HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors are associated with muscle injury. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high risk for the development of statin-induced myopathy. Statin therapy decreases the absolute risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with CKD; however, rhabdomyolysis increases with deteriorating kidney function.
{"title":"A mini-review to the common adverse-effects of statins","authors":"H. Nasri","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.25071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.25071","url":null,"abstract":"HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors are associated with muscle injury. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) carries a high risk for the development of statin-induced myopathy. Statin therapy decreases the absolute risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with CKD; however, rhabdomyolysis increases with deteriorating kidney function.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86404100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Regular dialysis, is not able to maintain phosphorus in the normal range. Therefore, using phosphate chelators to keep serum level of phosphorus in the normal range is essential. Sevelamer is a chelator for phosphate. Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the therapeutic impact of sevelamer carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride on electrolytes and metabolic acidosis and gastrointestinal symptoms in a group of hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, patients were divided into two treatment groups; sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride. Sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride were prescribed as daily 800 mg tablets three times daily with their meals. Patients were evaluated for serum calcium, phosphorus, plasma bicarbonate and pH levels after one month. Results: Around 44 patients were enrolled, of which 22 patients were treated with sevelamer hydrochloride and 22 patients in the intervention group with sevelamer carbonate. There was no significant difference between the effects of sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride on serum calcium and phosphorus levels at the end of the study (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the effects of sevelamer carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride on plasma bicarbonate and pH levels (P=0.036 and P=0.012 respectively). In terms of gastrointestinal complications, two drugs did not differ significantly. Conclusion: To prevent acidosis, along with increasing plasma bicarbonate and blood pH in patients undergoing hemodialysis, sevelamer carbonate is better than sevelamer hydrochloride. Therefore, the administration of sevelamer hydrochloride is preferable. Trial Registration: The trial protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20141016019554N13, https:// en.irct.ir/trial/28916, ethical code#IR.ZUMS.REC.1397.352).
{"title":"Comparing the effect of sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride on plasma pH, bicarbonate and gastrointestinal complications in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis","authors":"Behrooz Fazeli, Bahareh Hajisalimi","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.25068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.25068","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Regular dialysis, is not able to maintain phosphorus in the normal range. Therefore, using phosphate chelators to keep serum level of phosphorus in the normal range is essential. Sevelamer is a chelator for phosphate. Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the therapeutic impact of sevelamer carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride on electrolytes and metabolic acidosis and gastrointestinal symptoms in a group of hemodialysis patients. Patients and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, patients were divided into two treatment groups; sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride. Sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride were prescribed as daily 800 mg tablets three times daily with their meals. Patients were evaluated for serum calcium, phosphorus, plasma bicarbonate and pH levels after one month. Results: Around 44 patients were enrolled, of which 22 patients were treated with sevelamer hydrochloride and 22 patients in the intervention group with sevelamer carbonate. There was no significant difference between the effects of sevelamer carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride on serum calcium and phosphorus levels at the end of the study (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between the effects of sevelamer carbonate versus sevelamer hydrochloride on plasma bicarbonate and pH levels (P=0.036 and P=0.012 respectively). In terms of gastrointestinal complications, two drugs did not differ significantly. Conclusion: To prevent acidosis, along with increasing plasma bicarbonate and blood pH in patients undergoing hemodialysis, sevelamer carbonate is better than sevelamer hydrochloride. Therefore, the administration of sevelamer hydrochloride is preferable. Trial Registration: The trial protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20141016019554N13, https:// en.irct.ir/trial/28916, ethical code#IR.ZUMS.REC.1397.352).","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90146289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sina Bakhshaei, Bina Bakhshaei, S. Sotoudehnia Korani, E. Alamouti-fard, Leila Allamiaghmiouni, Sina Neshat
High blood pressure is a potential adjustable risk factor for vascular complications of diabetes. Numerous categories of anti-hypertensive medications have proven to effectively reduce these complications. Additionally, metformin, besides lowering glucose and lipid levels, has advantages on vascular blood flow and improving endothelial function. In this review, we investigate the potential benefits of metformin in lowering blood pressure. Previous studies suggested that the administration of metformin to non-diabetic patients could efficiently reduce systolic blood pressure. The whole comparison of the evidence shows that metformin may have small effects on lowering blood pressure; however, this effect is not directly via a change in sympathetic activity. Mechanisms of blood pressure reduction by metformin may be due to its indirect effects on insulin resistance, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, improvement of the sympatric nerve system, and endothelial function.
