Subadult (immature) raptors of a variety of species are capable of holding breeding territories and even reproducing (Newton 1979, Steenhof et al. 1983). Robust populations, however, typically contain few, if any, pair members in pre-definitive plumage, and the general explanation is that adults tend to outcompete younger individuals for territory ownership where space is limiting. Their rarity as territory-holders can therefore be a useful indicator of breeding habitat saturation, whereas their increase has been considered ‘‘early warning’’ that vital rates (survival and reproduction) are insufficient to fill territorial space (Ferrer and Donazar 1996, Ferrer et al. 2003). Territory saturation also constitutes a threshold beyond which floaters (nonterritorial adults) can be expected to accumulate. The size of such a population and the ratio of floaters to territory-holders will stabilize if vital rates remain high enough to maintain saturation, a mode of population limitation known as Moffat’s equilibrium (Hunt 1998). The equilibrium floater-tobreeder ratio is useful in broadly indexing the durability of territory saturation as well as the degree of expected feedback of floater intrusions upon nest success (see Haller 1996). A stochastic population matrix model developed by Monzón and Friedenberg (2018) explored the floater dynamics of Moffat’s equilibrium (Hunt 1998, Hunt et al. 2017). Importantly, the rate of floater transition to the breeder stage was modeled dynamically so that transitions were determined by the availability of territories. Their model projected life-stage-structure and allowed computation of instantaneous floater-to-breeder ratios and rates of subadult nest occupancy in a hypothetical Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) population. The authors ran simulations of population decline and growth, habitat expansion and contraction, and valuably, the 10-yr cycling of a hypothetical prey population. Monzón and Friedenberg’s (2018) report emphasized that floater-to-breeder ratios and the incidence of subadult nest occupancy responded to these scenarios in ways indicating that neither, as a ‘‘snapshot metric,’’ can diagnose the status of a population in the absence of other information. For example, high instantaneous floater-to-breeder ratios characterized not only robust populations, but also those where territory occupancy was shrinking because of habitat loss. High rates of subadult occupancy manifested in both increasing and declining populations. In all, we found Monzón and Friedenberg’s (2018) modeling results consistent with Moffat’s equilibrium dynamics as described by Hunt (1998), Hunt and Law (2000), and Hunt et al. (2017). We believe that variations upon the authors’ algorithm can find useful application in studies of
许多种类的亚成年(未成熟)猛禽都有能力守住繁殖领地，甚至进行繁殖(Newton 1979, Steenhof et al. 1983)。然而，健壮的种群中，通常只有很少(如果有的话)一对配偶拥有未确定的羽毛，一般的解释是，在空间有限的情况下，成年个体往往会在争夺领地所有权方面胜过年轻个体。因此，它们作为领地所有者的稀有性可以作为繁殖栖息地饱和的有用指标，而它们的增加被认为是生命率(生存和繁殖)不足以填补领土空间的“早期预警”(Ferrer and Donazar 1996, Ferrer et al. 2003)。领地饱和也构成了一个阈值，超过这个阈值，漂浮物(无领地的成虫)可能会聚集。如果生命率保持在足够高的水平以保持饱和，那么这种种群的规模和漂浮物与领地持有者的比例将趋于稳定，这是一种被称为莫法特均衡的种群限制模式(Hunt 1998)。平衡的漂浮物与繁殖者的比率在广泛地指示领地饱和的持久性以及漂浮物入侵对巢成功的预期反馈程度方面是有用的(见Haller 1996)。Monzón和Friedenberg(2018)开发的随机种群矩阵模型探索了Moffat均衡的浮动动力学(Hunt 1998, Hunt et al. 2017)。重要的是，漂浮物过渡到繁殖阶段的速度是动态建模的，因此过渡是由领土的可用性决定的。他们的模型预测了生命阶段的结构，并允许在一个假设的金鹰(Aquila chrysaetos)种群中计算瞬时的漂浮物与繁殖者的比率和亚成年巢占用率。作者模拟了人口的减少和增长，栖息地的扩张和收缩，以及有价值的假设猎物数量的10年周期。Monzón和Friedenberg(2018)的报告强调，浮游生物与繁殖者的比率和亚成虫巢占用率对这些情况的反应表明，作为“快照指标”，两者都不能在缺乏其他信息的情况下诊断种群的状态。例如，高瞬时的漂浮物与繁殖者的比率不仅是种群健壮的特征，而且是那些由于栖息地丧失而领土占用减少的种群的特征。在增加和减少的种群中，亚成年占用率都很高。总之，我们发现Monzón和Friedenberg(2018)的建模结果与Hunt(1998)、Hunt and Law(2000)以及Hunt et al.(2017)所描述的Moffat均衡动力学一致。我们相信作者算法的变体可以在研究中找到有用的应用
{"title":"Commentary: Subadult Nest Occupancy Rates and Floater-To-Breeder Ratios in Raptor Population Assessment","authors":"W. G. Hunt, P. Law","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-87","url":null,"abstract":"Subadult (immature) raptors of a variety of species are capable of holding breeding territories and even reproducing (Newton 1979, Steenhof et al. 1983). Robust populations, however, typically contain few, if any, pair members in pre-definitive plumage, and the general explanation is that adults tend to outcompete younger individuals for territory ownership where space is limiting. Their rarity as territory-holders can therefore be a useful indicator of breeding habitat saturation, whereas their increase has been considered ‘‘early warning’’ that vital rates (survival and reproduction) are insufficient to fill territorial space (Ferrer and Donazar 1996, Ferrer et al. 2003). Territory saturation also constitutes a threshold beyond which floaters (nonterritorial adults) can be expected to accumulate. The size of such a population and the ratio of floaters to territory-holders will stabilize if vital rates remain high enough to maintain saturation, a mode of population limitation known as Moffat’s equilibrium (Hunt 1998). The equilibrium floater-tobreeder ratio is useful in broadly indexing the durability of territory saturation as well as the degree of expected feedback of floater intrusions upon nest success (see Haller 1996). A stochastic population matrix model developed by Monzón and Friedenberg (2018) explored the floater dynamics of Moffat’s equilibrium (Hunt 1998, Hunt et al. 2017). Importantly, the rate of floater transition to the breeder stage was modeled dynamically so that transitions were determined by the availability of territories. Their model projected life-stage-structure and allowed computation of instantaneous floater-to-breeder ratios and rates of subadult nest occupancy in a hypothetical Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) population. The authors ran simulations of population decline and growth, habitat expansion and contraction, and valuably, the 10-yr cycling of a hypothetical prey population. Monzón and Friedenberg’s (2018) report emphasized that floater-to-breeder ratios and the incidence of subadult nest occupancy responded to these scenarios in ways indicating that neither, as a ‘‘snapshot metric,’’ can diagnose the status of a population in the absence of other information. For example, high instantaneous floater-to-breeder ratios characterized not only robust populations, but also those where territory occupancy was shrinking because of habitat loss. High rates of subadult occupancy manifested in both increasing and declining populations. In all, we found Monzón and Friedenberg’s (2018) modeling results consistent with Moffat’s equilibrium dynamics as described by Hunt (1998), Hunt and Law (2000), and Hunt et al. (2017). We believe that variations upon the authors’ algorithm can find useful application in studies of","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"493 - 497"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78678491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.3356/JRR-57-3-Book-Review
Matías A. Juhant, Evan McWreath, J. Burnett
Vultures of the World: Essential Ecology and Conservation. By Keith L. Bildstein. 2022. Cornell University Press, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, USA. ISBN: 978-1501761614. Hardcover, $25.29 and Kindle, $12.99. Dr. Keith Bildstein’s latest book, Vultures of the World: Essential Ecology and Conservation, provides an engaging look at vultures and condors, seeking to help us understand this widely recognized but underappreciated avian group. Bildstein is known to many Journal of Raptor Research (JRR) readers as a past Raptor Research Foundation Vice-President (1999–2002) and member of the Board of Directors (1988–1997). Bildstein is also a former Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton, Pennsylvania, USA. His new book reflects the culmination of nearly two decades of personal experience observing and studying vultures worldwide, focusing on migration and movement behavior, physiology, and ecology of migratory and nonmigratory vulture species. We (MAJ, EM, and JB) appreciate the opportunity to review this book on vultures and condors, as the three of us study these full-time obligate scavengers in the western hemisphere. In his three-page preface, Bildstein makes two critical points that the new generation of vulture biologists should consider. The first point: Bildstein has broadened his perspectives over the decades by interacting with other research biologists, and without those interactions, this book could not have been written. Consequently, this point emphasizes the importance of humility and having or developing social abilities necessary to discuss the subjects of study with your peers. The second point: two monumental monographs by Brown and Amadon (1968) and Mundy et al. (1992) have provided an effective model to describe the essential ecology of these full-time obligate scavengers, facilitating Bildstein’s work on vultures at a global scale. The takehome message here is that regardless of the age of the reference, older literature can provide critical insight into the current knowledge of the subject of study. Vultures of the World provides thoughtful explanations to simple questions such as ‘‘Why are vultures the only full-time obligate scavengers in the vertebrate group? What physical and behavioral adaptations have evolved that allow them to inhabit a diverse set of habitats? How do vultures find and feast on rotting flesh?’’ Moreover, it provides helpful background on New World (family Cathartidae) and Old World (family Accipitridae) vultures. JRR readers may remember these terms refer only to the current species distributions and not their geographical origins, which is an important distinction, as Old World vultures may have evolved in the New World, and those we call New World vultures most likely evolved in the Old World. The scavenging habits of these two families are thought to have evolved independently, leading to adaptations such as large bodies, broad wings, power
世界秃鹫:基本生态学与保护。Keith L. Bildstein, 2022。康奈尔大学出版社，康斯托克出版协会，美国纽约州伊萨卡。ISBN: 978 - 1501761614。精装版25.29美元，Kindle版12.99美元。基思·比尔德斯坦博士的最新著作《世界秃鹫:基本生态与保护》，对秃鹫和秃鹰进行了引人入胜的观察，试图帮助我们了解这一被广泛认可但未得到充分重视的鸟类群体。Bildstein是《猛禽研究杂志》(JRR)的读者所熟知的，他曾担任猛禽研究基金会副主席(1999-2002)和董事会成员(1988-1997)。Bildstein也是美国宾夕法尼亚州肯普顿霍克山保护区的前Sarkis Acopian保护科学主任。他的新书反映了近二十年来在世界范围内观察和研究秃鹫的个人经验的高潮，重点是迁徙和运动行为，迁徙和非迁徙秃鹫物种的生理学和生态学。我们(MAJ, EM和JB)很高兴有机会回顾这本关于秃鹫和秃鹫的书，因为我们三个人在西半球研究这些全职的义务食腐动物。在他长达三页的序言中，Bildstein提出了新一代秃鹫生物学家应该考虑的两个关键点。第一点:几十年来，比尔德斯坦通过与其他从事研究的生物学家互动，拓宽了自己的视野，没有这些互动，就不可能写出这本书。因此，这一点强调了谦逊和拥有或发展与同龄人讨论学习主题所必需的社交能力的重要性。第二点:Brown和Amadon(1968)以及Mundy等人(1992)的两本重要的专著提供了一个有效的模型来描述这些全职义务食腐动物的基本生态，促进了Bildstein在全球范围内对秃鹫的研究。这里的关键信息是，无论参考文献的年龄如何，旧文献都可以为研究主题的当前知识提供关键的见解。《世界秃鹫》对一些简单的问题提供了深思熟虑的解释，比如“为什么秃鹫是脊椎动物群体中唯一的全职义务食腐动物?”它们进化出了什么样的身体和行为适应能力，使它们能够栖息在各种各样的栖息地?秃鹫是如何找到并享用腐肉的?此外，它还提供了有关新大陆(秃鹰科)和旧大陆(秃鹰科)秃鹫的有益背景。JRR的读者可能记得，这些术语只指当前的物种分布，而不是它们的地理起源，这是一个重要的区别，因为旧大陆秃鹫可能是在新世界进化的，而那些我们称之为新世界秃鹫的很可能是在旧大陆进化的。这两个家族的食腐习惯被认为是独立进化的，导致了诸如大身体、宽翅膀、有力的喙和无羽毛的头部等适应，这是自然史上趋同进化的最好例子之一。《世界上的秃鹫》以一篇个人的、写得很好的关于秃鹫的起源和演变的概述开篇，接着是七个章节。引言部分评估了导致食腐迅猛龙全球多样性的进化过程，以及一个框架
{"title":"Book Review: Vultures of the World: Essential Ecology and Conservation","authors":"Matías A. Juhant, Evan McWreath, J. Burnett","doi":"10.3356/JRR-57-3-Book-Review","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-57-3-Book-Review","url":null,"abstract":"Vultures of the World: Essential Ecology and Conservation. By Keith L. Bildstein. 2022. Cornell University Press, Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, USA. ISBN: 978-1501761614. Hardcover, $25.29 and Kindle, $12.99. Dr. Keith Bildstein’s latest book, Vultures of the World: Essential Ecology and Conservation, provides an engaging look at vultures and condors, seeking to help us understand this widely recognized but underappreciated avian group. Bildstein is known to many Journal of Raptor Research (JRR) readers as a past Raptor Research Foundation Vice-President (1999–2002) and member of the Board of Directors (1988–1997). Bildstein is also a former Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science at Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, Kempton, Pennsylvania, USA. His new book reflects the culmination of nearly two decades of personal experience observing and studying vultures worldwide, focusing on migration and movement behavior, physiology, and ecology of migratory and nonmigratory vulture species. We (MAJ, EM, and JB) appreciate the opportunity to review this book on vultures and condors, as the three of us study these full-time obligate scavengers in the western hemisphere. In his three-page preface, Bildstein makes two critical points that the new generation of vulture biologists should consider. The first point: Bildstein has broadened his perspectives over the decades by interacting with other research biologists, and without those interactions, this book could not have been written. Consequently, this point emphasizes the importance of humility and having or developing social abilities necessary to discuss the subjects of study with your peers. The second point: two monumental monographs by Brown and Amadon (1968) and Mundy et al. (1992) have provided an effective model to describe the essential ecology of these full-time obligate scavengers, facilitating Bildstein’s work on vultures at a global scale. The takehome message here is that regardless of the age of the reference, older literature can provide critical insight into the current knowledge of the subject of study. Vultures of the World provides thoughtful explanations to simple questions such as ‘‘Why are vultures the only full-time obligate scavengers in the vertebrate group? What physical and behavioral adaptations have evolved that allow them to inhabit a diverse set of habitats? How do vultures find and feast on rotting flesh?’’ Moreover, it provides helpful background on New World (family Cathartidae) and Old World (family Accipitridae) vultures. JRR readers may remember these terms refer only to the current species distributions and not their geographical origins, which is an important distinction, as Old World vultures may have evolved in the New World, and those we call New World vultures most likely evolved in the Old World. The scavenging habits of these two families are thought to have evolved independently, leading to adaptations such as large bodies, broad wings, power","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"502 - 504"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87556222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many raptors exhibit life history characteristics that simultaneously place them at conservation risk and make them difficult to study, including delayed reproduction, long life spans, low annual fecundity, and large seasonal movements. Developing effective methods for rapid assessment of raptor populations will improve the feasibility and timeliness of adaptive management. To this end, we used a stage-structured demographic model to evaluate the insight into population decline risk provided by two population structure measurements: subadult nest occupancy and the ratio of non-territorial ‘‘floater’’ adults to territorial breeders (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). Here, we respond to a commentary by Hunt and Law (2023) that addresses our study’s premises. There is no disagreement that the metrics require further context to be diagnostic; however, Hunt and Law (2023) offer three specific criticisms of our study, calling them strawmen. Although we did not intend them as such, discussing each criticism here offers an opportunity to clarify how these demographic metrics are and should be interpreted. First, Hunt and Law (2023) assert that we proposed, as a strawman, that subadult nest occupancy has only one possible explanation. They are referring to our summary of previously published work suggesting ‘‘a high incidence of subadults on nests might characterize a population in decline or at high risk of decline because it may be depleted of adult breeders and floaters’’ (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018, citing Balbontı́n et al. 2003 and Ferrer et al. 2003). Our summary reflects the preponderance of studies on the subject. Even Hunt and Law (2023), shortly after pointing out the narrowness of our summary, establish the general rarity of subadult nesting among raptors and assert that it should be regarded as a meaningful warning sign even if observed at a low level. With this premise as a hypothesis, we explored various ecological scenarios that can yield high rates of subadult nest occupancy and then assessed the value of this snapshot metric for indicating risk of population decline. The metric on its own was useful for identifying scenarios of moderate decline risk but failed to discern cases of low and high risk (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). The examples presented by Hunt and Law (2023) all provide additional ecological context with which to interpret the metric properly and share the theme of high adult mortality being an important factor—the exact conclusion we reached in our original study (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). In the example of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area in California, a high rate of subadult nest occupancy is interpreted in the context of high adult mortality from collisions with wind turbines (Wiens and Kolar 2021). Similarly, the
