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Data quality control tools used to monitor seismoacoustic research arrays in South Korea 用于监测韩国地震声学研究阵列的数据质量控制工具
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10164-6
Junghyun Park, Chris Hayward, Byung-Il Kim, Brian Stump, Il-Young Che, Stephen Arrowsmith, Kwangsu Kim

Data assessment tools designed to improve data quality and real-time delivery of seismic and infrasound data produced by six seismoacoustic research arrays in South Korea are documented and illustrated. Three distinct types of tools are used including the following: (1) data quality monitoring; (2) real-time station state of health (SOH) monitoring; and (3) data telemetry and archive monitoring. The data quality tools quantify data gaps, seismometer orientation, infrasound polarity, digitizer timing errors, absolute noise levels, and coherence between co-located sensors and instrument-generated signals. Some of the tools take advantage of co-located or closely spaced instruments in the arrays. Digitizer timing errors are identified by continuous estimates of the relative orientation of closely spaced horizontal seismic components based on the root-mean-square error between a reference seismometer and each seismometer in the array. Noise level estimates for seismic and infrasound data are used to assess local environmental effects, seasonal noise variations, and instrumentation changes for maintenance purposes. The SOH monitoring system includes the status of individual ancillary equipment (battery, solar power, or components associated with communication) and provides the operator the capability to compare the current status to the historical data and possibly make remote changes to the system. Finally, monitoring data telemetry and overall data archival provide an assessment of network performance. This collection of tools enables array operators to assess operational issues in near real-time associated with individual instruments or components of the system in order to improve data quality of each seismoacoustic array.

数据评估工具旨在提高韩国六个地震声学研究阵列产生的地震和次声数据的数据质量和实时交付。使用了三种不同类型的工具,包括:(1)数据质量监测;(2)站内健康状态(SOH)实时监测;(3)数据遥测与档案监测。数据质量工具量化了数据差距、地震仪方向、次声极性、数字化仪定时误差、绝对噪声水平以及位于同一位置的传感器和仪器产生的信号之间的相干性。有些工具利用了阵列中位于同一位置或间隔很近的仪器。根据参考地震仪与阵列中每个地震仪之间的均方根误差,通过连续估计紧密间隔的水平地震分量的相对方位来识别数字化仪的定时误差。地震和次声数据的噪声水平估计用于评估当地环境影响、季节性噪声变化和维护目的的仪器变化。SOH监测系统包括单个辅助设备(电池、太阳能或与通信相关的组件)的状态,并为操作人员提供将当前状态与历史数据进行比较的能力,并可能对系统进行远程更改。最后,监测数据遥测和整体数据存档提供了对网络性能的评估。这些工具使阵列运营商能够近乎实时地评估与单个仪器或系统组件相关的操作问题,以提高每个地震声阵列的数据质量。
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引用次数: 1
Solid-earth tidal modulations of 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, California: any link with Coso geothermal field? 2019年加利福尼亚州里奇克莱斯特地震序列的固体地球潮汐调制:与Coso地热场有任何联系?
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10166-4
Batakrushna Senapati, Dibyashakti Panda, Bhaskar Kundu

We report solid-earth tidal modulation of early aftershocks of the July 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence, which occurred close to the southeastern edge of the Coso geothermal field. We found that the frequency of early aftershocks in the northern part, close to the Coso geothermal field, was modulated by the solid earth tides as they exhibit a strong correlation with the peak shear stress and Coulomb stress imparted by the solid earth tides. However, aftershocks that occurred farther south of the Coso geothermal field in the same sequence exhibit a weak correlation with the solid earth tidal stress. Our analysis implies that the tidal modulation of the earthquake sequence in the northern part is due to its vicinity to the Coso geothermal fields in southern California, which contain high-pressure fluids and are well known for their susceptibility towards tidal triggering.

我们报告了2019年7月山脊地震序列早期余震的固体地球潮汐调制,该序列发生在Coso地热田的东南边缘附近。研究发现,在靠近Coso地热田的北部地区,早期余震的频率受到固体地潮的调制,它们与固体地潮传递的峰值剪应力和库仑应力具有很强的相关性。然而,在同一层序中发生在Coso地热田更南部的余震与固体地球潮汐应力的相关性较弱。我们的分析表明,北部地震序列的潮汐调制是由于其靠近南加州的Coso地热田,该地热田含有高压流体,并以其易受潮汐触发而闻名。
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引用次数: 0
Resonance frequency of an orthotropic layer to non-principal vertically incident SH body and surface waves 正交各向异性层对非主垂直入射SH体和表面波的共振频率
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10152-w
Truong Thi Thuy Dung, Pham Chi Vinh, Abdelkrim Aoudia, Tran Thanh Tuan