{"title":"Impact of metformin on hypertension; current knowledge","authors":"Sina Bakhshaei, Bina Bakhshaei, S. Sotoudehnia Korani, E. Alamouti-fard, Leila Allamiaghmiouni, Sina Neshat","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.25067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.25067","url":null,"abstract":"High blood pressure is a potential adjustable risk factor for vascular complications of diabetes. Numerous categories of anti-hypertensive medications have proven to effectively reduce these complications. Additionally, metformin, besides lowering glucose and lipid levels, has advantages on vascular blood flow and improving endothelial function. In this review, we investigate the potential benefits of metformin in lowering blood pressure. Previous studies suggested that the administration of metformin to non-diabetic patients could efficiently reduce systolic blood pressure. The whole comparison of the evidence shows that metformin may have small effects on lowering blood pressure; however, this effect is not directly via a change in sympathetic activity. Mechanisms of blood pressure reduction by metformin may be due to its indirect effects on insulin resistance, nephroprotective, cardioprotective, improvement of the sympatric nerve system, and endothelial function.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88906068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Al-Helal, E. Abdallah, Reem Asad, M. Kassab, Anas Al Yousef, G. Nessim, A. Radi, M. Mostafa, Y. Elsharkawi, Esam Allam, A. Elmasry, Mohamed Hemida, Mohamed Fathy Mohamed Abdelgelil, Sahar Abdelkareem, M. Kamal, A. Saad, Shaikha Al-Bader, Rania Tharwat, Y. Shaaban, M. Reda, A. Ahmed, Nadeen Abdelhaleem, Zeinab Zeid
Introduction: Osteoporosis is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that could direct to metabolic abnormalities and accelerate bone loss. The administration of bisphosphonates for the management of osteoporosis is contraindicated in cases with severe kidney impairment. Objectives: In the current investigation, we assess the effectiveness and safety of denosumab administration for the therapy of osteoporosis in hemodialysis (HD) individuals. Patients and Methods: Seventy-four HD cases with osteoporosis who were received denosumab were assessed retrospectively. All individuals received supplemental vitamin D. Serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) had been measured every three months. Denosumab efficacy was measured by assessing the alterations of bone mineral density (BMD) and plasma ALP. Results: The mean values of T-score of the spine and hips in HD patients after treatment with denosumab when compared with before treatment was not statistically significant (P=0.7019 and P=0.494 respectively). There was a low mean serum ALP in the HD patients after treatment with denosumab when compared with before treatment, but not statistically significant (P=0.0625). Plasma calcium concentration decreased shortly after the injection of denosumab however returned within fourteen days. Supplementary vitamin D (1.0 to 1.5 μg/day) looked to prevent hypocalcemia and support long treatment with denosumab. Conclusion: Our study suggests that denosumab is not associated with increases in the BMD of the spine and hip in patients with CKD on HD and hypocalcemia is a concern complication.