许多迅猛龙表现出的生活史特征，包括繁殖迟缓、寿命长、年繁殖力低和季节性活动大，同时使它们面临保护风险，也使它们难以研究。开发快速评估猛禽种群的有效方法将提高适应性管理的可行性和及时性。为此，我们使用了一个阶段结构的人口统计学模型来评估两种人口结构测量方法提供的人口下降风险洞察:亚成虫巢穴占用率和非领土“漂浮”成虫与领土繁殖者的比例(Monzón和Friedenberg 2018)。在这里，我们回应亨特和劳(2023)的一篇评论，该评论涉及我们的研究前提。毫无疑问，这些指标需要进一步的背景来进行诊断;然而，亨特和劳(2023)对我们的研究提出了三个具体的批评，称他们为稻草人。虽然我们并不打算这样做，但在这里讨论每一个批评都提供了一个机会来澄清这些人口统计指标是如何解释的。首先，Hunt和Law(2023)断言，我们提出，作为一个稻草人，亚成虫的巢穴占用只有一种可能的解释。他们指的是我们对先前发表的工作的总结，这些工作表明“巢穴中亚成虫的高发生率可能是种群数量下降或下降的高风险特征，因为它可能耗尽了成年繁殖者和飞蚊”(Monzón和Friedenberg 2018，引用balbontturn等人2003和Ferrer等人2003)。我们的摘要反映了这方面研究的优势。即使是亨特和劳(2023)，在指出我们的总结的狭隘性之后不久，也确定了猛禽中亚成虫筑巢的普遍罕见性，并断言即使在低水平上观察到，也应将其视为有意义的警告信号。以这一假设为前提，我们探索了各种可能产生高亚成虫巢占用率的生态情景，然后评估了这一快照指标在指示种群下降风险方面的价值。该指标本身对于识别中度下降风险的情景有用，但无法识别低风险和高风险的情况(Monzón和Friedenberg 2018)。Hunt和Law(2023)提出的例子都提供了额外的生态背景，可以适当地解释这一指标，并分享成人高死亡率是一个重要因素的主题——这是我们在原始研究中得出的确切结论(Monzón和Friedenberg 2018)。在加州Altamont Pass风力资源区的金鹰(Aquila chrysaetos)的例子中，亚成虫巢穴的高比例被解释为与风力涡轮机碰撞导致的高成虫死亡率(Wiens and Kolar 2021)。类似地,
{"title":"Toward Rapid Population Assessment for Raptor Conservation: Subadults, Floaters, Strawmen, and Context. A Response to Hunt and Law","authors":"J. Monzón, Nicholas A. Friedenberg","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-117","url":null,"abstract":"Many raptors exhibit life history characteristics that simultaneously place them at conservation risk and make them difficult to study, including delayed reproduction, long life spans, low annual fecundity, and large seasonal movements. Developing effective methods for rapid assessment of raptor populations will improve the feasibility and timeliness of adaptive management. To this end, we used a stage-structured demographic model to evaluate the insight into population decline risk provided by two population structure measurements: subadult nest occupancy and the ratio of non-territorial ‘‘floater’’ adults to territorial breeders (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). Here, we respond to a commentary by Hunt and Law (2023) that addresses our study’s premises. There is no disagreement that the metrics require further context to be diagnostic; however, Hunt and Law (2023) offer three specific criticisms of our study, calling them strawmen. Although we did not intend them as such, discussing each criticism here offers an opportunity to clarify how these demographic metrics are and should be interpreted. First, Hunt and Law (2023) assert that we proposed, as a strawman, that subadult nest occupancy has only one possible explanation. They are referring to our summary of previously published work suggesting ‘‘a high incidence of subadults on nests might characterize a population in decline or at high risk of decline because it may be depleted of adult breeders and floaters’’ (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018, citing Balbontı́n et al. 2003 and Ferrer et al. 2003). Our summary reflects the preponderance of studies on the subject. Even Hunt and Law (2023), shortly after pointing out the narrowness of our summary, establish the general rarity of subadult nesting among raptors and assert that it should be regarded as a meaningful warning sign even if observed at a low level. With this premise as a hypothesis, we explored various ecological scenarios that can yield high rates of subadult nest occupancy and then assessed the value of this snapshot metric for indicating risk of population decline. The metric on its own was useful for identifying scenarios of moderate decline risk but failed to discern cases of low and high risk (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). The examples presented by Hunt and Law (2023) all provide additional ecological context with which to interpret the metric properly and share the theme of high adult mortality being an important factor—the exact conclusion we reached in our original study (Monzón and Friedenberg 2018). In the example of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area in California, a high rate of subadult nest occupancy is interpreted in the context of high adult mortality from collisions with wind turbines (Wiens and Kolar 2021). Similarly, the","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"75 1","pages":"498 - 501"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88177034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Virtually all species compete for resources, which can lead to aggressive intraand interspecific interactions between individuals (Scott and Fredericson 1951). These interactions may take the form of displays, aggressive chases, and physical contacts (Jamieson and Seymour 1983, Bildstein and Collopy 1985, Boal 2001). Among conspecifics, these interactions may be agonistic, which is an escalation of behaviors from threat displays (often ritualized) to aggression, ultimately resulting in the submission or death of one combatant (McGlone 1986). For example, territorial Harris’s Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) engage in posturing, display, and eventual attack if an intruding conspecific does not leave (Dawson and Mannan 1991). In more extreme cases, individuals may kill and cannibalize conspecifics (Allen et al. 2020). The Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) is a highly social, quasi-colonial species (Skipper 2018, Parker 2020). For example, in 2022 I monitored 52 nests among 20 urban parks (one to eight nests/ park) in Lubbock, Texas, USA, and documented a mean density of one nesting pair per 2.7 ha (62.46 SD). Additionally, large nonbreeding groups may communally roost in trees near occupied nests. Despite such close proximities, aggressive interactions between Mississippi Kites appear to be exceedingly rare, with only a few documented events that usually consist of adults chasing subadults away from nests (Shaw 1985, Parker 2020). In summer 2020, I banded a nesting female Mississippi Kite with a US Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab aluminum leg band and a plastic green-colored band with the white letters ME (hereafter G-ME). I did not band the male of the breeding pair. The pair’s 2020 nesting attempt was successful in fledging one young. On 4 June 2021, I confirmed the female G-ME had returned to the 2020 nest area. The 2020 nest had blown out, but the kites had constructed a new nest and I observed multiple copulations between an unbanded male and G-ME. On 23 June 2021 at approximately 1020 H CST, I approached the G-ME nest to assess breeding status. At this date, all the monitored kite nests in my study were in the incubation stage. Upon my arrival I observed G-ME standing on the north side of the nest and facing an unbanded adult female Mississippi Kite perched in the cup of the nest (Fig. 1). The two kites posed with gaped beaks, nape feathers erected, and wings flared out as they faced each other. An unbanded adult male was perched on a branch approximately 1 m above and to the side of the nest. Although I did not know when the interaction was initiated, I watched for more than 10 min as the two female kites commenced to fight on the nest. They began making pecking strikes at each other, progressing to breast to breast contact and batting at each other with their wings and making pecking strikes toward each other’s faces (Supplemental Material 1). When one bird struck out with its beak, the other would retract its head backward to avoi
几乎所有物种都在争夺资源，这可能导致个体之间具有侵略性的种内和种间相互作用(Scott和Fredericson, 1951)。这些互动可能以展示、攻击性追逐和身体接触的形式出现(Jamieson and Seymour 1983, Bildstein and Collopy 1985, Boal 2001)。在同种个体中，这些相互作用可能是敌对的，这是一种从威胁表现(通常是仪式化的)到攻击的行为升级，最终导致一个战斗员的屈服或死亡(McGlone 1986)。例如，具有领土意识的哈里斯鹰(Parabuteo unicinctus)会在入侵的同种动物不离开的情况下做出姿态、展示，并最终发起攻击(Dawson and Mannan 1991)。在更极端的情况下，个体可能会杀死并同类相食(Allen et al. 2020)。密西西比风筝(Ictinia密西西比)是一种高度社会化的准殖民地物种(Skipper 2018, Parker 2020)。例如，在2022年，我监测了美国德克萨斯州拉伯克市20个城市公园(1至8个鸟巢/公园)中的52个鸟巢，并记录了每2.7公顷(62.46 SD)一对鸟巢的平均密度。此外，大型非繁殖群体可能在被占领的巢穴附近的树上共同栖息。尽管距离如此之近，但密西西比鸢之间的攻击性互动似乎非常罕见，只有少数记录在案的事件通常是成虫将亚成虫从巢穴中赶走(Shaw 1985, Parker 2020)。在2020年夏天，我用美国地质调查局鸟类绑带实验室的铝腿带和带有白色字母ME(以下简称G-ME)的绿色塑料带捆绑了一只筑巢的雌性密西西比风筝。我没有给交配对中的雄性戴上手铐。这对夫妇在2020年的筑巢尝试成功地孵出了一只幼崽。2021年6月4日，我确认雌性G-ME已经回到2020年的巢穴区域。2020年的鸟巢已经被吹灭了，但风筝已经建造了一个新的鸟巢，我观察到一只没有绑带的雄性和G-ME之间进行了多次交配。2021年6月23日大约1020时，我走近G-ME巢穴，评估繁殖状况。此时，我所监测的所有风筝巢都处于孵化阶段。当我到达时，我观察到G-ME站在鸟巢的北侧，面对着一只未带的成年雌性密西西比风筝，它栖息在鸟巢的杯子里(图1)。两只风筝张开嘴，竖起后羽，翅膀张开，面对着对方。一只没有系带的成年雄性栖息在鸟巢上方约1米的树枝上。虽然我不知道互动是什么时候开始的，但我看了十多分钟，两只雌风筝开始在鸟巢里打架。它们开始互相啄击，发展到胸对胸接触，用翅膀互相拍打，对着对方的脸进行啄击(补充材料1)。当一只鸟用喙击打对方时，另一只鸟会缩回头以躲避攻击。这种来回的争吵持续了几分钟，直到
