Juan Arizaga, Aitor Lekuona, Mikel Olano, Ismael Mondragón, Maialen Galparsoro, Gotzon Ansoleaga, Iñigo Mendiola
Woodlands subjected to commercial exploitation can play an important role in the conservation of forest-dwelling birds, whether these species breed, forage, or spend all or part of their annual cycle in this habitat. Since 2016, the Administration of Gipuzkoa Province, Spain, has implemented a new protocol designed to preserve the nesting habitat of the Red Kite (Milvus milvus) population breeding within the region. This species is locally classified as endangered and therefore has conservation priority. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy, demographic impact, and cost of this protocol. Over a period of 7 yr (2016–2022), implementation of the protocol preserved 23 nests (i.e., 15.2% of the total 151 nests). From these protected nests, 37 young fledged, which was 16% of all the young fledged within the region in this period. Relative to the financial cost of protecting nature in Gipuzkoa, implementation of this protocol was inexpensive, totalling <0.1% of the administration’s budget for managing natural habitats within the province.
{"title":"A Woodland Management Protocol for the Conservation of a Locally Endangered Raptor Breeding in Timber Plantations","authors":"Juan Arizaga, Aitor Lekuona, Mikel Olano, Ismael Mondragón, Maialen Galparsoro, Gotzon Ansoleaga, Iñigo Mendiola","doi":"10.3356/jrr-23-00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-23-00051","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Woodlands subjected to commercial exploitation can play an important role in the conservation of forest-dwelling birds, whether these species breed, forage, or spend all or part of their annual cycle in this habitat. Since 2016, the Administration of Gipuzkoa Province, Spain, has implemented a new protocol designed to preserve the nesting habitat of the Red Kite (Milvus milvus) population breeding within the region. This species is locally classified as endangered and therefore has conservation priority. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy, demographic impact, and cost of this protocol. Over a period of 7 yr (2016–2022), implementation of the protocol preserved 23 nests (i.e., 15.2% of the total 151 nests). From these protected nests, 37 young fledged, which was 16% of all the young fledged within the region in this period. Relative to the financial cost of protecting nature in Gipuzkoa, implementation of this protocol was inexpensive, totalling <0.1% of the administration’s budget for managing natural habitats within the province.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"9 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139381996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margaret D. Honig, Robert A. Honig, Brandon C. Bowers
{"title":"Turtles as Prey of Crested Caracaras (Caracara plancus) on the Katy Prairie, Texas","authors":"Margaret D. Honig, Robert A. Honig, Brandon C. Bowers","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139384578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Post-incubation Intrusion and Possible Nest Usurpation by a Second-year Female Cooper’s Hawk (Accipiter cooperii)","authors":"Ian C. Maione","doi":"10.3356/jrr-23-60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-23-60","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"47 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We conducted an annual late-summer raptor survey along a 53-km route around Henrys Lake Flats, Idaho, from 1994 to 2022, and pooled the resulting data with similar published information collected from 1974 to 1993. A mean of 36 Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 13 Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis), and 16 Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were observed each year along this route. The counts of Ferruginous Hawks declined significantly (P < 0.001) over the combined study period and were almost 10 times lower from 2013–2022 compared to 1974–1983. The counts of Red-tailed Hawks also declined significantly (P = 0.04), whereas no significant variation was evident for Swainson’s Hawks over the combined 49-yr study period. Summer precipitation levels and hawk numbers were not correlated. The observed numbers of Ferruginous Hawks and Red-tailed Hawks were correlated throughout the study period, suggesting similar responses to local environmental and/or land-use factors. Obvious changes in the study area during the corresponding 49 yr include conversion of some pastures to center-pivot-irrigated agriculture and a substantial expansion of all-terrain vehicle trails and recreational activity. Because 88% of Ferruginous Hawks breeding in the Columbia Basin funnel through the upper Snake River Plain and adjacent areas on their way to post-breeding ranges in the Great Plains, expanded surveys in these areas in late August/early September could effectively monitor this intermountain population.
