiring preclinical or clinical studies to establish in vitro-in vivo correlations. This can be particularly challenging for poorly soluble drugs due to the non-sink conditions encountered in vitro. Although compendial dissolution methods (e.g., USP II, IV) have historically been used to understand the dissolution performance of CR formulations, there is increasing interest in more physiologically relevant experimental techniques to improve the predictive ability. In this study, traditional USP apparatus as well as the biorelevant absorptive dissolution apparatus were employed to understand the impact of apparatus type and sink condition on the release mechanisms of CR formulations and in turn evaluate the application of absorptive dissolution apparatus for dissolution testing of CR formulations. Release mechanisms were further analyzed using the Peppas equations, providing additional mechanistic insights. The release behavior showed a strong dependence on sink conditions for drugs with low intrinsic solubility, while highly soluble drugs were unaffected by dissolution conditions. Interestingly, the dissolution mechanism was found to be independent of the apparatus type. The study clearly underscores the importance of considering the sink conditions in developing more predictive and biorelevant dissolution testing methods for CR formulations. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential impact on the sink and resultant differences in the drug release mechanisms as a function of the dose.

开发控释(CR)制剂是一个复杂而反复的过程,通常需要进行临床前或临床研究,以建立体外-体内相关性。由于在体外遇到的非沉降条件,这对于溶解性差的药物来说尤其具有挑战性。虽然药典溶出度方法(如 USP II、IV)历来被用于了解 CR 制剂的溶出性能,但人们对更贴近生理的实验技术越来越感兴趣,以提高预测能力。本研究采用了传统的 USP 仪器和生物相关的吸收性溶出仪,以了解仪器类型和水槽条件对 CR 制剂释放机制的影响,进而评估吸收性溶出仪在 CR 制剂溶出测试中的应用。使用 Peppas 方程进一步分析了释放机理,从而提供了更多的机理见解。对于固有溶解度低的药物,其释放行为显示出对溶沉条件的强烈依赖性,而高溶解度药物则不受溶解条件的影响。有趣的是,研究发现溶解机制与仪器类型无关。这项研究明确强调了在开发更具预测性和生物相关性的 CR 制剂溶出测试方法时考虑沉降条件的重要性。此外,该研究还强调了沉降条件的潜在影响以及由此导致的药物释放机制随剂量变化而产生的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Kinetics of the inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 activity by jabara juice and identification of the responsible inhibitory components. 贾巴拉果汁对 CYP3A4 和 CYP2C19 活性的抑制动力学及相关抑制成分的鉴定。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.037
Kana Koinuma, Kenji Noto, Tokio Morita, Yoshinori Uekusa, Haruhisa Kikuchi, Miyuki Shimoji, Hiroyuki Seki, Hiroshi Yamazaki, F Peter Guengerich, Katsunori Nakamura, Koujirou Yamamoto, Ayuko Imaoka, Takeshi Akiyoshi, Hisakazu Ohtani

Some citrus fruits are known to cause clinically significant drug interactions by inhibiting intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the kinetics of the inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 by the juice of jabara, a Japanese citrus fruit that does not contain furanocoumarins such as 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, and to identify the inhibitory compound(s). CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 activity levels were determined in vitro using recombinant CYP preparations and their respective substrates. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of jabara juice was separated to isolate and identify the compound(s) that inhibited CYP3A4. Then, the time-dependent kinetics of the inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 by the EAE and its inhibitory compound(s) were analyzed. The EAE of jabara juice was found to inhibit CYP3A4 in a time-dependent manner. Two flavonoids, 3,3',4',5,6,7,8-heptamethoxyflavone (HpMF) and 3,3',4',5,6,7-hexamethoxyflavone (HxMF), were identified as the responsible compounds. HpMF and HxMF inhibited CYP3A4 activity in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with inhibition constants (KI) of 10.0 and 7.90 µM and maximal inactivation rate constants (kinact,max) of 0.00856 and 0.0134 min-1, respectively. The EAE did not inhibit CYP2C19, even when preincubation was employed. These findings imply that jabara juice may cause food-drug interactions via time-dependent inhibition of intestinal CYP3A4.

