Pub Date : 1968-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/306
F J Morgan, A H Gabriel, M J Barton
A method is described for determining the absolute sensitivity of a grazing-incidence spectrograph. This makes use of an x-ray source of discrete K-lines, the intensity of which is monitored by a flow proportional counter, acting as an absolute photon flux detector. Experimental results are given for Ilford Q2 emulsion used with a two-metre 600 lines per mm platinum coated blazed grating at an angle of incidence of 88°. The resultant curve compares well with a relative calibration obtained by using the radiation from a 335 MeV electron beam in a synchrotron.
{"title":"Absolute intensity calibration of a grazing-incidence spectrograph in the wavelength region 10-120 Angstrom.","authors":"F J Morgan, A H Gabriel, M J Barton","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/306","url":null,"abstract":"A method is described for determining the absolute sensitivity of a grazing-incidence spectrograph. This makes use of an x-ray source of discrete K-lines, the intensity of which is monitored by a flow proportional counter, acting as an absolute photon flux detector. Experimental results are given for Ilford Q2 emulsion used with a two-metre 600 lines per mm platinum coated blazed grating at an angle of incidence of 88°. The resultant curve compares well with a relative calibration obtained by using the radiation from a 335 MeV electron beam in a synchrotron.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 10","pages":"998-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16778691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/310
E Pedersen
A vacuum thermobalance with symmetrical hang-down and furnace system for samples between 0·1 and 500 mg is described. Flow of nearly every corrosive gas at any constant pressure in the range 0·1 torr to 1 atm can be applied. Zero drift is below 1 μg from 20 to 900°C. As examples of the application are mentioned the reactions in hydrogen chloride atmosphere of tris(ethylendiamine)-and tris(trimethylendiamine) chromium(III) chloride under formation of cis- and trans-dichloro complexes, respectively.
{"title":"A symmetrical vacuum thermoblance for corrosive atmospheres.","authors":"E Pedersen","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/310","url":null,"abstract":"A vacuum thermobalance with symmetrical hang-down and furnace system for samples between 0·1 and 500 mg is described. Flow of nearly every corrosive gas at any constant pressure in the range 0·1 torr to 1 atm can be applied. Zero drift is below 1 μg from 20 to 900°C. As examples of the application are mentioned the reactions in hydrogen chloride atmosphere of tris(ethylendiamine)-and tris(trimethylendiamine) chromium(III) chloride under formation of cis- and trans-dichloro complexes, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 10","pages":"1013-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16778687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-10-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/305
C R Sreedharan
An ozonesonde developed in India for operational use is described. The sonde is a modified version of the Brewer electrochemical sonde and is used in conjunction with an audiomodulated transmitter operating on 72 mHz.
{"title":"An Indian electrochemical ozonesonde.","authors":"C R Sreedharan","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/305","url":null,"abstract":"An ozonesonde developed in India for operational use is described. The sonde is a modified version of the Brewer electrochemical sonde and is used in conjunction with an audiomodulated transmitter operating on 72 mHz.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 10","pages":"995-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/10/305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16778690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/429
J A Glasel
A simple device, which may be attached to a conventional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, is described for measuring spin-lattice relaxation times. The method used is adiabatic rapid passage, and is useful for relaxation times over 3 ms.
{"title":"A simple device for T1 measurements on a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer by adiabatic rapid passage.","authors":"J A Glasel","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/429","url":null,"abstract":"A simple device, which may be attached to a conventional nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, is described for measuring spin-lattice relaxation times. The method used is adiabatic rapid passage, and is useful for relaxation times over 3 ms.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 9","pages":"963-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16754097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/311
S S Davis, J J Deer, B Warburton
A concentric cylinder viscometer is described in which an air turbine is used to centre, support and apply a constant stress to the inner cylinder. The apparatus is suitable for continuous shear studies, the determination of yield values and creep testing.
{"title":"A concentric cylinder air turbine viscometer.","authors":"S S Davis, J J Deer, B Warburton","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/311","url":null,"abstract":"A concentric cylinder viscometer is described in which an air turbine is used to centre, support and apply a constant stress to the inner cylinder. The apparatus is suitable for continuous shear studies, the determination of yield values and creep testing.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 9","pages":"933-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16754095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-09-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/424
E N Hey
Small globe thermometers, about half the diameter of the normal (15 cm) instrument, equilibrate quickly and are useful in assessing mean radiant temperature in restricted surroundings. The reduction in sensitivity is not serious. Relations are derived that allow the radiant and convective components of the heat exchange of spheres of different sizes to be predicted.