{"title":"Nest Usurpation by a Female Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis)","authors":"C. Boal","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-103","url":null,"abstract":"Virtually all species compete for resources, which can lead to aggressive intraand interspecific interactions between individuals (Scott and Fredericson 1951). These interactions may take the form of displays, aggressive chases, and physical contacts (Jamieson and Seymour 1983, Bildstein and Collopy 1985, Boal 2001). Among conspecifics, these interactions may be agonistic, which is an escalation of behaviors from threat displays (often ritualized) to aggression, ultimately resulting in the submission or death of one combatant (McGlone 1986). For example, territorial Harris’s Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus) engage in posturing, display, and eventual attack if an intruding conspecific does not leave (Dawson and Mannan 1991). In more extreme cases, individuals may kill and cannibalize conspecifics (Allen et al. 2020). The Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) is a highly social, quasi-colonial species (Skipper 2018, Parker 2020). For example, in 2022 I monitored 52 nests among 20 urban parks (one to eight nests/ park) in Lubbock, Texas, USA, and documented a mean density of one nesting pair per 2.7 ha (62.46 SD). Additionally, large nonbreeding groups may communally roost in trees near occupied nests. Despite such close proximities, aggressive interactions between Mississippi Kites appear to be exceedingly rare, with only a few documented events that usually consist of adults chasing subadults away from nests (Shaw 1985, Parker 2020). In summer 2020, I banded a nesting female Mississippi Kite with a US Geological Survey Bird Banding Lab aluminum leg band and a plastic green-colored band with the white letters ME (hereafter G-ME). I did not band the male of the breeding pair. The pair’s 2020 nesting attempt was successful in fledging one young. On 4 June 2021, I confirmed the female G-ME had returned to the 2020 nest area. The 2020 nest had blown out, but the kites had constructed a new nest and I observed multiple copulations between an unbanded male and G-ME. On 23 June 2021 at approximately 1020 H CST, I approached the G-ME nest to assess breeding status. At this date, all the monitored kite nests in my study were in the incubation stage. Upon my arrival I observed G-ME standing on the north side of the nest and facing an unbanded adult female Mississippi Kite perched in the cup of the nest (Fig. 1). The two kites posed with gaped beaks, nape feathers erected, and wings flared out as they faced each other. An unbanded adult male was perched on a branch approximately 1 m above and to the side of the nest. Although I did not know when the interaction was initiated, I watched for more than 10 min as the two female kites commenced to fight on the nest. They began making pecking strikes at each other, progressing to breast to breast contact and batting at each other with their wings and making pecking strikes toward each other’s faces (Supplemental Material 1). When one bird struck out with its beak, the other would retract its head backward to avoi","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"485 - 488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87306140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT. From 1898 through approximately 12 decades the status of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in coastal southern California and particularly Orange County was well documented. The earliest reports considered the species abundant along the south coastal slope, but starting about 1931, the breeding population slipped into a noticeable decline that continued until 2014, when the last known breeding attempt in Orange County occurred. Publications and reports from 1931–2016 have documented a chronic, but slow trend toward extirpation of the breeding population of coastal southern California from Santa Barbara County south through northern San Diego County. On the south coastal slope, only in southern San Diego County does a remnant breeding population exist. Causes of the Orange County decline include habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation; California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) eradication; and coastal predator management at California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) and Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus) nesting colonies. The impact of these factors was compounded by short natal and breeding dispersal distances and ultimately by Allee effects. This report documents the last known nesting attempts of Burrowing Owls in Orange County, California. Although it remains plausible that an occasional future nesting attempt may still occur, the species in Orange County, as well as nesting colonies in other coastal southern California counties, can now be regarded as ecologically extirpated. RESUMEN. Desde 1898 y durante las siguientes ocho décadas, el estatus de Athene cunicularia en la costa sur de California y particularmente en el Condado de Orange ha sido bien documentado. Los primeros informes consideraban que la especie era abundante a lo largo de la ladera costera sur, pero a partir de 1931, la población reproductiva comenzó a disminuir notablemente y esta tendencia continuó hasta 2014, cuando se produjo el último intento reproductivo conocido en el Condado de Orange. Diez publicaciones e informes diferentes (1931–2016) han documentado una tendencia crónica pero lenta hacia la extinción local de la población reproductiva de la costa sur de California desde el Condado de Santa Bárbara hasta el norte del Condado de San Diego. En la ladera costera sur, solo en el sur del Condado de San Diego existe una población reproductiva remanente. Las causas de la disminución en el Condado de Orange incluyen la pérdida, degradación y fragmentación del hábitat; la erradicación de la ardilla Otospermophilus beecheyi; y el manejo de depredadores costeros en colonias de anidación de Sterna antillarum browni y Charadrius nivosus. El impacto de estos factores se vio agravado por las cortas distancias de dispersión de nacimiento y reproducción y, en última instancia, por el efecto Allee. Este informe documenta los últimos intentos conocidos de anidación de A. cunicularia en el Condado de Orange, California. Aunque sigue siendo
摘要从1898年到大约12年的时间里，穴居猫头鹰(Athene culcularia)在南加州沿海地区，特别是奥兰治县的地位得到了很好的记录。最早的报告认为南海岸斜坡上的物种丰富，但大约从1931年开始，繁殖数量开始明显下降，一直持续到2014年，当时奥兰治县发生了最后一次已知的繁殖尝试。1931年至2016年的出版物和报告记录了从圣巴巴拉县南部到圣地亚哥县北部的南加州沿海繁殖种群的长期但缓慢的灭绝趋势。在南海岸的斜坡上，只有在圣地亚哥县的南部才有残余的繁殖种群存在。奥兰治县人口减少的原因包括栖息地丧失、退化和破碎化;加州地松鼠(otospermoophilus beecheyi)根除;以及加利福尼亚最小燕鸥(Sterna antillarum browni)和西部雪鸻(Charadrius nivosus)筑巢群的沿海捕食者管理。这些因素的影响由于出生和繁殖传播距离较短以及最终由于Allee效应而加剧。这份报告记录了加州奥兰治县穴居猫头鹰最后一次筑巢的尝试。尽管未来可能还会有偶尔的筑巢尝试，但奥兰治县的这种鸟类，以及南加州其他沿海县的筑巢群落，现在可以被认为是生态灭绝了。RESUMEN。1898年1月1日，由杜兰特·拉斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德·阿斯基德。Los primeros通知了大量的信息，特别是在1931年，la la ladera costera sur, pero a partipartio de 1931, la población reproductiva comenzó a disminuir notablemente y esta tendency continuó(2014年)，cuando se producdujo el último intento reproductivo conocido en el Condado de Orange。Diez publicaciones e informes不同点(1931-2016)han documentado una tendencia crónica pero lenta hacia la extinción local de la población生殖系统de la costa sur California de de el Condado de Santa Bárbara hasta el north del Condado de San Diego。在这里，我们可以看到，在这里，我们可以看到圣地亚哥的孔达多存在于población生殖残体中。Las causas de la disminución en el Condado de Orange，包括la pacridida, degradación y fragmentación del hábitat;la erradicación de la ardilla otosmophilus beecheyi;1 .鼠腹龙的掠食动物幼虫幼虫幼虫幼虫anidación。El impact to de estos factors se viagravado por cortas distance de dispersión de nacimiento y reproducción, en última instancia, por effect to Allee。Este inform documenta los últimos inttos conocidos de anidación de A. culcularia en el Condado de Orange, California。unique sigue siendo plausible que aún ocurra un intentionalde anidación en el futuro, la especiel Condado de Orange, así como las colonias de cría en otros condados de la costa sur de California, ahora puteren考虑como ecológicamente灭绝。[Traducción del equipo社论]
