Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/420
E H Boult, E J Brabazon
Rough electrically insulating specimens need to be metallized prior to examination in a scanning electron microscope. A simple device is described which allows eight rotating specimens to be coated simultaneously as the angle of evaporation varies from 90° to 30°.
{"title":"A rotating device for use in metallizing nonconducting scanning electron microscope specimens.","authors":"E H Boult, E J Brabazon","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/420","url":null,"abstract":"Rough electrically insulating specimens need to be metallized prior to examination in a scanning electron microscope. A simple device is described which allows eight rotating specimens to be coated simultaneously as the angle of evaporation varies from 90° to 30°.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/429
J A Hardy
A cooling system is described which, by the controlled boiling of liquid nitrogen, holds the temperature of a crystal constnat to 2% in the range 100-200°K. The set temperature can be maintained over periods of up to seven days. Provision has been made for the automatic shutting of the x-ray port should the supply of liquid nitrogen be exhausted. Audible and visible indication is given when the system is running on the secondary vessel so that the primary vessel may be replaced.
{"title":"The cooling of crystals in x-ray crystallography.","authors":"J A Hardy","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/429","url":null,"abstract":"A cooling system is described which, by the controlled boiling of liquid nitrogen, holds the temperature of a crystal constnat to 2% in the range 100-200°K. The set temperature can be maintained over periods of up to seven days. Provision has been made for the automatic shutting of the x-ray port should the supply of liquid nitrogen be exhausted. Audible and visible indication is given when the system is running on the secondary vessel so that the primary vessel may be replaced.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/305
D Smith, P R Cromey
The design, construction and operation of a simple and inexpensive quadrupole mass spectrometer is described. The spectrometer covers the mass range 1 to 100 A.U. and the resolving power of the instrument is variable up to about 100. The use of a machinable ceramic material to support the electrodes enables the spectrometer to be baked for outgassing purposes and to be operated over a wide range of temperature. Although the spectrometer described is tuned manually, the instrument has been used in conjunction with a sawtooth waveform generator to obtain an automatic mass scan with a scan period of about 0·1 s.
{"title":"An inexpensive, bakeable quadrupole mass spectrometer.","authors":"D Smith, P R Cromey","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/305","url":null,"abstract":"The design, construction and operation of a simple and inexpensive quadrupole mass spectrometer is described. The spectrometer covers the mass range 1 to 100 A.U. and the resolving power of the instrument is variable up to about 100. The use of a machinable ceramic material to support the electrodes enables the spectrometer to be baked for outgassing purposes and to be operated over a wide range of temperature. Although the spectrometer described is tuned manually, the instrument has been used in conjunction with a sawtooth waveform generator to obtain an automatic mass scan with a scan period of about 0·1 s.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/424
D C Mears
A new type of electrical analogue using glass plates coated with tin (II) oxide (Nesa) allows rapid assessment of the potential and current distribution for electrochemical systems with complex geometry including systems with electrodes of non-uniform resistance.
{"title":"Use of tin (II) oxide coated glass for electrical analogues of electrochemical systems.","authors":"D C Mears","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/424","url":null,"abstract":"A new type of electrical analogue using glass plates coated with tin (II) oxide (Nesa) allows rapid assessment of the potential and current distribution for electrochemical systems with complex geometry including systems with electrodes of non-uniform resistance.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/307
J J ten Bosch
The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a directly displaying electron spin resonance spectrometer is compared with this ratio at the output of an instrument employing magnetic field modulation. The considerations lead to the suggestion of a new, objective and practical definition of the sensitivity of such an instrument.
{"title":"A new measure of the sensitivity of electron spin resonance spectrometers.","authors":"J J ten Bosch","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/307","url":null,"abstract":"The signal-to-noise ratio at the output of a directly displaying electron spin resonance spectrometer is compared with this ratio at the output of an instrument employing magnetic field modulation. The considerations lead to the suggestion of a new, objective and practical definition of the sensitivity of such an instrument.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"15406964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/303
U W Arndt, R A Crowther, J F Mallett
A versatile double-beam microdensitometer has been constructed in which the source of light is the spot of a high resolution cathode-ray tube. The spot position is under computer control and the optical density, digitized by a novel analogue-to-digital converter circuit, is read directly into the computer. The instrument is capable of making an integrated intensity measurement in about 02 s with an accuracy to about 3%.