In this study, non-principal waves propagating in an isotropic elastic half-space covered by an orthotropic layer are examined. The main objective is to establish a formula for the SH transfer function induced by an vertically incident SH wave and a formula for the H/V ratio of surface waves. The peak frequencies of both the SH transfer function and the H/V ratio curve are examined for models with low to high impedance contrasts to verify the applicability of the quarter wave-length rule for both SH body waves and surface waves. It is numerically shown that the quarter wave-length rule applies well for non-principal SH body wave. Non principal surface waves are shown to be a composition of Love and Rayleigh waves, and their peaks follow the quarter wave-length rule only in the case of high impedance contrast. For medium or low impedance contrasts, the peak frequencies of surface waves could differ from the peak frequencies of SH body wave with relative differences up to (50%).

在本研究中,非主波在由正交各向异性层覆盖的各向同性弹性半空间中传播。主要目的是建立垂直入射SH波诱导SH传递函数的公式和表面波的H/V比的公式。研究了低阻抗和高阻抗模型的SH传递函数和H/V比曲线的峰值频率,以验证四分之一波长规则对SH体波和表面波的适用性。数值计算表明,四分之一波长规律适用于非主SH体波。非主表面波是洛夫波和瑞利波的组合,只有在高阻抗对比的情况下,它们的峰值才遵循四分之一波长规则。对于中、低阻抗对比,表面波的峰值频率与SH体波的峰值频率可能存在差异,相对差异可达(50%)。
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引用次数: 0
Microseismic network sensitivity in case of no seismic activity 无地震活动情况下的微震台网灵敏度
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10134-y
Eva Káldy, Tomáš Fischer

Underground human activities, such as mining, shale gas, and oil exploitation, waste-water disposal, or geothermal plants, can cause earthquakes; therefore, they are monitored by local seismic networks. An ideal seismic network has a triangulated grid, with spacing equal twice the minimal depth and no associated industry noise. In real cases, the network sensitivity is biased by stations placed near noisy roads, factories, or in a private garden, none located at optimal nodes. The sensitivity is also a function of the detection algorithm type and setting. The goal of this case study is to suggest a work-flow for network sensitivity calculation in case of no seismic activity. In other words: how small are the earthquakes that such seismic networks would detect if they were present? Such network sensitivity is a function of stations noise level, station-source geometry, and setting of the detection algorithm. A brief theory and work-flow description is followed by two real-case demonstrations from Czech Republic, Europe: first, a proof-test on a well-studied seismically active area of West Bohemia/Vogtland and second, an application to an uprising geothermal project in Litoměřice, where no seismic activity was detected in years of monitoring.

地下人类活动,如采矿、页岩气和石油开采、废水处理或地热发电厂,都可能引起地震;因此,它们受到当地地震台网的监测。一个理想的地震网具有三角形网格,其间距等于最小深度的两倍,并且没有相关的工业噪声。在实际情况下,网络的灵敏度会受到放置在嘈杂道路、工厂或私人花园附近的站点的影响,而这些站点都不在最佳节点上。灵敏度也是检测算法类型和设置的函数。本案例研究的目的是建议在没有地震活动的情况下计算网络灵敏度的工作流程。换句话说:如果地震存在,这种地震网络能探测到的地震有多小?这种网络灵敏度是台站噪声水平、台源几何形状和检测算法设置的函数。简要介绍了理论和工作流程,随后介绍了来自欧洲捷克共和国的两个实际案例演示:首先,在西波西米亚/Vogtland的一个地震活跃区域进行了验证测试,其次,在Litoměřice的一个地热项目中进行了应用,该项目在多年的监测中没有发现地震活动。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of mass entrainment on the estimation of landslide parameters from long-period seismic inversion 质量夹带对长周期地震反演滑坡参数估计的影响
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10165-5
Xiao Wang, Xinghui Huang, Po Chen, Leilei Xu, Heng Wang, Wenze Deng, Dan Yu, Zhengyuan Li, Qiang Xu

Force history inverted from long-period seismic records for a landslide has been widely used to extract its physical parameters. Most previous studies have adopted the point-source constant-mass landslide model during the inversion. In this study, we quantitatively investigate the effects of mass entrainment at different locations along the sliding path during the interpretation of inversion results. To demonstrate our analysis, we carried out the long-period seismic waveform inversion for the 2003 Qianjiangping landslide to obtain its force history and subsequently estimated its movement parameters. We propose a mass entrainment model based on the conservation of kinetic energy. The predictions of our mass entrainment model are verified using the inversion results of the Qianjiangping landslide and other events. Results from our mass entrainment model suggest that when half of the sliding mass is entrained at different locations along the sliding path, the estimated masses and maximum velocities vary between 50–100% and 83.38–122.26%, respectively. In particular, when the entrainment occurred at the slow-down phase, the estimated mass is less than 60% of the total mass, which is a good approximation of the initial sliding mass. The model can provide useful constraints for quantitative interpretations of landslide force history inversions of landslides.