{"title":"Extirpation of Orange County, California, Breeding Burrowing Owl Population: The Convergence of Philopatry, Habitat Fragmentation, and Allee Effects","authors":"P. Bloom","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-90","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-90","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. From 1898 through approximately 12 decades the status of the Burrowing Owl (Athene cunicularia) in coastal southern California and particularly Orange County was well documented. The earliest reports considered the species abundant along the south coastal slope, but starting about 1931, the breeding population slipped into a noticeable decline that continued until 2014, when the last known breeding attempt in Orange County occurred. Publications and reports from 1931–2016 have documented a chronic, but slow trend toward extirpation of the breeding population of coastal southern California from Santa Barbara County south through northern San Diego County. On the south coastal slope, only in southern San Diego County does a remnant breeding population exist. Causes of the Orange County decline include habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation; California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) eradication; and coastal predator management at California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) and Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius nivosus) nesting colonies. The impact of these factors was compounded by short natal and breeding dispersal distances and ultimately by Allee effects. This report documents the last known nesting attempts of Burrowing Owls in Orange County, California. Although it remains plausible that an occasional future nesting attempt may still occur, the species in Orange County, as well as nesting colonies in other coastal southern California counties, can now be regarded as ecologically extirpated. RESUMEN. Desde 1898 y durante las siguientes ocho décadas, el estatus de Athene cunicularia en la costa sur de California y particularmente en el Condado de Orange ha sido bien documentado. Los primeros informes consideraban que la especie era abundante a lo largo de la ladera costera sur, pero a partir de 1931, la población reproductiva comenzó a disminuir notablemente y esta tendencia continuó hasta 2014, cuando se produjo el último intento reproductivo conocido en el Condado de Orange. Diez publicaciones e informes diferentes (1931–2016) han documentado una tendencia crónica pero lenta hacia la extinción local de la población reproductiva de la costa sur de California desde el Condado de Santa Bárbara hasta el norte del Condado de San Diego. En la ladera costera sur, solo en el sur del Condado de San Diego existe una población reproductiva remanente. Las causas de la disminución en el Condado de Orange incluyen la pérdida, degradación y fragmentación del hábitat; la erradicación de la ardilla Otospermophilus beecheyi; y el manejo de depredadores costeros en colonias de anidación de Sterna antillarum browni y Charadrius nivosus. El impacto de estos factores se vio agravado por las cortas distancias de dispersión de nacimiento y reproducción y, en última instancia, por el efecto Allee. Este informe documenta los últimos intentos conocidos de anidación de A. cunicularia en el Condado de Orange, California. Aunque sigue siendo ","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"475 - 484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78730786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Huso, D. Dalthorp, Jeffrey Mintz, T. Nygård, R. May
ABSTRACT. Currently, the US Fish and Wildlife Service makes eagle permitting and management decisions nationwide based on a limited understanding of the impacts of wind power generation on eagles, and the factors that influence risk at a given facility. Accurate estimates of eagle mortality at wind power facilities form the basis for comparing the magnitudes of mortality rates in different areas and for measuring the benefits of proposed methods of minimizing the collision-caused impacts to eagle populations. Simple counts of observed eagle carcasses at wind facilities are almost certainly underestimates of the true mortality because fatalities can be removed by scavengers, be missed by searchers, or fall outside searched areas. For the latter, models of relative carcass density as a function of distance from the turbine can be fit to observed carcass locations and used to estimate the proportion of carcasses expected to land within an area of any configuration beneath a turbine. In the USA, however, it has been difficult to estimate these models for large birds such as Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) due to inadequate numbers of dead eagles found at any single facility. In this case, analysis of a surrogate species might be useful to inform carcass distributions. We chose to model the carcass distribution of White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Norway as an informative surrogate for Bald Eagles and Golden Eagles in the USA. Our three best-fitting parametric models were very consistent in estimating that 50% (95% CI: 40–60%) of White-tailed Eagle carcasses land within approximately 42 m of the turbines that had 70-m hubs and approximately 40-m blades. Although our models were fit to data from White-tailed Eagles and not Bald or Golden Eagles, applying these models when calculating mortality impacts of wind developments on both eagle species will likely improve the accuracy of post-construction mortality estimates, particularly at sites where substantial areas may be unsearchable. Accurate post-construction mortality estimates can inform pre-construction fatality prediction models. Resource managers can determine whether their conditions are sufficiently similar to those we modeled to warrant the use of these models for Bald and Golden Eagle carcass distributions. RESUMEN. Actualmente, el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de EEUU toma las decisiones de permisos y gestión de las águilas en todo el país en función de una comprensión limitada tanto de los impactos que la generación de energía eólica produce sobre las águilas como de los factores que influyen en el riesgo de una instalación determinada. Las estimaciones precisas de la mortalidad de las águilas en las instalaciones de energía eólica aportan la información base necesaria para comparar las magnitudes de las tasas de mortalidad en diferentes áreas y para medir los beneficios de los métodos propuestos para minimizar los impactos causad
{"title":"Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines","authors":"M. Huso, D. Dalthorp, Jeffrey Mintz, T. Nygård, R. May","doi":"10.3356/JRR-21-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-21-53","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Currently, the US Fish and Wildlife Service makes eagle permitting and management decisions nationwide based on a limited understanding of the impacts of wind power generation on eagles, and the factors that influence risk at a given facility. Accurate estimates of eagle mortality at wind power facilities form the basis for comparing the magnitudes of mortality rates in different areas and for measuring the benefits of proposed methods of minimizing the collision-caused impacts to eagle populations. Simple counts of observed eagle carcasses at wind facilities are almost certainly underestimates of the true mortality because fatalities can be removed by scavengers, be missed by searchers, or fall outside searched areas. For the latter, models of relative carcass density as a function of distance from the turbine can be fit to observed carcass locations and used to estimate the proportion of carcasses expected to land within an area of any configuration beneath a turbine. In the USA, however, it has been difficult to estimate these models for large birds such as Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) due to inadequate numbers of dead eagles found at any single facility. In this case, analysis of a surrogate species might be useful to inform carcass distributions. We chose to model the carcass distribution of White-tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Norway as an informative surrogate for Bald Eagles and Golden Eagles in the USA. Our three best-fitting parametric models were very consistent in estimating that 50% (95% CI: 40–60%) of White-tailed Eagle carcasses land within approximately 42 m of the turbines that had 70-m hubs and approximately 40-m blades. Although our models were fit to data