众所周知,一些柑橘类水果会抑制肠道细胞色素 P450(CYP)酶,从而引起临床上重大的药物相互作用。本体外研究旨在探讨日本柑橘类水果--不含呋喃香豆素(如 6',7'-二羟基佛手柑素)的柚子汁对 CYP3A4 和 CYP2C19 的抑制动力学,并确定抑制性化合物。利用重组 CYP 制剂及其各自的底物在体外测定了 CYP3A4 和 CYP2C19 的活性水平。通过分离刺五加汁的乙酸乙酯提取物(EAE),分离并确定了抑制 CYP3A4 的化合物。然后,分析了 EAE 及其抑制化合物对 CYP3A4 和 CYP2C19 的抑制作用随时间变化的动力学。结果发现,刺五加果汁的 EAE 对 CYP3A4 的抑制作用具有时间依赖性。经鉴定,3,3',4',5,6,7,8-七甲氧基黄酮(HpMF)和 3,3',4',5,6,7-六甲氧基黄酮(HxMF)这两种黄酮类化合物对 CYP3A4 有抑制作用。HpMF 和 HxMF 以浓度和时间依赖性方式抑制 CYP3A4 活性,抑制常数(KI)分别为 10.0 和 7.90 µM,最大失活速率常数(kinact,max)分别为 0.00856 和 0.0134 min-1。即使采用预孵育,EAE 也不会抑制 CYP2C19。这些研究结果表明,刺五加汁可能会通过对肠道 CYP3A4 的时间依赖性抑制作用而导致食物与药物之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Application of atomic force microscopy in the development of amorphous solid dispersion. 原子力显微镜在无定形固体分散体开发中的应用。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.036
Soumalya Chakraborty, Arvind K Bansal

Development of Amorphous Solid Dispersion (ASD) requires an in-depth characterization at different stages due to its structural and functional complexity. Various tools are conventionally used to investigate the processing, stability, and functionality of ASDs. However, many subtle features remain poorly understood due to lack of nano-scale characterization tools in routine practice. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy, used for high resolution imaging and measuring features at the nano-scale. In recent years AFM has been used increasingly as a characterization tool in different areas of the development of ASD, including drug-polymer miscibility, localized characterization of the phase separated domains, lateral molecular diffusivity on ASD surface, crystallinity and crystallization kinetics in ASD, phase behavior of ASD during dissolution, and conformation of polymer during dissolution. In this review, we have highlighted the current applications of AFM in capturing critical aspects of stability and dissolution behavior of ASD. Potential areas of future development in this domain have been discussed.

由于无定形固体分散体(ASD)结构和功能的复杂性,其开发需要在不同阶段进行深入表征。人们通常使用各种工具来研究 ASD 的加工、稳定性和功能性。然而,由于缺乏纳米尺度的常规表征工具,人们对许多微妙的特征仍然知之甚少。原子力显微镜(AFM)是一种扫描探针显微镜,用于高分辨率成像和测量纳米尺度的特征。近年来,原子力显微镜作为一种表征工具已越来越多地应用于 ASD 开发的不同领域,包括药物与聚合物的混溶性、相分离域的局部表征、ASD 表面的横向分子扩散性、ASD 的结晶度和结晶动力学、ASD 在溶解过程中的相行为以及聚合物在溶解过程中的构象。在本综述中,我们重点介绍了原子力显微镜目前在捕捉 ASD 稳定性和溶解行为关键方面的应用。还讨论了该领域未来发展的潜在领域。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular-properties based formulation guidance tree for amorphous and supersaturable mesoporous silica preparations of poorly soluble compounds. 基于分子特性的无定形和超稳定介孔二氧化硅难溶性化合物制剂配方指导树。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.040
Dipy M Vasa, Shih-Wen Wang, Matthew F Dunn, Erica Long, Suman A Luthra