从长周期地震记录反演的滑坡受力历史已被广泛用于提取其物理参数。以往的研究大多采用点源等质量滑坡模型进行反演。在这项研究中,我们定量地研究了在解释反演结果时沿滑动路径不同位置的质量夹带的影响。为了验证我们的分析,我们对2003年钱江坪滑坡进行了长周期地震波形反演,获得了其受力历史,并估计了其运动参数。我们提出了一个基于动能守恒的质量夹带模型。用钱江坪滑坡等事件的反演结果验证了质量夹带模型的预测结果。我们的质量夹带模型的结果表明,当一半的滑动质量被夹带在滑动路径的不同位置时,估计的质量和最大速度分别在50-100%和83.38-122.26%之间。特别是,当夹带发生在减速阶段时,估计的质量小于总质量的60%,这是一个很好的近似初始滑动质量。该模型可以为滑坡力史反演的定量解释提供有用的约束条件。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the earthquake monitoring network in Taiwan 台湾地震监测台网评价
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10162-8
Salvatore Scudero, Antonino D’Alessandro, Anna Figlioli

In this work, we perform an evaluation of the coverage of the earthquake monitoring network of Taiwan. The capability of a general network is a function of an adequate number of optimally distributed nodes. For this case study, the evaluation is performed with a statistical approach which includes descriptive spatial statistics in combination with point pattern techniques. The spatial distribution of the nodes of the earthquake monitoring network is analyzed in comparison with the distribution of seismicity, completeness magnitude, active seismogenic sources, seismic hazard, and population distribution. All these data can be put in relationship with the objectives of an earthquake monitoring network; therefore, they can be used, in turn, to retrieve information about the consistency of the network itself. In particular, we investigate the “Real-time Seismic Monitoring Network” and the “Strong-Motion Earthquake Observation Network,” each one characterized by its own objectives, and therefore respectively compared with external information related to their purposes such as seismicity, seismogenic sources, seismic hazard, and population distribution. This simple and reliable approach reveals the high quality of the networks established in Taiwan. In general, it is able to provide quantitative information on the coverage of any type of network, identifying possible critical areas and addressing their future development.

本文对台湾地震监测台网的覆盖范围进行了评估。一般网络的能力是适当数量的最佳分布节点的函数。对于这个案例研究,评估是用统计方法进行的,其中包括描述性空间统计与点模式技术的结合。对比地震活动性分布、完整震级分布、活动发震源分布、地震危险性分布和人口分布,分析了地震监测台网节点的空间分布。所有这些数据都可以与地震监测网的目标联系起来;因此,可以反过来使用它们来检索有关网络本身一致性的信息。特别地,我们研究了“实时地震监测网”和“强震观测网”,每一个都有自己的目标,因此分别与地震活动性、发震源、地震危险性和人口分布等与其目的相关的外部信息进行了比较。这种简单可靠的方法显示了台湾建立的网络的高质量。总的来说,它能够提供关于任何类型网络覆盖范围的数量信息,确定可能的关键领域并处理其未来发展问题。
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引用次数: 0
Fault parameters of the Tabas-e-Golshan earthquake, September 16, 1978 (eastern Iran), based on macroseismic observations, with locations for dating to improve the dataset 1978年9月16日(伊朗东部)Tabas-e-Golshan地震断层参数,基于宏观地震观测,带测年地点以改进数据集
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10159-3
H. Amini

Estimating the macroseismic parameters of earthquakes such as location, magnitude, and fault orientation can be helpful to complete the earthquake catalogs, especially on historical ones or the ones whose parameters were estimated with low accuracy. This study aims to estimate the macroseismic parameters of Tabas earthquake (1978.09.16) using its reported descriptions, Macroseismic Data Points (MDPs). MDPs include any descriptions of earthquake effects on building damages and environmental effects of each location affected by the earthquake. Macroseismic dataset of Tabas earthquake is collected from different documents. Thus, this dataset is used to estimate the macroseismic parameters of this earthquake: macroseismic location, magnitude, intensity, and source parameters. Results estimate the macroseismic epicenter of this earthquake at 33.49°N–56.94°E with the moment magnitude, Mw, 7.1 and the maximum macroseismic intensity value XI in both EMS and ESI intensity scales. Its estimated source orientation is consistent to Tabas fault system in the direction NNW-SSE with the strike, length, and width value of the source in 166.8°, 55.8 ± 7.5 km, and 18.2 ± 1.4 km, respectively. Moreover, for future studies, the locations near Khosro Abad, close to the macroseismic epicenter of this earthquake, are suggested for the next field studies, sampling the sediments related to the past evidences and dating them.