{"title":"Small globe thermometers.","authors":"E N Hey","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/424","url":null,"abstract":"Small globe thermometers, about half the diameter of the normal (15 cm) instrument, equilibrate quickly and are useful in assessing mean radiant temperature in restricted surroundings. The reduction in sensitivity is not serious. Relations are derived that allow the radiant and convective components of the heat exchange of spheres of different sizes to be predicted.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 9","pages":"955-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/9/424","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16754096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-08-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/326
K J Adams
Modifications and readily assembled accessories are described for converting the manually operated photoelectric Fisher Autocytometer blood cell counter into a versatile automatic sampling and recording monitor for following growth curves in axenic unicell populations. Three versions of this equipment have been developed, between them covering a wide range of cell densities extending from a few dozen to 500 000 cells per ml. A batch sampling system is used for handling very low cell densities, continuous sampling with autodilution is used for high cell densities, and a recently developed model, in which the sample is pumped continuously through a sterile counting loop and returned to the parent culture, is suitable for use with very small culture cuvettes.
{"title":"An automatic recording cell counter for monitoring growing populations of unicellular micro-organisms.","authors":"K J Adams","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/326","url":null,"abstract":"Modifications and readily assembled accessories are described for converting the manually operated photoelectric Fisher Autocytometer blood cell counter into a versatile automatic sampling and recording monitor for following growth curves in axenic unicell populations. Three versions of this equipment have been developed, between them covering a wide range of cell densities extending from a few dozen to 500 000 cells per ml. A batch sampling system is used for handling very low cell densities, continuous sampling with autodilution is used for high cell densities, and a recently developed model, in which the sample is pumped continuously through a sterile counting loop and returned to the parent culture, is suitable for use with very small culture cuvettes.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 8","pages":"861-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16738752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-08-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/313
R G Livesey, G Butcher
Recent experiments on the interaction of proton beams with solids have shown that the regular variations of intensity in the spatial distribution of the scattered beam was dependent on the regular nature of the crystalline lattice. This phenomenon has been exploited in an apparatus which may be applied to the orientation and examination of single crystals and thin crystalline films. In the proton scattering microscope to be described, a beam of protons is directed on to the crystal under investigation and the scattered beam is observed directly on a fluorescent screen.
{"title":"The proton scattering microscope.","authors":"R G Livesey, G Butcher","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/313","url":null,"abstract":"Recent experiments on the interaction of proton beams with solids have shown that the regular variations of intensity in the spatial distribution of the scattered beam was dependent on the regular nature of the crystalline lattice. This phenomenon has been exploited in an apparatus which may be applied to the orientation and examination of single crystals and thin crystalline films. In the proton scattering microscope to be described, a beam of protons is directed on to the crystal under investigation and the scattered beam is observed directly on a fluorescent screen.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 8","pages":"820-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16739079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-08-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/323
B L Eyre, D M Maher, D H Robertson
The results of a detailed calibration of a Jem 7, high resolution, electron microscope operating at 100 kv are reported in this paper. Three types of measurements have been made: (i) magnification as a function of intermediate and objective lens currents; (ii) camera constant and its dependence on objective lens current; (iii) relative rotations between the object, image and diffraction pattern. These data are sufficiently complete to satisfy the requirements of detailed, analytical, diffraction contrast experiments.
{"title":"Calibration of magnification, camera constant and image rotations for a Jem 7 electron microscope.","authors":"B L Eyre, D M Maher, D H Robertson","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/323","url":null,"abstract":"The results of a detailed calibration of a Jem 7, high resolution, electron microscope operating at 100 kv are reported in this paper. Three types of measurements have been made: (i) magnification as a function of intermediate and objective lens currents; (ii) camera constant and its dependence on objective lens current; (iii) relative rotations between the object, image and diffraction pattern. These data are sufficiently complete to satisfy the requirements of detailed, analytical, diffraction contrast experiments.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 8","pages":"851-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16739081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1968-08-01DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/436
G V Davydov
Equations are derived which relate the instrumental linewidth in a back-reflection focusing camera (used in the study of polycrystalline materials) to the displacement of the x-ray source from the focusing circle along a diameter passing through the specimen centre; the two-dimensional problem is solved by assuming that the source is negligibly small but that the sample is finite.
{"title":"The geometry of the instrumental x-ray diffraction linewidth in a back-reflection focusing camera with the point source displaced from the focusing circle.","authors":"G V Davydov","doi":"10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/436","url":null,"abstract":"Equations are derived which relate the instrumental linewidth in a back-reflection focusing camera (used in the study of polycrystalline materials) to the displacement of the x-ray source from the focusing circle along a diameter passing through the specimen centre; the two-dimensional problem is solved by assuming that the source is negligibly small but that the sample is finite.","PeriodicalId":16983,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Scientific Instruments","volume":"1 8","pages":"877-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1968-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/0022-3735/1/8/436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"16738758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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