A huge majority of new chemical entities (NCEs) advancing through the drug discovery pipeline often have poor aqueous solubility. This requires formulation scientists to search for solubility enhancement strategies, within the constraints of time and material. To address these challenges, a strategic platform formulation is often required for a rapid compound screening to enable early exploratory PK and toxicology studies. Through this work, we present an option of a material-sparing, high yielding and solubility-enabling amorphous API and HPMCAS-L co-loaded mesoporous silica-based formulation. The usability of this platform formation strategy was assessed for a physico-chemically diverse set of eleven compounds. The formulation approach was successful in stabilizing the model compounds mesoporous silica. Additionally, through the presence of HPMCAS-L, the precipitation risk in supersaturable aqueous environment was significantly reduced. Finally, this manuscript provides fundamental, computational and experimental molecular-properties based formulation guidance tree to a priori gauge the (1) possibility of generating solid-state stable amorphous formulations and (2) sustaining in vitro supersaturation in extreme non-sink dissolution conditions. This unique and conceptual formulation guidance tree is believed to be extremely beneficial to drug discovery formulators to triage NCEs and streamline solubility-enabling formulation efforts.

在药物研发过程中,绝大多数新化学实体 (NCE) 的水溶性往往很差。这就要求制剂科学家在时间和材料的限制下寻找提高溶解度的策略。为了应对这些挑战,通常需要一种战略性平台制剂来快速筛选化合物,以便进行早期的探索性 PK 和毒理学研究。通过这项工作,我们提出了一种无定形原料药和 HPMCAS-L 共负载介孔二氧化硅制剂的方案,该方案节省材料、产量高、溶解性好。我们针对物理化学性质各异的 11 种化合物评估了这一平台形成策略的可用性。制剂方法成功地稳定了模型化合物介孔二氧化硅。此外,由于 HPMCAS-L 的存在,在超饱和水性环境中沉淀的风险大大降低。最后,本手稿提供了基于计算和实验分子特性的基本制剂指导树,以先验地衡量(1)生成固态稳定无定形制剂的可能性和(2)在极端非沉降溶解条件下维持体外过饱和的可能性。相信这种独特的概念性制剂指导树能极大地帮助药物研发配方师分流非离子型药物,并简化溶解度促进制剂工作。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive analysis of deflazacort oxidative degradation: Insights into novel degradation products and mechanisms. 地氟沙星氧化降解综合分析:洞察新型降解产物和机制。
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.048
Airton G Salles, Manoel T Rodrigues, Bruno B Guidotti, Paulo C P Rosa

The oxidative degradation pathways of deflazacort (DFL) were investigated to address the gap in understanding its degradation products, focusing on reactions with oxidative stressors such as hydrogen peroxide and 4,4'-azobis (4-cyanovaleric acid) (ACVA). Using HPLC-PDA, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), NMR and IR spectroscopy, four novel degradation products were identified and structurally characterized. Two of these products were isolated using preparative HPLC before characterization. Hydrogen peroxide led to the formation of three novel products (DP-1, DP-2, and DP-3), while ACVA resulted in a single novel product (DP-4). Mechanistic and kinetic experiments supported the proposed degradation pathways under the various oxidative stress conditions studied, revealing distinct rates of formation for the degradation products during the time-course study. The identification and detailed structural elucidation of these degradation products provide critical insights into the chemical stability and potential reactivity of DFL under oxidative stress. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive stability testing for ensuring drug safety and efficacy, and offer valuable data for future research on the toxicity and pharmacological impact of DFL degradation products.