{"title":"Assessment the efficacy and safety of denosumab use for treatment of osteoporosis in hemodialysis patients","authors":"B. Al-Helal, E. Abdallah, Reem Asad, M. Kassab, Anas Al Yousef, G. Nessim, A. Radi, M. Mostafa, Y. Elsharkawi, Esam Allam, A. Elmasry, Mohamed Hemida, Mohamed Fathy Mohamed Abdelgelil, Sahar Abdelkareem, M. Kamal, A. Saad, Shaikha Al-Bader, Rania Tharwat, Y. Shaaban, M. Reda, A. Ahmed, Nadeen Abdelhaleem, Zeinab Zeid","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.21062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.21062","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Osteoporosis is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that could direct to metabolic abnormalities and accelerate bone loss. The administration of bisphosphonates for the management of osteoporosis is contraindicated in cases with severe kidney impairment. Objectives: In the current investigation, we assess the effectiveness and safety of denosumab administration for the therapy of osteoporosis in hemodialysis (HD) individuals. Patients and Methods: Seventy-four HD cases with osteoporosis who were received denosumab were assessed retrospectively. All individuals received supplemental vitamin D. Serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) had been measured every three months. Denosumab efficacy was measured by assessing the alterations of bone mineral density (BMD) and plasma ALP. Results: The mean values of T-score of the spine and hips in HD patients after treatment with denosumab when compared with before treatment was not statistically significant (P=0.7019 and P=0.494 respectively). There was a low mean serum ALP in the HD patients after treatment with denosumab when compared with before treatment, but not statistically significant (P=0.0625). Plasma calcium concentration decreased shortly after the injection of denosumab however returned within fourteen days. Supplementary vitamin D (1.0 to 1.5 μg/day) looked to prevent hypocalcemia and support long treatment with denosumab. Conclusion: Our study suggests that denosumab is not associated with increases in the BMD of the spine and hip in patients with CKD on HD and hypocalcemia is a concern complication.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84865754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Amani, Alireza Mohamadnia, Paniz Amani, Soheila Abdollahi-Asl, M. Bahadoram
Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is an acceptable method to measure overweight and obesity among the population. Objectives: The aim of this study was evaluating the application of machine learning algorithms for classifying body mass index for clinical purposes. Patients and Methods: In this descriptive study, we selected the dataset of 1316 people who selected randomly from all area of Ardabil city in Iran. Dataset included demographic and anthropometric data. Classification algorithms such as random forest (RF), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), decision tree (DT), support vector machines (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and logistic regression (LR) with 10-fold cross-validation were conducted to classify the data based on BMI. The performance of algorithms was evaluated with precision, recall, mean squared errors (MSE) and accuracy indices. All programing done by Python 3.7 in Jupyter Notebook. Results: According to the BMI, 603(45.8%) of all samples were normal and 713 (54.2%) were at-risk. The precision of RF, GNB, DT, SVM, MLP, KNN and LR for people at risk were 0.93, 0.86, 0.99, 0.82, 100, 0.82 and 0.99 respectively. Additionally, the accuracy of RF, GNB, DT, SVM, MLP, KNN and LR were 95%, 83%, 100%, 82%, 100%, 82% and 100 %. Conclusion: The comparison of the classifying algorithms showed that, the LR, MLP and DT had the higher accuracy than the other algorithms in detecting of people at-risk.
{"title":"Using machine learning method for classification body mass index of people for clinical decision","authors":"F. Amani, Alireza Mohamadnia, Paniz Amani, Soheila Abdollahi-Asl, M. Bahadoram","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.17072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.17072","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Body mass index (BMI) is an acceptable method to measure overweight and obesity among the population. Objectives: The aim of this study was evaluating the application of machine learning algorithms for classifying body mass index for clinical purposes. Patients and Methods: In this descriptive study, we selected the dataset of 1316 people who selected randomly from all area of Ardabil city in Iran. Dataset included demographic and anthropometric data. Classification algorithms such as random forest (RF), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), decision tree (DT), support vector machines (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), K-nearest neighbors (KNN) and logistic regression (LR) with 10-fold cross-validation were conducted to classify the data based on BMI. The performance of algorithms was evaluated with precision, recall, mean squared errors (MSE) and accuracy indices. All programing done by Python 3.7 in Jupyter Notebook. Results: According to the BMI, 603(45.8%) of all samples were normal and 713 (54.2%) were at-risk. The precision of RF, GNB, DT, SVM, MLP, KNN and LR for people at risk were 0.93, 0.86, 0.99, 0.82, 100, 0.82 and 0.99 respectively. Additionally, the accuracy of RF, GNB, DT, SVM, MLP, KNN and LR were 95%, 83%, 100%, 82%, 100%, 82% and 100 %. Conclusion: The comparison of the classifying algorithms showed that, the LR, MLP and DT had the higher accuracy than the other algorithms in detecting of people at-risk.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87061481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Gholami, N. Kheiripour, M. Bahmani, A. Ranjbar, Zahra Khodamoradi, S. Borzouei
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a highly prevalent disease with combination of cardio metabolic risk factors. Insulin resistance is the most important reason of metabolic syndrome. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanocurcumin on insulin resistance and serum level irisin and betatrophin in patients with metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: Sixty metabolic syndrome patients (30 males and 30 females) received 80 mg/daily nanocurcumin for three months. The samples of fasting blood were collected at the beginning of the study and after 90-days intervention to measure the biomarkers. Results: comparing pre and post treatment with nanocurcumin values revealed a significant change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and irisin (P>0.05), but there was no change in the amount of betatrophin (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that the use of nanocurcumin for 90 days may have positive effects on some metabolic components. However, more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the findings. Trial registration: The trial protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20120215009014N214; https:// www.irct.ir/trial/30187, ethical code; IR.UMSHA.REC.1396.859).