from White-tailed Eagles and not Bald or Golden Eagles, applying these models when calculating mortality impacts of wind developments on both eagle species will likely improve the accuracy of post-construction mortality estimates, particularly at sites where substantial areas may be unsearchable. Accurate post-construction mortality estimates can inform pre-construction fatality prediction models. Resource managers can determine whether their conditions are sufficiently similar to those we modeled to warrant the use of these models for Bald and Golden Eagle carcass distributions. RESUMEN. Actualmente, el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de EEUU toma las decisiones de permisos y gestión de las águilas en todo el país en función de una comprensión limitada tanto de los impactos que la generación de energía eólica produce sobre las águilas como de los factores que influyen en el riesgo de una instalación determinada. Las estimaciones precisas de la mortalidad de las águilas en las instalaciones de energía eólica aportan la información base necesaria para comparar las magnitudes de las tasas de mortalidad en diferentes áreas y para medir los beneficios de los métodos propuestos para minimizar los impactos causad","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"234 1","pages":"456 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75911017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amera Natasha Mah Muhammad Adam Mah, C. L. Puan, M. Zakaria
ABSTRACT. Vocalization in birds serves an important role in territory establishment and mate attraction as well as maintaining conspecific interactions and providing signals pertaining to food or threat. In Malaysia, most raptor behavioral studies on vocalization have been carried out on nocturnal raptors. Such studies have often been limited by the difficulty of accessing habitats where forest species reside and by raptors' elusive behaviors. We assessed the vocalization and vocal activity patterns of a common diurnal raptor, the Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), in an isolated lowland forest reserve, the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia, in mid-April 2021. Automated bioacoustics recorders were placed for 5 d in four different sites to passively collect the hawk-eagles' vocalizations. We recorded 480 hr of calls over the 5 d and the Changeable Hawk-Eagle uttered at least seven call types, with peak and longer call events at midday (1100 H and 1200 H, respectively). Calls were heard from 30 min before sunrise (0600 H) until shortly after sunset (1900 H). Call type 1 was by far the most common call type (2738 calls over 5 d) and was uttered throughout the day, possibly during flight and when perched. Other call types were uttered from late morning (1000 H) with exception of call type 3, which was uttered earlier (0900 H). Our findings may help provide improved raptor survey methods as well as fill the knowledge gap for diurnal raptor vocalizations in Malaysia. RESUMEN. La vocalización en las aves cumple un papel importante en el establecimiento del territorio, en la atracción de la pareja, en el mantenimiento de interacciones conespecíficas y en la emisión de señales relacionadas con comida o amenaza. En Malasia, la mayoría de los estudios de comportamiento de rapaces sobre vocalización se han llevado a cabo en rapaces nocturnas. Dichos estudios a menudo se han visto limitados por la dificultad de acceder a los hábitats donde residen las especies de bosque y por los comportamientos esquivos de las aves rapaces. Evaluamos la vocalización y los patrones de actividad vocal de una rapaz diurna común, Nisaetus cirrhatus, en una reserva forestal aislada de tierras bajas, la Reserva Forestal Ayer Hitam en Selangor, Malasia, a mediados de abril de 2021. Se colocaron grabadores bioacústicos automatizados durante cinco días en cuatro sitios diferentes para recolectar pasivamente las vocalizaciones de N. cirrhatus. Registramos 480 horas de llamadas durante los cinco días y N. cirrhatus emitió al menos siete tipos de llamadas, con un pico de llamadas y llamadas más largas al mediodía (1100 H y 1200 H, respectivamente). Las llamadas se escucharon desde 30 minutos antes del amanecer (0600 H) hasta poco después del atardecer (1900 H). El tipo 1 de llamada fue por mucho el más común (2738 llamadas durante cinco días) y se emitió durante todo el día, posiblemente durante el vuelo y cuando estaba posado. Otros tipos de llamadas se emitieron
摘要鸟类发声在建立领地和吸引配偶、维持同种互动以及提供有关食物或威胁的信号方面起着重要作用。在马来西亚，大多数关于发声的猛禽行为研究都是在夜间的猛禽身上进行的。由于难以进入森林物种栖息的栖息地，以及迅猛龙难以捉摸的行为，这类研究常常受到限制。我们于2021年4月中旬在马来西亚雪兰莪州的ayhitam森林保护区评估了一种常见的日间猛禽，可变鹰(Nisaetus cirrhatus)的发声和声音活动模式。自动生物声学记录仪被放置在四个不同的地点5天，被动地收集鹰的发声。我们在5天内记录了480小时的呼叫，可变鹰发出了至少7种呼叫类型，高峰和更长时间的呼叫事件发生在中午(分别为1100小时和1200小时)。从日出前30分钟(0600小时)到日落后不久(1900小时)都能听到叫声。叫声类型1是迄今为止最常见的叫声类型(5天内发出2738次叫声)，全天都在发出，可能在飞行和栖息时发出。除了呼叫类型3更早(0900小时)发出外，其他呼叫类型都是在上午晚些时候(1000小时)发出的。我们的研究结果可能有助于提供改进的猛禽调查方法，并填补马来西亚猛禽昼夜发声的知识空白。RESUMEN。网址:vocalización网址:网址:vocalización网址:atracción网址:atracción网址:señales网址:emisión网址:señales网址:señales网址:emisión网址:señales网址:señales网址:emisión网址:señalesEn Malasia, la mayoría de los studios de comportamiento de rapaces sobre vocalización se han llevado a cabo En rapaces nocturnas。Dichos的工作室和菜单都是在有限的空间内使用的，这是一个困难的空间，因为它可以容纳大量的居民，而这些居民的风格则是由贫穷的人组成的，这些人的风格是由贫穷的人组成的，是由贫穷的人组成的。评估la vocalización y los patrones de actividad vocal de una rapaz diurna común, Nisaetus cirrhatus, en una reserva forest aislada de tierras bajas, la reserva forestal Ayer Hitam en Selangor, malaysia, a mediados de 2021年4月。在不同的情况下，不同的记忆钝化反应与不同的鸣叫条件下，不同的鸣叫条件下，不同的鸣叫条件下，不同的鸣叫条件下的鸣叫。Registramos 480 horas de lamadas durante los cinco días y . N. cirrhatus emitió al menos site tipos de lamadas, con con pico de lamadas y llamadas más largas al mediodía(分别为1100 H y 1200 H)。Las llamadas se escucharon desde 30 minutos antes del amanecer (0600h) hasta poco despusamas del atardecer (1900h). El tipo 1 de llamadas fue pourcho El más común (2738llamadas durante cinco días) y se emitió durante todo El día，可能durante El vuelo y cuando established posado。Otros tipos de llamadas se emitieron desdesúltima hora de la mañana (1000 H)， con excepción del tipo 3 de llamadas, que se emitió antes (0900 H)。Nuestros hallazgos pueden ayudar a proporciar mejores res samudtodos de estures res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res res, así como llenel vacío de conconciciento sobre las vocalizacones diurnas de ves res res res res res .马来西亚。[Traducción del equipo社论]
{"title":"Vocal Activity Patterns of the Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) in Peninsular Malaysia during Mid-Breeding Season","authors":"Amera Natasha Mah Muhammad Adam Mah, C. L. Puan, M. Zakaria","doi":"10.3356/JRR-22-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-22-72","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. Vocalization in birds serves an important role in territory establishment and mate attraction as well as maintaining conspecific interactions and providing signals pertaining to food or threat. In Malaysia, most raptor behavioral studies on vocalization have been carried out on nocturnal raptors. Such studies have often been limited by the difficulty of accessing habitats where forest species reside and by raptors' elusive behaviors. We assessed the vocalization and vocal activity patterns of a common diurnal raptor, the Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), in an isolated lowland forest reserve, the Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia, in mid-April 2021. Automated bioacoustics recorders were placed for 5 d in four different sites to passively collect the hawk-eagles' vocalizations. We recorded 480 hr of calls over the 5 d and the Changeable Hawk-Eagle uttered at least seven call types, with peak and longer call events at midday (1100 H and 1200 H, respectively). Calls were heard from 30 min before sunrise (0600 H) until shortly after sunset (1900 H). Call type 1 was by far the most common call type (2738 calls over 5 d) and was uttered throughout the day, possibly during flight and when perched. Other call types were uttered from late morning (1000 H) with exception of call type 3, which was uttered earlier (0900 H). Our findings may help provide improved raptor survey methods as well as fill the knowledge gap for diurnal raptor vocalizations in Malaysia. RESUMEN. La vocalización en las aves cumple un papel importante en el establecimiento del territorio, en la atracción de la pareja, en el mantenimiento de interacciones conespecíficas y en la