{"title":"Long-term Trends of Autumn-migrating Buteos Around Henrys Lake Flat, Idaho, USA","authors":"Daniel M. Taylor, Charles H. Trost","doi":"10.3356/jrr-23-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-23-21","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 We conducted an annual late-summer raptor survey along a 53-km route around Henrys Lake Flats, Idaho, from 1994 to 2022, and pooled the resulting data with similar published information collected from 1974 to 1993. A mean of 36 Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 13 Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis), and 16 Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were observed each year along this route. The counts of Ferruginous Hawks declined significantly (P < 0.001) over the combined study period and were almost 10 times lower from 2013–2022 compared to 1974–1983. The counts of Red-tailed Hawks also declined significantly (P = 0.04), whereas no significant variation was evident for Swainson’s Hawks over the combined 49-yr study period. Summer precipitation levels and hawk numbers were not correlated. The observed numbers of Ferruginous Hawks and Red-tailed Hawks were correlated throughout the study period, suggesting similar responses to local environmental and/or land-use factors. Obvious changes in the study area during the corresponding 49 yr include conversion of some pastures to center-pivot-irrigated agriculture and a substantial expansion of all-terrain vehicle trails and recreational activity. Because 88% of Ferruginous Hawks breeding in the Columbia Basin funnel through the upper Snake River Plain and adjacent areas on their way to post-breeding ranges in the Great Plains, expanded surveys in these areas in late August/early September could effectively monitor this intermountain population.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"53 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus), females are considerably larger than males, as in most diurnal birds of prey. This phenomenon, known as reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD), is usually associated with asymmetry in parental care: the smaller male provides most of the food during the nesting season, whereas the larger female incubates the eggs, and broods and protects the young. To evaluate this relationship in Prairie Falcons, we quantitatively assessed parental roles of 52 pairs of Prairie Falcons nesting in southwestern Idaho, over a 4-yr period (1984–1987). We collected behavioral observations for each pair, from the establishment of a nesting territory until young were 30–35 d old (fledging age), for a total of 613 observation days (9089 hr). We found that male and female falcons shared some tasks, although not necessarily equally, including incubation, provisioning prey and nest defense. Females accounted for two-thirds of the diurnal incubation responsibility and males for one-third. Males and females made comparable efforts in food provisioning; similarly, nest defense, here defined as aggressive interactions with (potential) nest predators, did not differ between the sexes. Other behaviors, such as brooding, hunting, and nest attendance were performed more by one sex than the other. Brooding was carried out primarily by females, and they showed consistently higher nest attendance compared to males. Males hunted significantly more than females and delivered most prey items to the nest site. Overall, sex roles exhibited by nesting Prairie Falcons in our study largely agreed with predictions based on RSD.
{"title":"Parental Roles of Nesting Prairie Falcons in Relation to Reversed Sexual Dimorphism","authors":"A. Holthuijzen, Lenora Oosterhuis","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-78","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus), females are considerably larger than males, as in most diurnal birds of prey. This phenomenon, known as reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD), is usually associated with asymmetry in parental care: the smaller male provides most of the food during the nesting season, whereas the larger female incubates the eggs, and broods and protects the young. To evaluate this relationship in Prairie Falcons, we quantitatively assessed parental roles of 52 pairs of Prairie Falcons nesting in southwestern Idaho, over a 4-yr period (1984–1987). We collected behavioral observations for each pair, from the establishment of a nesting territory until young were 30–35 d old (fledging age), for a total of 613 observation days (9089 hr). We found that male and female falcons shared some tasks, although not necessarily equally, including incubation, provisioning prey and nest defense. Females accounted for two-thirds of the diurnal incubation responsibility and males for one-third. Males and females made comparable efforts in food provisioning; similarly, nest defense, here defined as aggressive interactions with (potential) nest predators, did not differ between the sexes. Other behaviors, such as brooding, hunting, and nest attendance were performed more by one sex than the other. Brooding was carried out primarily by females, and they showed consistently higher nest attendance compared to males. Males hunted significantly more than females and delivered most prey items to the nest site. Overall, sex roles exhibited by nesting Prairie Falcons in our study largely agreed with predictions based on RSD.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"11 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139389618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Israel, Long-eared Owls (Asio otus) were considered primarily a wintering species with documented sporadic breeding. However, by the turn of the last century, it had become an increasingly numerous breeding species in the northern and central parts of the country. Based on the analysis of nest numbers in the Judea region, we determined that the population increased by at least 22% each year between 2003 and 2008, from 28 known nests in 2003 to 118 in 2008. We believe our study was conducted during the initial years for the Long-eared Owl population expansion in the region. We found that birds nesting in more-urban areas produced fewer offspring per brood than birds in more rural areas. We also found that nestlings from more-urban areas, exposed to artificial light at night, fledged earlier than birds from wild areas. The rapid growth in the numbers of nesting Long-eared Owls in the Judea region was likely due, at least in part, to the species’ adaptation to urban areas.