{"title":"Effect of nanocurcumin on serum levels of betatrophin and irisin in patients with metabolic syndrome; a clinical trial","authors":"H. Gholami, N. Kheiripour, M. Bahmani, A. Ranjbar, Zahra Khodamoradi, S. Borzouei","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.19064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.19064","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a highly prevalent disease with combination of cardio metabolic risk factors. Insulin resistance is the most important reason of metabolic syndrome. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanocurcumin on insulin resistance and serum level irisin and betatrophin in patients with metabolic syndrome. Patients and Methods: Sixty metabolic syndrome patients (30 males and 30 females) received 80 mg/daily nanocurcumin for three months. The samples of fasting blood were collected at the beginning of the study and after 90-days intervention to measure the biomarkers. Results: comparing pre and post treatment with nanocurcumin values revealed a significant change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and irisin (P>0.05), but there was no change in the amount of betatrophin (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that the use of nanocurcumin for 90 days may have positive effects on some metabolic components. However, more studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the findings. Trial registration: The trial protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: IRCT20120215009014N214; https:// www.irct.ir/trial/30187, ethical code; IR.UMSHA.REC.1396.859).","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89622653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bahadoram, M. Mahmoudian-sani, B. Keikhaei, M. Bahadoram, Amar Helalinasab, E. Akade
policy/practice/research/medical education Inflammatory reactions are among the most adverse complications of COVID-19 patients. These reactions occur generally via inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are regulated by some proteins such as NLRP3. Colchicine is well-known drug which bars inflammasome formation by inhibiting NLRP3. In presented article we propose studying efficacy, adverse effects, and exact mechanism of action of colchicine in COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Colchicine; An inflammasome inhibitor and a potential therapy in severe COVID19?","authors":"S. Bahadoram, M. Mahmoudian-sani, B. Keikhaei, M. Bahadoram, Amar Helalinasab, E. Akade","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.19065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.19065","url":null,"abstract":"policy/practice/research/medical education Inflammatory reactions are among the most adverse complications of COVID-19 patients. These reactions occur generally via inflammasomes. Inflammasomes are regulated by some proteins such as NLRP3. Colchicine is well-known drug which bars inflammasome formation by inhibiting NLRP3. In presented article we propose studying efficacy, adverse effects, and exact mechanism of action of colchicine in COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89956079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hosseinpour, Zahra Mohammadi Abgarmi, Z. Deldar, Minoo Motahhar, T. Shahani, M. Mousavi
Background: Patients with HIV infection may be at an increased risk for morbidity and mortality from the COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the severity of COVID-19 disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of all articles and reports conducted in the Scholar, PubMed, and Magiran databases regarding the effects of COVID-19 on PLHIV from the beginning of 2020 until today. Results: A total of 1893 articles were found. After deleting unrelated articles according to keywords, a total of 507 articles were selected, after deleting duplicate articles, 400 subjects were selected and finally, after reading the abstracts 59 studies were included in our analysis. Finally, 15 papers were selected depending on the type of review. Conclusion: The results of the present, prevalence, severity of COVID-19 in PLWH was similar general population and this finding suggests that HIV infection not a risk factor for COVID-19 , and generally, PLWH should receive the same treatment approach applied to the general population.