emisión de señales relacionadas con comida o amenaza. En Malasia, la mayoría de los estudios de comportamiento de rapaces sobre vocalización se han llevado a cabo en rapaces nocturnas. Dichos estudios a menudo se han visto limitados por la dificultad de acceder a los hábitats donde residen las especies de bosque y por los comportamientos esquivos de las aves rapaces. Evaluamos la vocalización y los patrones de actividad vocal de una rapaz diurna común, Nisaetus cirrhatus, en una reserva forestal aislada de tierras bajas, la Reserva Forestal Ayer Hitam en Selangor, Malasia, a mediados de abril de 2021. Se colocaron grabadores bioacústicos automatizados durante cinco días en cuatro sitios diferentes para recolectar pasivamente las vocalizaciones de N. cirrhatus. Registramos 480 horas de llamadas durante los cinco días y N. cirrhatus emitió al menos siete tipos de llamadas, con un pico de llamadas y llamadas más largas al mediodía (1100 H y 1200 H, respectivamente). Las llamadas se escucharon desde 30 minutos antes del amanecer (0600 H) hasta poco después del atardecer (1900 H). El tipo 1 de llamada fue por mucho el más común (2738 llamadas durante cinco días) y se emitió durante todo el día, posiblemente durante el vuelo y cuando estaba posado. Otros tipos de llamadas se emitieron","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"393 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75517741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.3356/JRR-57-3-Introduction
C. L. Puan
Asia, as the largest continent, comprises a wide range of biomes that host more than 230 species of diurnal and nocturnal raptors, with especially high biodiversity toward the equator. In addition, Asia holds numerous endemic and rare species specialized for particular habitats; unfortunately, many of these are threatened and/or understudied. About one quarter of Asia’s raptors are migratory, and migrating raptors provide a significant attraction for tourists and birdwatchers, which contributes to local income generation, and education and research at migratory hotspots and overwintering sites. Such vast migratory movements have been documented at prominent count sites such as Chumphon in Thailand, Tanjung Tuan in Malaysia, and Kenting in Taiwan, thanks to the efforts of many volunteers. Asian raptors serve key ecosystem functions and services, owing to their diverse trophic levels and ecological niches. For example, the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) serves as a biological control agent in many agricultural areas in Southeast Asia. Scavenging vultures in South, Central, and East Asia remove carcasses while simultaneously preventing the spread of diseases. This implies that the absence or changes in raptor populations could potentially lead to adverse cascading effects such as competitive exclusion, intraguild predation, and extirpation or extinction. In Southeast Asia, many raptor habitats are threatened by anthropogenic activities linked to drastic land development and exploitation of natural resources to support the growth of human populations. In addition to habitat loss and degradation, raptors of Asia also face multiple threats ranging from collisions with wind power generation facilities or vehicles, to electrocutions, to secondary poisoning through agrochemicals. Despite the presence of some laws and regulations, poaching and illegal trade for consumption and pet businesses that involve raptors remain problematic in Asia. Some more recent threats also should not be overlooked. Falconry activity in Southeast Asia seems to be a new trend that has been promoted via social media, although tracing the sources of supply and demand of such activities is difficult. Some of the more localized issues posing threats to raptors include feeding of unnatural food to coastal raptors as part of tourism attractions, intentional and accidental trapping of birds by farmers and fishermen, and limestone quarrying. Thanks to the efforts of many local raptor researchers and volunteers, there have been increasing numbers of ecological studies on Asian raptors over the last two decades, which is encouraging for raptor conservation. However, there is still a dearth of studies on many forest-dependent species, island endemics, and habitat specialists with small geographic ranges and/or long generation times. Many of these species are extinction-prone, found in habitats that are difficult to access, elusive, and scarcely distributed. Given the long-term effects of global clim
{"title":"Conservation of Asian Raptors in the Changing Environment: Continued Need for Local, Regional, and Global Collaborative Strategies","authors":"C. L. Puan","doi":"10.3356/JRR-57-3-Introduction","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-57-3-Introduction","url":null,"abstract":"Asia, as the largest continent, comprises a wide range of biomes that host more than 230 species of diurnal and nocturnal raptors, with especially high biodiversity toward the equator. In addition, Asia holds numerous endemic and rare species specialized for particular habitats; unfortunately, many of these are threatened and/or understudied. About one quarter of Asia’s raptors are migratory, and migrating raptors provide a significant attraction for tourists and birdwatchers, which contributes to local income generation, and education and research at migratory hotspots and overwintering sites. Such vast migratory movements have been documented at prominent count sites such as Chumphon in Thailand, Tanjung Tuan in Malaysia, and Kenting in Taiwan, thanks to the efforts of many volunteers. Asian raptors serve key ecosystem functions and services, owing to their diverse trophic levels and ecological niches. For example, the Barn Owl (Tyto alba) serves as a biological control agent in many agricultural areas in Southeast Asia. Scavenging vultures in South, Central, and East Asia remove carcasses while simultaneously preventing the spread of diseases. This implies that the absence or changes in raptor populations could potentially lead to adverse cascading effects such as competitive exclusion, intraguild predation, and extirpation or extinction. In Southeast Asia, many raptor habitats are threatened by anthropogenic activities linked to drastic land development and exploitation of natural resources to support the growth of human populations. In addition to habitat loss and degradation, raptors of Asia also face multiple threats ranging from collisions with wind power generation facilities or vehicles, to electrocutions, to secondary poisoning through agrochemicals. Despite the presence of some laws and regulations, poaching and illegal trade for consumption and pet businesses that involve raptors remain problematic in Asia. Some more recent threats also should not be overlooked. Falconry activity in Southeast Asia seems to be a new trend that has been promoted via social media, although tracing the sources of supply and demand of such activities is difficult. Some of the more localized issues posing threats to raptors include feeding of unnatural food to coastal raptors as part of tourism attractions, intentional and accidental trapping of birds by farmers and fishermen, and limestone quarrying. Thanks to the efforts of many local raptor researchers and volunteers, there have been increasing numbers of ecological studies on Asian raptors over the last two decades, which is encouraging for raptor conservation. However, there is still a dearth of studies on many forest-dependent species, island endemics, and habitat specialists with small geographic ranges and/or long generation times. Many of these species are extinction-prone, found in habitats that are difficult to access, elusive, and scarcely distributed. Given the long-term effects of global clim","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"341 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84326934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.3356/jrr-introduction
James C. Bednarz, Jean-François Therrien