为了填补对其降解产物了解的空白,研究人员研究了去氯羟酸(DFL)的氧化降解途径,重点是与过氧化氢和 4,4'-偶氮双(4-氰基戊酸)(ACVA)等氧化应激源的反应。利用 HPLC-PDA、高分辨率质谱(HRMS)、核磁共振(NMR)和红外光谱,确定了四种新型降解产物,并对其进行了结构鉴定。其中两种产物在表征前使用制备型高效液相色谱进行了分离。过氧化氢导致了三种新型产物(DP-1、DP-2 和 DP-3)的生成,而 ACVA 则导致了一种新型产物(DP-4)的生成。机理和动力学实验支持了在各种氧化应激条件下的降解途径,揭示了降解产物在时间历程研究中的不同形成速率。对这些降解产物的鉴定和详细的结构阐释为深入了解 DFL 在氧化应激下的化学稳定性和潜在反应性提供了重要依据。这些发现强调了全面的稳定性测试对确保药物安全性和有效性的重要性,并为今后研究 DFL 降解产物的毒性和药理作用提供了宝贵的数据。
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引用次数: 0
ω-Carboxyl Terminated Cellulose Esters are Effective Crystallization Inhibitors for Challenging Drugs. ω-羧基端基纤维素酯是挑战性药物的有效结晶抑制剂
IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.10.034
Stella Petrova, Chengzhe Gao, Tze Ning Hiew, Kevin J Edgar, Lynne S Taylor

Polymeric additives are widely used to delay drug crystallization from supersaturated solutions, which is critical for enhancing oral bioavailability by amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). The efficacy of these polymers relies on their capacity to inhibit nucleation and subsequent crystal growth. Drug nucleation is pivotal to crystallization; therefore, effective polymers are essential for suppressing nucleation from supersaturated solutions. We studied the performance of cellulose ω-carboxyalkanoates designed as crystallization inhibitors by measuring their influence on nucleation induction times of poorly soluble drugs celecoxib, posaconazole, and enzalutamide, from supersaturated solutions. In the absence of polymers, crystallization occurred within 5 to 15 minutes for all three drugs. Polymer hydrophobicity strongly influenced effectiveness in crystallization inhibition. Hydrophobic polymers prolonged induction times for up to 8 hours, while hydrophilic polymers were less effective, except for cellulose acetate glutarate (CA1.18-GA1.21; degrees of substitution acetate 1.18, glutarate 1.21). The cellulose ω-carboxyalkanoates had glass transition temperatures well above 100 °C, outstanding for ASD stability requirements. We investigated the impact of these designed polymers on surface tension and found that it only weakly influenced crystallization inhibition. Among the nine crafted cellulose derivatives, water-soluble CA1.18-GA1.21 emerged as a highly promising ASD polymer, preventing crystallization for 2-8 hours for all fast-crystallizing model compounds.

聚合物添加剂被广泛用于延迟药物从过饱和溶液中结晶,这对于通过无定形固体分散体(ASD)提高口服生物利用度至关重要。这些聚合物的功效取决于其抑制成核和随后晶体生长的能力。药物成核是结晶的关键;因此,有效的聚合物对于抑制过饱和溶液的成核至关重要。我们通过测量纤维素ω-羧基烷酸盐对过饱和溶液中难溶药物塞来昔布、泊沙康唑和恩扎鲁胺成核诱导时间的影响,研究了纤维素ω-羧基烷酸盐作为结晶抑制剂的性能。在没有聚合物的情况下,这三种药物都能在 5 到 15 分钟内结晶。聚合物的疏水性对结晶抑制效果有很大影响。疏水性聚合物可延长诱导时间长达 8 小时,而亲水性聚合物的效果较差,但醋酸纤维素戊二酸盐(CA1.18-GA1.21;取代度醋酸纤维素 1.18,戊二酸纤维素 1.21)除外。ω-羧基烷酸纤维素的玻璃化转变温度远高于 100 °C,非常适合 ASD 的稳定性要求。我们研究了这些设计聚合物对表面张力的影响,发现其对结晶抑制的影响很弱。在九种精心制作的纤维素衍生物中,水溶性 CA1.18-GA1.21 是一种非常有前途的 ASD 聚合物,它能在 2-8 小时内阻止所有快速结晶模型化合物的结晶。
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Journal of pharmaceutical sciences
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