{"title":"Evaluation of the severity of COVID-19 in people living with HIV; a review study","authors":"S. Hosseinpour, Zahra Mohammadi Abgarmi, Z. Deldar, Minoo Motahhar, T. Shahani, M. Mousavi","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.19063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.19063","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Patients with HIV infection may be at an increased risk for morbidity and mortality from the COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the severity of COVID-19 disease in people living with HIV (PLHIV). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of all articles and reports conducted in the Scholar, PubMed, and Magiran databases regarding the effects of COVID-19 on PLHIV from the beginning of 2020 until today. Results: A total of 1893 articles were found. After deleting unrelated articles according to keywords, a total of 507 articles were selected, after deleting duplicate articles, 400 subjects were selected and finally, after reading the abstracts 59 studies were included in our analysis. Finally, 15 papers were selected depending on the type of review. Conclusion: The results of the present, prevalence, severity of COVID-19 in PLWH was similar general population and this finding suggests that HIV infection not a risk factor for COVID-19 , and generally, PLWH should receive the same treatment approach applied to the general population.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77280806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vaccination is one of the most important public health strategies to reduce mortality and morbidity of various infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was declared, on March 11, 2020, since then, the virus has spread rapidly, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have played the main substantial role in advancing the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, sex/gender-related differences affect vaccine efficacy, response, and acceptability. This review aims to compare the effects of sexual dimorphism and gender-related differences factors on the efficacy, responses, and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines. As far as the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is concerned, both males and females with the COVID-19 vaccine showed consistent and impressive efficacy; although males showed slightly greater efficacy, there was no significant correlation between the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and their sex or gender differences. Consequently, to reduce adverse reactions in females, sex differences should be considered in the design of the COVID-19 vaccine. It is also essential to conduct pragmatic trials to verify whether sex differences in vaccine response and efficacy vary with age.
{"title":"Effects of gender on the efficacy and response to COVID-19 vaccination; a review study on current knowledge","authors":"Ali Rastegar Kashkouli, M. Jafari, Pourya Yousefi","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.25064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.25064","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination is one of the most important public health strategies to reduce mortality and morbidity of various infectious diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was declared, on March 11, 2020, since then, the virus has spread rapidly, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines have played the main substantial role in advancing the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, sex/gender-related differences affect vaccine efficacy, response, and acceptability. This review aims to compare the effects of sexual dimorphism and gender-related differences factors on the efficacy, responses, and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines. As far as the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness is concerned, both males and females with the COVID-19 vaccine showed consistent and impressive efficacy; although males showed slightly greater efficacy, there was no significant correlation between the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and their sex or gender differences. Consequently, to reduce adverse reactions in females, sex differences should be considered in the design of the COVID-19 vaccine. It is also essential to conduct pragmatic trials to verify whether sex differences in vaccine response and efficacy vary with age.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84272948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) that mostly occurs in younger age groups following an acute viral illness with a very low recovery rate. It is a rare but rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder which pathogenesis is still not clear. There are some cases reported where the virus can directly invade the central nervous system (CNS) through the peripheral nervous system. Several pathogenic conditions like rising levels of proinflammatory cytokines, dissolving the blood-brain barrier (BBB), etc can trigger the viral infection. There are no specific treatments available but initial steroid therapy in combination with antivirals and hypothermia therapy were found efficacious in some cases. Similarly, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) encephalopathy is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2). Having a very low recovery rate, and still unknown pathophysiology, this condition is proved to be fatal for immunocompetent adults. Treatments are not available but drugs like remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, and losartan were used to reduce the viral infection. No recurrent cases have been reported so far, but reinfection of the virus can trigger hypoxic encephalopathy. This review mainly focuses on a comparative study to understand the pathophysiology to help for discovering a new area of drug development.
{"title":"Influenza associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy and COVID-19 encephalopathy; a comparative review","authors":"Bikram Keshari Das, S. Gautam, Nikita Meher, Parvathi Kumara Reddy Thavanati, Santosh Singh","doi":"10.34172/jre.2022.25062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/jre.2022.25062","url":null,"abstract":"Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) that mostly occurs in younger age groups following an acute viral illness with a very low recovery rate. It is a rare but rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder which pathogenesis is still not clear. There are some cases reported where the virus can directly invade the central nervous system (CNS) through the peripheral nervous system. Several pathogenic conditions like rising levels of proinflammatory cytokines, dissolving the blood-brain barrier (BBB), etc can trigger the viral infection. There are no specific treatments available but initial steroid therapy in combination with antivirals and hypothermia therapy were found efficacious in some cases. Similarly, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) encephalopathy is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2). Having a very low recovery rate, and still unknown pathophysiology, this condition is proved to be fatal for immunocompetent adults. Treatments are not available but drugs like remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, and losartan were used to reduce the viral infection. No recurrent cases have been reported so far, but reinfection of the virus can trigger hypoxic encephalopathy. This review mainly focuses on a comparative study to understand the pathophysiology to help for discovering a new area of drug development.","PeriodicalId":16964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Renal Endocrinology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90509846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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