{"title":"A computer-linked cathode-ray tube microdensitometer for x-ray crystallography.","authors":"U W Arndt, R A Crowther, J F Mallett","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/303","url":null,"abstract":"A versatile double-beam microdensitometer has been constructed in which the source of light is the spot of a high resolution cathode-ray tube. The spot position is under computer control and the optical density, digitized by a novel analogue-to-digital converter circuit, is read directly into the computer. The instrument is capable of making an integrated intensity measurement in about 02 s with an accuracy to about 3%.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/303","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16402701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/432
T R Manley, R E Oughtred
A new method of sticking a single crystal on to a glass fibre is described. Poly(methyl methacrylate) is amorphous, simple to prepare and provides a strong, lasting bond. It also gives protection from the atmosphere. Poly(methyl methacrylate) should therefore find wide application as an adhesive in x-ray crystallography.
{"title":"Methacrylate adhesive for mounting crystals for x-ray examination.","authors":"T R Manley, R E Oughtred","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/432","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of sticking a single crystal on to a glass fibre is described. Poly(methyl methacrylate) is amorphous, simple to prepare and provides a strong, lasting bond. It also gives protection from the atmosphere. Poly(methyl methacrylate) should therefore find wide application as an adhesive in x-ray crystallography.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/304
L H Tanner
Many laser interferometers and holometers incorporate diffusing elements. The fringes obtained may have varying visibility and are accompanied by the speckle effect. The paper shows that fringe visibility may be re-defined so as to permit application of the same type of analysis as for incoherent light. The subjective clarity of the fringes, however, also depends largely on the speckle size relative to fringe spacing. The intermittency of the fringes is examined as an alternative criterion of clarity. Finally, an analysis is given of the fringe visibility and speckle size ratio likely to be obtained in three-dimensional holography of phase objects. The necessary limitations on the path variations within the object are examined, and the results confirm and extend those obtained previously by the author.
{"title":"A study of fringe clarity in laser interferometry and holography.","authors":"L H Tanner","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/304","url":null,"abstract":"Many laser interferometers and holometers incorporate diffusing elements. The fringes obtained may have varying visibility and are accompanied by the speckle effect. The paper shows that fringe visibility may be re-defined so as to permit application of the same type of analysis as for incoherent light. The subjective clarity of the fringes, however, also depends largely on the speckle size relative to fringe spacing. The intermittency of the fringes is examined as an alternative criterion of clarity. Finally, an analysis is given of the fringe visibility and speckle size ratio likely to be obtained in three-dimensional holography of phase objects. The necessary limitations on the path variations within the object are examined, and the results confirm and extend those obtained previously by the author.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/304","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/308
O M Lidwell, D P Wyon
A blackened bead 2 mm in diameter is enclosed within a thin spherical polyethylene shell 01 mm thick and 25 mm in diameter. The temperature of the bead is measured by means of an embedded thermistor. An omnidirectional response to thermal radiation is then obtained within ±10%. The speed of response is such that readings of mean radiant temperature to within 10% of the difference from ambient air temperature can be obtained in 2½-3 minutes. As correction for air speed is necessary the radiometer has been mounted together with a hot bead anemometer and the two coupled to a portable recorder system.
{"title":"A rapid response radiometer for the estimation of mean radiant temperature in environmental studies.","authors":"O M Lidwell, D P Wyon","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/308","url":null,"abstract":"A blackened bead 2 mm in diameter is enclosed within a thin spherical polyethylene shell 01 mm thick and 25 mm in diameter. The temperature of the bead is measured by means of an embedded thermistor. An omnidirectional response to thermal radiation is then obtained within ±10%. The speed of response is such that readings of mean radiant temperature to within 10% of the difference from ambient air temperature can be obtained in 2½-3 minutes. As correction for air speed is necessary the radiometer has been mounted together with a hot bead anemometer and the two coupled to a portable recorder system.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/308","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-05-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/431
F J Maher
A conventional bridge circuit employing a germanium transistor as a temperature sensor is shown to have very high sensitivity together with a large output voltage maximum and is linear over an exceptionally wide range of output voltage.
{"title":"A sensitive thermometer.","authors":"F J Maher","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/431","url":null,"abstract":"A conventional bridge circuit employing a germanium transistor as a temperature sensor is shown to have very high sensitivity together with a large output voltage maximum and is linear over an exceptionally wide range of output voltage.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/5/431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16752184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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