Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/003
T. Eidesmo, A. Johnsson, L. Grahm
A new device has been constructed to measure bioelectric potentials in plants. It measures, simultaneously, the electric length potentials along the shoot and the potentials across the shoot. Such potentials arise in plants in response to external physical stimuli. The instrument measures the potentials without touching the plants. The electric fields are detected capacitively by rotating two discs on two sides of the shoots. Each disc has four symmetrical 'vanes'; the discs are fixed and rotated 45 degrees with respect to each other. All vanes are electrically connected. The sensor arrangement will separate the length and the transverse potentials by generating two different frequencies (8 and 4 times the disc rotating frequency). The signal so generated is capacitively coupled to a high input impedance (1013 Omega ) amplifier. Two selective amplifying systems are used to generate feedback voltages and the overall equipment will work as a zero instrument. The equipment has been tested and used to record potentials in plants stimulated for 30 min in horizontal position. Transverse potentials recorded under these circumstances were of the order of 50 mV.
{"title":"Rotating condenser method to measure two-dimensional biophysical potentials","authors":"T. Eidesmo, A. Johnsson, L. Grahm","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/003","url":null,"abstract":"A new device has been constructed to measure bioelectric potentials in plants. It measures, simultaneously, the electric length potentials along the shoot and the potentials across the shoot. Such potentials arise in plants in response to external physical stimuli. The instrument measures the potentials without touching the plants. The electric fields are detected capacitively by rotating two discs on two sides of the shoots. Each disc has four symmetrical 'vanes'; the discs are fixed and rotated 45 degrees with respect to each other. All vanes are electrically connected. The sensor arrangement will separate the length and the transverse potentials by generating two different frequencies (8 and 4 times the disc rotating frequency). The signal so generated is capacitively coupled to a high input impedance (1013 Omega ) amplifier. Two selective amplifying systems are used to generate feedback voltages and the overall equipment will work as a zero instrument. The equipment has been tested and used to record potentials in plants stimulated for 30 min in horizontal position. Transverse potentials recorded under these circumstances were of the order of 50 mV.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"44 1","pages":"820-824"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91038202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/007
M. R. Swain, J. A. Blanco, M. N. Swain
A novel method and apparatus are described for the detection of surface ignition in internal combustion engines. The method is termed non-intrusive surface ignition detector (NSID). The NSID, its evolution, description and sample outputs are presented. The NSID method for analysing surface ignition can be employed without disturbing deposits in the combustion chamber or removing the cylinder head.
{"title":"A non-intrusive surface ignition detector","authors":"M. R. Swain, J. A. Blanco, M. N. Swain","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/007","url":null,"abstract":"A novel method and apparatus are described for the detection of surface ignition in internal combustion engines. The method is termed non-intrusive surface ignition detector (NSID). The NSID, its evolution, description and sample outputs are presented. The NSID method for analysing surface ignition can be employed without disturbing deposits in the combustion chamber or removing the cylinder head.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"32 4 1","pages":"838-840"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80225603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/017
D. Görlitz, J. Kapoor, J. Kötzler
A microwave spectrometer is described that allows simultaneous detection of the real and imaginary part of the complex dynamic susceptibility with frequency f continuously varied between 0.3 and 10.7 GHz using vector analysis. Resonance or longitudinal susceptometry experiments can be carried out with the present set-up in the temperature range 2.5-300 K in magnetic fields up to 8*105 A m-1. Results of test measurements on ferromagnetic samples of EuS and LiTbF4 are presented.
介绍了一种利用矢量分析方法同时检测频率f在0.3 ~ 10.7 GHz范围内连续变化的复杂动态磁化率的实部和虚部的微波光谱仪。本装置可在2.5 ~ 300 K的温度范围内，在8*105 A m-1的磁场下进行共振或纵向电纳实验。给出了EuS和LiTbF4铁磁样品的测试测量结果。
{"title":"RAPID COMMUNICATION: Vector network analysis in swept-frequency microwave spectroscopy at low temperatures","authors":"D. Görlitz, J. Kapoor, J. Kötzler","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/10/017","url":null,"abstract":"A microwave spectrometer is described that allows simultaneous detection of the real and imaginary part of the complex dynamic susceptibility with frequency f continuously varied between 0.3 and 10.7 GHz using vector analysis. Resonance or longitudinal susceptometry experiments can be carried out with the present set-up in the temperature range 2.5-300 K in magnetic fields up to 8*105 A m-1. Results of test measurements on ferromagnetic samples of EuS and LiTbF4 are presented.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"269 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76953586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/023
A. Buckingham, J. Williams
An apparatus for the measurement of the optical Kerr effect in liquid samples is described. Previously, observations of this effect have used powerful, pulsed lasers as the orienting light field. The authors show how more accurate, reproducible results could be obtained with continuous-wave lasers and how the inherent problems of thermal defocusing effects can be overcome.
{"title":"An apparatus for quantitative measurements of the optical Kerr effect","authors":"A. Buckingham, J. Williams","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/023","url":null,"abstract":"An apparatus for the measurement of the optical Kerr effect in liquid samples is described. Previously, observations of this effect have used powerful, pulsed lasers as the orienting light field. The authors show how more accurate, reproducible results could be obtained with continuous-wave lasers and how the inherent problems of thermal defocusing effects can be overcome.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"15 1","pages":"790-792"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88396138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/004
M. Fin, M. N. Baibich
The authors have built an inexpensive AC synchronous detector for measuring conductances between 5 mu S and 1 S. This allows the measurement and control of low temperatures using carbon glass, Ge or similar resistors with precision to within the standard temperature calibration resolution (+or-0.1%). Simple modifications that improve stability and response time are presented, which enable the instrument to be used to measure changes in the conductivity of metallic films during deposition and of polymers under ion bombardment.