估计地震的位置、震级和断层走向等宏观地震参数有助于编制地震目录,特别是对历史地震或参数估计精度较低的地震目录。本研究旨在利用Tabas地震(1978.09.16)的描述——宏观地震数据点(MDPs)来估计其宏观地震参数。mdp包括地震对建筑物破坏的影响和受地震影响的每个地点的环境影响的任何描述。Tabas地震的宏观地震数据来源于不同的文献。因此,该数据集用于估计本次地震的宏观地震参数:宏观地震位置、震级、烈度和震源参数。估计震源方位与NNW-SSE方向的Tabas断裂系统一致,震源走向、长度和宽度分别为166.8°、55.8±7.5 km和18.2±1.4 km。此外,对于未来的研究,建议在Khosro Abad附近的地点,靠近这次地震的大地震震中,进行下一个实地研究,采样与过去证据相关的沉积物并确定它们的年代。
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引用次数: 0
The dynamic amplification effect of a site with earth fissures: a case study in the Taiyuan Basin, China 含地裂缝场地的动力放大效应——以太原盆地为例
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10161-9
Jiang Chang, Yahong Deng, Ge Cao, You Xuan, Nainan He, Xunchang Zhao, Huandong Mu

As a widespread geological hazard, the disaster development process of earth fissures is irreversible and difficult to control, which seriously affects the construction and safe operation of engineering facilities. However, few clear conclusions and special regulations have been given regarding the influence of earth fissures on the dynamic response characteristics of a site and earthquake prevention and disaster reduction measures. Therefore, the microtremor was used instead of earthquake motions to reveal the dynamic response of a site with fissures. The earth fissures in the Taiyuan Basin, which exhibit a large amount of activity, were used as representative examples. In order to reveal the dynamic response from several aspects, four methods, including the Fourier spectrum, the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), the response acceleration, and the Arias intensity, were employed. The results show that the spectrum peaks increase sharply at an earth fissure and return to a stable value approximately 20–25 m away from the fissure, indicating that the earth fissures have an amplification effect on the dynamic response of the site. Additionally, a greater amplification occurs on the hanging wall of the earth fissure. The influence range of the dynamic response of site can be divided into four areas. Suggestions on the seismic fortification intensity and setback distances were also proposed. After ground motion finite element simulation, the amplification effect of seismic response at the earth fissure site has been further confirmed. The amplification mechanism was summarized as the coupling of the changes in the soil properties caused by earth fissure activity, the catadioptric effect of the earth fissure interface, and the multiple amplifications caused by secondary fissures.

地裂缝作为一种广泛存在的地质灾害,其灾害发展过程具有不可逆性和难以控制性,严重影响工程设施的建设和安全运行。然而,关于地裂缝对场地动力响应特性的影响和防震减灾措施,目前还没有明确的结论和专门的规定。因此,用微震动代替地震运动来揭示含裂缝场地的动力响应。以太原市盆地地裂缝为代表,认为其活动性较大。为了从多个方面揭示系统的动态响应,采用了傅立叶谱、水平与垂直谱比、响应加速度和Arias强度四种方法。结果表明,在地裂缝处,谱峰急剧增加,并在距离地裂缝约20 ~ 25 m处恢复到稳定值,表明地裂缝对场地的动力响应有放大作用。此外,在地裂缝的上盘发生了更大的放大。场地动力响应的影响范围可分为四个区域。对地震设防烈度和后退距离提出了建议。通过地震动有限元模拟,进一步证实了地裂缝部位地震反应的放大效应。放大机理总结为地裂缝活动引起的土体性质变化、地裂缝界面反射效应和次生裂缝引起的多重放大耦合作用。
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引用次数: 0
Digitizing analog seismograms of Iranian seismic stations — preserving records for strong earthquakes in Iran 1960–1990 伊朗地震台站模拟地震记录的数字化——保存1960-1990年伊朗强震记录
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10158-4
Mahdy Aghajani, Hossein Ahmadi, Noorbakhsh Mirzaei, Josep Batllo