{"title":"The Full Annual Cycle of the American Kestrel: State of the Knowledge, Information Gaps, and Conservation Needs","authors":"James C. Bednarz, Jean-François Therrien","doi":"10.3356/jrr-introduction","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-introduction","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135640848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT. There is a paucity of data evaluating water use by raptors. Although raptors are believed to satisfy their water requirements through metabolic processes, they are known to experience reduced reproductive success during periods of drought, and there is evidence of water being important for site occupancy in arid landscapes. Several raptor species have a seasonal or year-round presence in west Texas, a drought-prone, semi-arid region of the Southern Great Plains. We examined species-specific timing of free water use by common raptors in this region, and examined environmental conditions associated with water use. We collected 4549 camera trap-days of data across 4 yr at ten human-made water sources placed for cattle. We recorded 14 species of raptors among the 1177 detections of raptors visiting water sources; of these, 1084 raptors (92.1%) perched at tanks, and 93 (7.1%) flew by tanks. Of the raptors that perched at tanks, 63.5% drank and 20.8% both bathed and drank. Barn Owls (Tyto alba; 35.6%), Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni; 32.0%), and Northern Harriers (Circus hudsonius; 21.0%) were the predominate species detected. Visits by Northern Harriers and Swainson's Hawks increased with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Visits by Barn Owls increased with increasing drought severity. Further, detections per 100 trap-days increased substantively across our 4-yr study period during which the region experienced one of the worst droughts on record. Although our data do not demonstrate these raptors require free water, they do reveal an increasing use of free water in relation to hotter and drier conditions. How this influences survival and reproduction remains unknown, but may become a pressing question because current climate models predict the study area will experience increases in heat and decreases in precipitation. RESUMEN. Hay escasez de datos que evalúen el uso del agua por parte de las aves rapaces. Aunque se cree que las aves rapaces satisfacen sus necesidades de agua a través de procesos metabólicos, se sabe que experimentan un éxito reproductivo reducido durante los períodos de sequía, y hay evidencia de que el agua es importante para la ocupación de sitios en paisajes áridos. Varias especies de aves rapaces tienen una presencia estacional o anual en el oeste de Texas, una región semiárida en el sur de las Grandes Llanuras propensa a la sequía. Examinamos el momento específico de uso de agua libre de cada especie para las aves rapaces comunes en esta región, y analizamos las condiciones ambientales asociadas con el uso del agua. Recolectamos 4549 días de datos de cámaras trampa a lo largo de cuatro años en diez fuentes de agua artificiales colocadas para el ganado. Registramos 14 especies de rapaces entre las 1177 detecciones de rapaces visitando las fuentes de agua; de estas, 1084 rapaces (92.1%) se posaron en los tanques y 93 (7.1%) volaron cerca de los tanques. De las rapaces que se posaron en los tanques, e
摘要评估猛禽用水的数据很少。尽管人们认为猛禽通过代谢过程来满足它们对水的需求，但它们在干旱时期的繁殖成功率会降低，而且有证据表明，在干旱的景观中，水对占据地盘很重要。一些猛禽物种季节性或全年出现在德克萨斯州西部，这是南部大平原上一个容易干旱的半干旱地区。我们研究了该地区常见猛禽自由用水的特定物种时间，并研究了与用水相关的环境条件。我们在10个人造水源收集了4年4549个摄像机陷阱日的数据。在探测到的1177次水源猛禽中，我们记录到了14种;其中，1084只(92.1%)栖息在坦克上，93只(7.1%)从坦克上飞过。在栖息在水箱旁的猛禽中，63.5%的猛禽饮水，20.8%的猛禽既洗澡又饮水。谷仓猫头鹰(Tyto alba;35.6%)，斯温森老鹰队(布特奥·斯温森;32.0%)，和北鹞(马戏团哈德森乌斯;21.0%)为优势种。随着气温的升高和降水的减少，北方鹞和斯温森鹰的来访次数也在增加。谷仓猫头鹰的到访随着干旱严重程度的增加而增加。此外，在我们4年的研究期间，每100个捕获日的检测量大幅增加，在此期间，该地区经历了有记录以来最严重的干旱之一。虽然我们的数据并不能证明这些迅猛龙需要免费的水，但它们确实表明，在炎热干燥的环境下，它们对免费水的使用越来越多。这如何影响生存和繁殖仍然未知，但可能成为一个紧迫的问题，因为目前的气候模型预测研究区域将经历热量增加和降水减少。RESUMEN。我们的数据是通过evalúen获取的。根据不同的情况确定不同的条件，可以满足不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，在不同的条件下确定不同的条件，例如，ocupación不同种类的葡萄品种有不同的表现形式，如每年一度的德克萨斯葡萄树、región semiárida、lagrandes lanuras prensa和sequía。考试时间为específico de uso de agua libre de cada，特别是para as as libre de cames comcomes región，通过分析las condiones ambientales associales conel uso del agua。Recolectamos 4549 días de datos de cámaras trampa a lo largo de cuatro años en diez fuentes de aguaguales colocadas para el ganado。登记了14个物种，登记了1177个物种，登记了1177个物种，登记了1177个物种。De estas, 1084例(92.1%)se posaron en los tanques, 93例(7.1%)volaron cerca De los tanques。De las rapaces que se posaron en los tanques, el 63.5% bebió y el 20.8% se bañó y bebió。主要种类为白腹天牛(35.6%)、白腹天牛(32.0%)、黑腹天牛(21.0%)。Las visitas de C. hudsonius和B. swainsoni aumentaron通过la disminución de Las precipitation研究了温度变化。Las visitas de Tyto alba aumentaron conel aumento de la severidad de la sequía。Además, las detecciones por cada 100 días-trampa aumentaron substance durante nuestro período de estudio de cuatro años durante el cual la región experimentó una de las peores sequías registradas。unique nuestros datos no demuestestros datos no demuestestros datos required an agua libre, sí revelas和unuso creciente de aguague en relación条件más cálidas y secas。Aún se desconoce cómo fluye to en la supervivencia by la reproducción, pero puede converte en una pregunta premiiante porque los modelos climáticos actuales predicen que el área de estudio experimentararaumentos en el cal cal disuciones en las precipitaciones。[Traducción del equipo社论]
{"title":"Patterns of Water Use by Raptors in the Southern Great Plains","authors":"C. Boal, B. Bibles, Trevor S. Gicklhorn","doi":"10.3356/JRR-21-70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-21-70","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT. There is a paucity of data evaluating water use by raptors. Although raptors are believed to satisfy their water requirements through metabolic processes, they are known to experience reduced reproductive success during periods of drought, and there is evidence of water being important for site occupancy in arid landscapes. Several raptor species have a seasonal or year-round presence in west Texas, a drought-prone, semi-arid region of the Southern Great Plains. We examined species-specific timing of free water use by common raptors in this region, and examined environmental conditions associated with water use. We collected 4549 camera trap-days of data across 4 yr at ten human-made water sources placed for cattle. We recorded 14 species of raptors among the 1177 detections of raptors visiting water sources; of these, 1084 raptors (92.1%) perched at tanks, and 93 (7.1%) flew by tanks. Of the raptors that perched at tanks, 63.5% drank and 20.8% both bathed and drank. Barn Owls (Tyto alba; 35.6%), Swainson's Hawks (Buteo swainsoni; 32.0%), and Northern Harriers (Circus hudsonius; 21.0%) were the predominate species detected. Visits by Northern Harriers and Swainson's Hawks increased with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Visits by Barn Owls increased with increasing drought severity. Further, detections per 100 trap-days increased substantively across our 4-yr study period during which the region experienced one of the worst droughts on record. Although our data do not demonstrate these raptors require free water, they do reveal an increasing use of free water in relation to hotter and drier conditions. How this influences survival and reproduction remains unknown, but may become a pressing question because current climate models predict the study area will experience increases in heat and decreases in precipitation. RESUMEN. Hay escasez de datos que evalúen el uso del agua por parte de las aves rapaces. Aunque se cree que las aves rapaces satisfacen sus necesidades de agua a través de procesos metabólicos, se sabe que experimentan un éxito reproductivo reducido durante los períodos de sequía, y hay evidencia de que el agua es importante para la ocupación de sitios en paisajes áridos. Varias especies de aves rapaces tienen una presencia estacional o anual en el oeste de Texas, una región semiárida en el sur de las Grandes Llanuras propensa a la sequía. Examinamos el momento específico de uso de agua libre de cada especie para las aves rapaces comunes en esta región, y analizamos las condiciones ambientales asociadas con el uso del agua. Recolectamos 4549 días de datos de cámaras trampa a lo largo de cuatro años en diez fuentes de agua artificiales colocadas para el ganado. Registramos 14 especies de rapaces entre las 1177 detecciones de rapaces visitando las fuentes de agua; de estas, 1084 rapaces (92.1%) se posaron en los tanques y 93 (7.1%) volaron cerca de los tanques. De las rapaces que se posaron en los tanques, e","PeriodicalId":16927,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Raptor Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"444 - 455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88817088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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