{"title":"Inexpensive conductance measurement device for low-temperature thermometry","authors":"M. Fin, M. N. Baibich","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/004","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have built an inexpensive AC synchronous detector for measuring conductances between 5 mu S and 1 S. This allows the measurement and control of low temperatures using carbon glass, Ge or similar resistors with precision to within the standard temperature calibration resolution (+or-0.1%). Simple modifications that improve stability and response time are presented, which enable the instrument to be used to measure changes in the conductivity of metallic films during deposition and of polymers under ion bombardment.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"23 1","pages":"700-702"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88925777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/013
J. Vij, F. Hufnagel
A millimetre and submillimetre laser spectrometer for the investigation of the power absorption and refractive index of liquids and solutions is described. General design details of the spectrometer are discussed. The beam geometry throughout the measurement system and a minimisation of multiple internal reflections within the windows of the cell are essential design requirements for determining the optical constants of liquids. Power absorption and refractive index spectra for acetonitrile, methyl iodide and their dilute solutions in cyclohexane are presented.
{"title":"Millimetre- and submillimetre-wave laser spectrometer for liquids: power and refractive index spectra of acetonitrile and methyl iodide","authors":"J. Vij, F. Hufnagel","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/013","url":null,"abstract":"A millimetre and submillimetre laser spectrometer for the investigation of the power absorption and refractive index of liquids and solutions is described. General design details of the spectrometer are discussed. The beam geometry throughout the measurement system and a minimisation of multiple internal reflections within the windows of the cell are essential design requirements for determining the optical constants of liquids. Power absorption and refractive index spectra for acetonitrile, methyl iodide and their dilute solutions in cyclohexane are presented.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"66 1","pages":"749-754"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89741150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/020
K. Grattan, J. Jiwei, A. W. Palmer, B. T. Meggitt
The principle of a simple and inexpensive optical-fibre-based correlation technique is demonstrated for the monitoring of the slow rotation of a shaft of an electric motor. The use and possible extension of the techniques employed are discussed.
{"title":"A simple fibre-optic autocorrelation tachometer","authors":"K. Grattan, J. Jiwei, A. W. Palmer, B. T. Meggitt","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/020","url":null,"abstract":"The principle of a simple and inexpensive optical-fibre-based correlation technique is demonstrated for the monitoring of the slow rotation of a shaft of an electric motor. The use and possible extension of the techniques employed are discussed.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"85 1","pages":"783-785"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85314646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/003
M. Westbrook
The author speculates about some of the new developments in sensor and related technology, in particular intelligent sensors, self-calibrating sensors and new developments in control technology which may permit a reduction in the number of sensors required for future control systems. Some of the latest developments of practical sensor technology for near-future systems within the vehicle are then described as well as some of the sensors which will enable the vehicle and its driver to interact with the world outside the vehicle.
{"title":"Future developments in automotive sensors and their systems","authors":"M. Westbrook","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/003","url":null,"abstract":"The author speculates about some of the new developments in sensor and related technology, in particular intelligent sensors, self-calibrating sensors and new developments in control technology which may permit a reduction in the number of sensors required for future control systems. Some of the latest developments of practical sensor technology for near-future systems within the vehicle are then described as well as some of the sensors which will enable the vehicle and its driver to interact with the world outside the vehicle.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"110 1","pages":"693-699"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86364471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/012
O. Marazov, I. Kostadinov
In a sealed discharge tube for a metal vapour laser, a sealed-off mode of operation is ensured. Single-crystal sapphire tubes are used as discharge channels. Externally heated discharge tubes with the heater protected from the gas discharge are described.
{"title":"Development of discharge tubes for metal-vapour lasers","authors":"O. Marazov, I. Kostadinov","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/012","url":null,"abstract":"In a sealed discharge tube for a metal vapour laser, a sealed-off mode of operation is ensured. Single-crystal sapphire tubes are used as discharge channels. Externally heated discharge tubes with the heater protected from the gas discharge are described.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"44 1","pages":"744-748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88292730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1989-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/002
B. V. Jayawant
Tactile sensing in human beings is a very complex process and when used for object recognition, or object orientation, it is in conjunction with arm and wrist movements, as well as with other sensory systems. The author examines the extent of established knowledge in this field and goes on to assess the likely requirements of robotics, automated assembly and manufacture by way of tactile sensors. Some of the currently known and interesting 'tactile sensor' developments are reviewed.
{"title":"Tactile sensing in robotics","authors":"B. V. Jayawant","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/22/9/002","url":null,"abstract":"Tactile sensing in human beings is a very complex process and when used for object recognition, or object orientation, it is in conjunction with arm and wrist movements, as well as with other sensory systems. The author examines the extent of established knowledge in this field and goes on to assess the likely requirements of robotics, automated assembly and manufacture by way of tactile sensors. Some of the currently known and interesting 'tactile sensor' developments are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":16791,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments","volume":"46 1","pages":"684-692"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87562239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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