{"title":"Habitat Factors Driving Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) Population Growth and Productivity in the Judea Region","authors":"Ezra Hadad, J. Kosicki, R. Yosef","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-118","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In Israel, Long-eared Owls (Asio otus) were considered primarily a wintering species with documented sporadic breeding. However, by the turn of the last century, it had become an increasingly numerous breeding species in the northern and central parts of the country. Based on the analysis of nest numbers in the Judea region, we determined that the population increased by at least 22% each year between 2003 and 2008, from 28 known nests in 2003 to 118 in 2008. We believe our study was conducted during the initial years for the Long-eared Owl population expansion in the region. We found that birds nesting in more-urban areas produced fewer offspring per brood than birds in more rural areas. We also found that nestlings from more-urban areas, exposed to artificial light at night, fledged earlier than birds from wild areas. The rapid growth in the numbers of nesting Long-eared Owls in the Judea region was likely due, at least in part, to the species’ adaptation to urban areas.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Most Remarkable Creature: The Hidden Life and Epic Journey of the World’s Smartest Birds of Prey","authors":"","doi":"10.3356/jrr24502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr24502","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"37 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139452015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Winter Interactions of Sharp-shinned Hawks with Prey","authors":"Paul Hendricks","doi":"10.3356/jrr-23-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-23-17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139388579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tyler J. Michels, Greg Evans, Thomas Kelly, Nicholas Gonzalez, Marcel Bozas, Craig van der Heiden
{"title":"First Detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in a Crested Caracara","authors":"Tyler J. Michels, Greg Evans, Thomas Kelly, Nicholas Gonzalez, Marcel Bozas, Craig van der Heiden","doi":"10.3356/jrr-23-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-23-00014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"38 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas W. Wittig, Paige E. Howell, Kathleen E. Clark
Constructing nests costs birds time and energy and may influence breeding success and productivity. The precise nature and extent of these costs is understudied, particularly among raptor species. We used linear and generalized linear mixed models to examine the time and reproductive costs of nest construction to Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in New Jersey, USA, from 2009 to 2021. To differentiate nest construction costs from the influence of experience, we separately analyzed the breeding performance and phenology of new pairs constructing nests, established pairs constructing nests, and established pairs reusing nests. We also considered the influence of weather, year, and ecoregion. New territorial pairs building nests were generally less successful and productive than established pairs building or reusing nests. However, these trends were largely attributable to a greater egg-laying rate among established pairs. Nest building pairs, new and established, were generally delayed in egg laying, hatching, and nestling fledging compared to established pairs reusing nests; new pairs were notably more delayed than established pairs building nests. Territorial pairs in the Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens were less successful and productive than pairs in other ecoregions. Higher precipitation around the egg laying period was predictive of lower nest success and productivity rates but did not appear to affect phenology. Higher temperatures around this period also lowered these rates, with the further effect of advancing phenology. In New Jersey, climate change appears to be advancing breeding phenology and could constrain productivity by century’s end, though we anticipate that density dependence will regulate and lower Bald Eagle breeding performance prior to this period. Breeding success and productivity rates, as well as the effects of year in our models, indicate that New Jersey’s breeding Bald Eagle population is still healthy and growing. Overall, our results indicate that nest construction imposes minor temporal costs on Bald Eagles but does not meaningfully affect their breeding success or productivity, which may help inform management of Bald Eagle nests and populations.
{"title":"Nest Construction Costs Bald Eagles Time but not Breeding Success or Productivity","authors":"Thomas W. Wittig, Paige E. Howell, Kathleen E. Clark","doi":"10.3356/jrr-22-112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-22-112","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Constructing nests costs birds time and energy and may influence breeding success and productivity. The precise nature and extent of these costs is understudied, particularly among raptor species. We used linear and generalized linear mixed models to examine the time and reproductive costs of nest construction to Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in New Jersey, USA, from 2009 to 2021. To differentiate nest construction costs from the influence of experience, we separately analyzed the breeding performance and phenology of new pairs constructing nests, established pairs constructing nests, and established pairs reusing nests. We also considered the influence of weather, year, and ecoregion. New territorial pairs building nests were generally less successful and productive than established pairs building or reusing nests. However, these trends were largely attributable to a greater egg-laying rate among established pairs. Nest building pairs, new and established, were generally delayed in egg laying, hatching, and nestling fledging compared to established pairs reusing nests; new pairs were notably more delayed than established pairs building nests. Territorial pairs in the Atlantic Coastal Pine Barrens were less successful and productive than pairs in other ecoregions. Higher precipitation around the egg laying period was predictive of lower nest success and productivity rates but did not appear to affect phenology. Higher temperatures around this period also lowered these rates, with the further effect of advancing phenology. In New Jersey, climate change appears to be advancing breeding phenology and could constrain productivity by century’s end, though we anticipate that density dependence will regulate and lower Bald Eagle breeding performance prior to this period. Breeding success and productivity rates, as well as the effects of year in our models, indicate that New Jersey’s breeding Bald Eagle population is still healthy and growing. Overall, our results indicate that nest construction imposes minor temporal costs on Bald Eagles but does not meaningfully affect their breeding success or productivity, which may help inform management of Bald Eagle nests and populations.","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"2 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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