To preserve the analog records of historical earthquakes which occurred in and around Iran in digital form and to make them available for modern analysis techniques that require waveforms, we decided to digitize seismograms of destructive earthquakes that occurred between 1960 and 1990. The seismograms have been recorded at five seismic stations deployed in Tehran, Mashhad, Kermanshah, Tabriz, and Shiraz by the Institute of Geophysics of the University of Tehran (IGUT). The restoration project of the old analog seismograms archived in the IGUT started in 2018. Seismograms were sorted by station and date to create a hardcopy databank, and then those from large earthquakes and their larger aftershocks were chosen for the scanning process. Seismograms of 52 significant earthquakes and their aftershocks with magnitudes greater than 5.0 that occurred in and around Iran were scanned. Besides that, seismograms of several significant and huge teleseismic earthquakes that occurred between 1960 and 1990 were scanned. At present, almost 600 scanned seismograms are available. The current digitization process in IGUT is done manually and is based on waveform vectorization. The provided databank is one of the most important sources of information for research in seismology and active tectonics in and around Iran.

为了保存发生在伊朗及其周边地区的历史地震的数字模拟记录,并使其可用于需要波形的现代分析技术,我们决定将1960年至1990年之间发生的破坏性地震的地震记录数字化。德黑兰大学地球物理研究所(IGUT)在德黑兰、马什哈德、克尔曼沙阿、大不里士和设拉子的五个地震台站记录了地震记录。IGUT存档的旧模拟地震记录恢复工程于2018年启动。地震图按台站和日期分类,形成一个硬拷贝数据库,然后选择来自大地震及其较大余震的地震图进行扫描处理。扫描了发生在伊朗及其周边地区的52次震级大于5.0级的大地震及其余震的地震记录。此外,还扫描了1960年至1990年间发生的几次重大和巨大的远震地震的地震记录。目前,有近600张扫描地震图可用。目前IGUT的数字化过程是手工完成的,并且是基于波形矢量化的。所提供的数据库是伊朗及其周围地震学和活动构造研究的最重要的信息来源之一。
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引用次数: 0
Seismic ground motion alerts for mines 地震地面运动警报矿山
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-023-10147-7
Aleksander J. Mendecki

One of the objectives of seismic monitoring in mines is to detect strong and unexpected changes in the spatial and/or temporal behaviour of seismic parameters that could lead to rock mass instability and affect working places immediatelyx or in the short term. We present an influence based polygon-less method of detecting such conditions, taking into account the influence of ground motion generated by all available seismic events, regardless of their location, on a particular working place. The measures of influence are the peak ground velocity, PGV, and the cumulative absolute displacement, CAD, since their influences are moderated by the distance from the seismic source to the place of potential exposure. Both CAD and PGV are calculated for each point of interest from the ground motion prediction equation, GMPE, developed for a given mine. The CAD becomes CAID, i.e. cumulative absolute inelastic deformation, if the co-seismic strain, PGV(/v_{S}), exceeds the elastic threshold, e.g. (10^{-6}) for hard rock. Alerts and Alarms are triggered if the rates of CAID and/or its activity, ACAID, exceed predefined reference levels. Since they have different units, we normalise each by its reference level and at each time step select the one which is greater and call it the GMAP rating. All points that at a given time trigger an Alert define the exclusion zone and are monitored as time progresses.

矿井地震监测的目标之一是探测地震参数在空间和(或)时间方面的强烈和意外变化,这些变化可能导致岩体不稳定并立即或短期内影响工作场所。我们提出了一种基于影响的无多边形检测这种情况的方法,考虑到所有可用地震事件产生的地面运动的影响,无论其位置如何,对特定工作场所。影响的量度是峰值地面速度(PGV)和累积绝对位移(CAD),因为它们的影响受震源到潜在暴露地点的距离的影响而减弱。CAD和PGV都是根据为给定矿山开发的地震动预测方程GMPE计算每个兴趣点的。当同震应变PGV (/v_{S})超过弹性阈值(如硬岩为(10^{-6}))时,CAD变为CAID,即累积绝对非弹性变形。如果CAID的速率和/或其活性(ACAID)超过预定义的参考水平,则会触发警报和警报。由于它们有不同的单位,我们通过其参考水平对每个单位进行归一化,并在每个时间步长选择较大的一个,并将其称为GMAP评级。在给定时间触发警报的所有点都定义了禁区,并随着时间的推移进行监控。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Seismology
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